unit 2 review

The Mongol conquests of much of Eurasia in the thirteenth century tended to encourage trade along the Silk Roads primarily by

decreasing the risk of bandit attacks and reducing the number of local rulers collecting tribute from trade caravans

"I, the reverend Buddhist teacher Dharmasekhara, dedicated this statue of the bodhisattva Amoghapasa* on the orders of His Majesty King Adityawarman, for the benefit and salvation and happiness of all creatures. Hail to the King—experienced in the arts of war, well versed in the science, he is an ocean of all virtues practiced by the followers of the Buddha! He is free from all physical desire. Hail to the King—he who supports the entire world. He has collected jewels by the millions, taken them from the hands of his enemies among the other rulers of this world. He who is like God among kings, crowned, protected by heavenly beings, King of kings! He orders what should be known to all!" Sanskrit inscription on a statue of a bodhisattva produced in the Malayapura kingdom, Sumatra, Indonesia, circa 1350 C.E. *a major figure worshipped in Mahayana Buddhism Based on the content of the inscription, Adityawarman's Malayapura kingdom most likely participated in the communication and exchange networks of the

maritime eastern Indian Ocean trade

CHINESE SCROLL PAINTING CIRCA 1280 COMMISSIONED BY KHUBILAI KHAN OF THE MONGOL YUAN DYNASTY OF CHINA The figure presents a painting titled "Chinese Scroll Painting circa 1280 Commissioned by Khubilai Khan of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty of China." In the foreground, the painting shows Khubilai Khan and his hunting companions on horseback. To the left, a horse archer prepares his weapon. He is shown arching his bow and arrow straight into the air. In the background, a camel caravan passes over sand dunes. China: Khubilai Khan hunting on horseback (1280). / Pictures from History / Bridgeman Images The painting shows Khubilai Khan and his hunting companions on horseback. To the left, a horse archer prepares his weapon. The inclusion of the caravan in the painting's background could best be used as evidence that Yuan rulers

portrayed themselves as promoters of commerce

"Brother, you had written to me that you sent roughly 6,300 pounds of block iron to me from India in the ship of the Muslim captain Abu'l-Kata'ib. But when the ship arrived here, it only carried 5,100 pounds and the Muslim shipowner said that that was everything he had received from your Indian agent before setting sail. To compensate for the difference, I have charged you the Muslim captain's transportation fee for the above-mentioned iron that was sent to me here in Aden* and for pepper that was sent with it. I am also charging you the transportation fee for items that I am sending to you in India, including twenty-five pounds of copper bars, ten Berbera * mats in a package, cloth, a piece of lead weighing two hundred and forty-five pounds, two large boxes of sugar, and a package of the best Egyptian paper." *Aden and Berbera were prominent Indian Ocean port cities. Letter from Madmun ibn al-Hassan, a Jewish merchant in Aden, to his brother in India, circa 1133 C.E. The letter was written in Judeo-Arabic, a form of the Arabic language written in the Hebrew script. The relationships between the individuals mentioned in the passage best support which of the following conclusions about Indian Ocean trade in the period 600-1450 C.E.?

Commercial relationships between Muslims and non-Muslims were a key element of the flourishing Indian Ocean trade networks.

Between 200 B.C.E. and 1450 C.E., the Silk Road... 0/1 MC point Between 200 B.C.E. and 1450 C.E., the Silk Roads linked which of the following?

East Asia and the Mediterranean Sea

SAILING SHIP ON THE INDIAN OCEAN CARRYING PILGRIMS TO MECCA, MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION FROM A THIRTEENTH-CENTURY ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPT The figure presents an illustration titled "Sailing Ship on the Indian Ocean Carrying Pilgrims to Mecca; Miniature Illustration from a Thirteenth-Century Islamic Manuscript." The illustration shows several men sailing on a ship. On the deck of the ship, one man is sitting comfortably while trying to adjust the sail. Several others are also helping to adjust the sail. Below the deck are several other men looking out of windows. Three fish are shown in the water below the ship. Arabic writing is at the top of the illustration. Abu Zayd and Al-Harith sailing, miniature from Maqamat of al-Hariri (1054-1122), manuscript 5847, folio 119, verso, 1237, 13th century / Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France / De Agostini Picture Library / Bridgeman Images The illustration would be most useful to a historian studying which of the following?

Extent of trade routes

Which of the following is true of the expeditions of Chinese Admiral Zheng He in the early 1400s?

He sailed to ports on the Indian Ocean coastline, including those in East Africa.

CHINESE SCROLL PAINTING CIRCA 1280 COMMISSIONED BY KHUBILAI KHAN OF THE MONGOL YUAN DYNASTY OF CHINA The figure presents a painting titled "Chinese Scroll Painting circa 1280 Commissioned by Khubilai Khan of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty of China." In the foreground, the painting shows Khubilai Khan and his hunting companions on horseback. To the left, a horse archer prepares his weapon. He is shown arching his bow and arrow straight into the air. In the background, a camel caravan passes over sand dunes. China: Khubilai Khan hunting on horseback (1280). / Pictures from History / Bridgeman Images The painting shows Khubilai Khan and his hunting companions on horseback. To the left, a horse archer prepares his weapon. The establishment of the Mongol Empire directly facilitated which of the following?

Increased cultural and technological exchange between the Islamic world and China

The following question(s) refer to the passage below. "Between the eighth and tenth centuries Arabs brought back from India a variety of crops that they then began cultivating in the Middle East. These included staple crops such as hard wheat, rice, sugarcane, and new varieties of sorghum; fruits such as banana, sour orange, lemon, lime, mango, watermelon, and the coconut palm; vegetables such as spinach, artichoke, and eggplant; and the key industrial crop, cotton. From Iraq, many of these crops then spread westward all the way to Muslim Spain, which was transformed into a veritable garden under Muslim rule. Other crops passed by ship from southern Arabia to East Africa, while still others moved by caravan from northwest Africa across the Sahara to tropical West Africa. This was especially true for cotton, whose diffusion in Africa directly paralleled the spread of Islam itself." Richard Eaton, United States historian of South Asia, Islamic History as Global History, 1990. The spread of cotton as described by Eaton in the passage most directly contributed to which of the following economic developments in the period 600-1450 C.E.?

Increased demand for and production of textiles in India, Persia, and the Middle East

Which of the following is true of commerce in the Indian Ocean during the time period 1000-1450?

Indian Ocean commerce flourished and was conducted by a mixture of Asian, Middle Eastern, and East African merchants.

"A strongly held misconception about the Sahara, both in popular culture and in academia, is that this desert constitutes both a physical barrier and a fundamental cultural divide between northern Africa—a constituent part of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern historical realms—and 'sub-Saharan' Africa, a world apart. . . . [I argue] that the Sahara has far more often served as a link than as a barrier. . . . Prior to the end of the 16th century c.e., [the Sahara] was essential to world trade as it afforded nearly continuous communication between China, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Russia, the Mediterranean and West Africa. Trade, travel and communications between these world regions was assured by a system of caravans. . . . The 12th through the 16th centuries mark the 'golden age' of this trade. Demand for West African gold was at its height as the economies of the Mediterranean Sea, the Middle East, Central Asia, the Indian Ocean and Ming China expanded. . . . [In addition], the rise of the Malian and then the Songhay empires [made] the trade routes and trading cities of the African continent relatively secure, and therefore prosperous." Eric Ross, Canadian historian, article included in a book, published in 2011 Which of the following best explains why trade along the trans-Saharan trade networks increased in the period 1200-1450 ?

Innovations in previously existing transportation technologies, such as the caravan, allowed merchants to carry larger loads and protect themselves.

"A strongly held misconception about the Sahara, both in popular culture and in academia, is that this desert constitutes both a physical barrier and a fundamental cultural divide between northern Africa—a constituent part of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern historical realms—and 'sub-Saharan' Africa, a world apart. . . . [I argue] that the Sahara has far more often served as a link than as a barrier. . . . Prior to the end of the 16th century c.e., [the Sahara] was essential to world trade as it afforded nearly continuous communication between China, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Russia, the Mediterranean and West Africa. Trade, travel and communications between these world regions was assured by a system of caravans. . . . The 12th through the 16th centuries mark the 'golden age' of this trade. Demand for West African gold was at its height as the economies of the Mediterranean Sea, the Middle East, Central Asia, the Indian Ocean and Ming China expanded. . . . [In addition], the rise of the Malian and then the Songhay empires [made] the trade routes and trading cities of the African continent relatively secure, and therefore prosperous." Eric Ross, Canadian historian, article included in a book, published in 2011 Which of the following best explains an effect of the expansion of the Mali Empire on the trans-Saharan trade networks?

It facilitated commercial growth by expanding the number of people participating in the trade networks.

Which of the following accurately describes the Mongol Empire's role in facilitating trans-Eurasian trade?

It reestablished the Silk Roads between East Asia and Europe.

A map titled "Fourteenth-Century North and West Africa" is shown. It marks the trade routes connecting Awlil, Mali, Taghaza, Marrakesh, Fez, Gao, Timbuktu, Taodemi, Kumbi Saleh, Jenne, Niani, Kano, Agades, Tunis, Ghadames, Tripoli, Bilma, and Ghat to Egypt. It marks the area of Mali, with its territories Gao, Timbuktu, Jenne, Kumbi Saleh, Niani, Audagnost, and Awlil. The Gambia River and the Senegal River are marked flowing through Mali and finally falling into the Niger River at its east. It marks Bilma, Taodemi, and few centres that lie along the Atlantic Ocean as the regions where salt mines are located. The centers where gold mines are located are marked along the regions surrounding Mali and close to the Gambia and the Volta River. The map above indicates that

Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade

"It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests." Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016 The breakup of the Mongol Empire into separate khanates during the mid-thirteenth century was most connected to which of the following developments?

Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war.

Which of the following characterized the trans-Saharan trade by 1250 C.E.?

Muslim merchants dominated the trade.

TYPICAL SAILING ROUTES AND SCHEDULES OF OMANI MERCHANTS TRAVELING TO EAST AFRICA AND CHINA FROM MUSCAT, CIRCA 1400 C.E. The image shows two stacked maps titled "TYPICAL SAILING ROUTES AND SCHEDULES OF OMANI MERCHANTS TRAVELING TO EAST AFRICA AND CHINA FROM MUSCAT, CIRCA 1400 C.E." Each map has a key representing a solid line as OUTBOUND routes and a dashed line as RETURN routes, and labels for timings of each leg of the voyages. The land mass and towns in each map are identical. All routes are sea voyages. On the top map, the outbound route begins at Muscat, heads southwest to Aden on the coast of Yemen during November, continues northeast to Shihr on the southern coast of the Arabian peninsula during November through December, continues southeast and then southwest along the coast of East Africa to Mogadishu during December through January, continues southwest to Pate coast of East Africa in January, and then southwest to Zanzibar in February. The return route begins at Zanzibar and heads northeast and then curves northwest to Sohar, near Muscat, during April through May. The return route remains to the east of the outbound route. On the bottom map, the outbound route begins at Sohar, near Muscat, heads east and then southeast along the western coast of India to Kulam Mali in southern India during November, continues south, then east to Kalah Bar on the Malacca peninsula in Southeast Asia during December through February, continues southeast and then turns northeast to Sanf Fulaw on the east coast of Indochina during February through March, and then continues northeast to Khanfu (Canton) in southern China during April through May. The return route begins at Khanfu (Canton), moves generally south, then southwest, and then northwest to Kalah Bar during October through December, continues northwest, then directly west, then north to Kulam Mali during December through January, continues west and slightly north to Raysut on the southern coast of the Arabian peninsula during February through March, and then follows the coast of the Arabian peninsula, moving northeast, then northwest to Muscat during April and May. Which of the following factors contributed the most to Omani traders' ability to undertake the voyages depicted on the maps?

Navigational and maritime innovations, such as the astrolabe and lateen sail

Before 1450 C.E. which of the following is true of sub-Saharan Africa's commercial economy?

Sub-Saharan Africa exported gold to the Middle East and Europe.

A partial outline map of the world is shown, marking the countries of Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, China, North Korea, and South Korea as a dotted region. It marks Europe on its far west, Africa on its far south, the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, the Indian Ocean on the south, and the Pacific Ocean and Japan on its east. The map above shows which of the following empires at its greatest extent?

The Mongol Empire

Which of the following statements is accurate about the Mongols during the 1200s and 1300s?

The Mongols facilitated the diffusion of many Chinese inventions.

"It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests." Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016 Which of the following best describes an effect of the establishment of the Mongol Empire upon Silk Road long distance trade?

The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially.

Which of the following best describes Middle Eastern trade in the period 1000 to 1450 ?

The area was engaged in regular trade with China, India, and sub-Saharan Africa.

Which of the following factors helps explain the rise of urban centers and the increase in trade in Afro-Eurasia during the second half of the thirteenth century?

The availability of safe and reliable transport along land-based trade routes

"It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests." Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016 The expansion of the Mongol Empire most directly led to which of the following political developments in Afro-Eurasia?

The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China

Which of the following resulted from the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire following the death of Genghis Khan?

The development of khanates in Central Asia

"What they [the Franks] learned from the Arabs wasindispensible in their subsequent expansion. The heritage of Greek civilization was transmitted through Arab intermediaries. In medicine, astronomy, chemistry, geography, mathematics, and architecture, the [Franks] drew their knowledge from Arabic books, which they assimilated, imitated, and then surpassed. . . . In the realm of industry, the Europeans first learned and then improved upon the processes used by the Arabs in papermaking, leather-working, textiles, and the distillation of alcohol and sugar." Amin Maalouf, The Crusades Through Arab Eyes, 1984 The passage above best illustrates which of the following?

The effects of interregional contact on the development of European culture and technology

"A strongly held misconception about the Sahara, both in popular culture and in academia, is that this desert constitutes both a physical barrier and a fundamental cultural divide between northern Africa—a constituent part of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern historical realms—and 'sub-Saharan' Africa, a world apart. . . . [I argue] that the Sahara has far more often served as a link than as a barrier. . . . Prior to the end of the 16th century c.e., [the Sahara] was essential to world trade as it afforded nearly continuous communication between China, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Russia, the Mediterranean and West Africa. Trade, travel and communications between these world regions was assured by a system of caravans. . . . The 12th through the 16th centuries mark the 'golden age' of this trade. Demand for West African gold was at its height as the economies of the Mediterranean Sea, the Middle East, Central Asia, the Indian Ocean and Ming China expanded. . . . [In addition], the rise of the Malian and then the Songhay empires [made] the trade routes and trading cities of the African continent relatively secure, and therefore prosperous." Eric Ross, Canadian historian, article included in a book, published in 2011 Which of the following best explains a development in the trans-Saharan trade networks in the period 1200-1450 ?

The geographic range of the networks increased because of improved commercial practices.

"Brother, you had written to me that you sent roughly 6,300 pounds of block iron to me from India in the ship of the Muslim captain Abu'l-Kata'ib. But when the ship arrived here, it only carried 5,100 pounds and the Muslim shipowner said that that was everything he had received from your Indian agent before setting sail. To compensate for the difference, I have charged you the Muslim captain's transportation fee for the above-mentioned iron that was sent to me here in Aden* and for pepper that was sent with it. I am also charging you the transportation fee for items that I am sending to you in India, including twenty-five pounds of copper bars, ten Berbera * mats in a package, cloth, a piece of lead weighing two hundred and forty-five pounds, two large boxes of sugar, and a package of the best Egyptian paper." *Aden and Berbera were prominent Indian Ocean port cities. Letter from Madmun ibn al-Hassan, a Jewish merchant in Aden, to his brother in India, circa 1133 C.E. The letter was written in Judeo-Arabic, a form of the Arabic language written in the Hebrew script. Trade in the items referred to in the second paragraph is best understood in the context of which of the following?

The increasing demand for high-value goods and manufactures in Afro-Eurasia

"The first man who came to Pate* was Sulayman, son of Mudhafar. He was a king in Arabia, but he had been driven out. He came to Pate in 1203 and married the daughter of the king of Pate. Because of this marriage, the Swahili adopted a custom that still lasts to this day: seven days after a wedding, the husband goes to see his wife's father, who then gives him something. Indeed, seven days after the wedding, Sulayman went to see his father-in-law, who handed over the kingdom to him. In 1291, Sulayman's great-grandson Muhammad reigned, and he kept on conquering the towns of the Swahili coast in many wars. His son, Sultan Umar, became very powerful and gained possession of all of the Swahili towns. In 1331, Sulayman's great-great grandson Muhammad ruled the whole kingdom of his father by peaceable means. He was extremely fond of money and trade. He ordered his merchants to undertake voyages to India to trade there, and because of this he became very wealthy." *an island located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Kenya A Swahili History of Pate, chronicle based on an ancient oral tradition, written down in Swahili in 1903. Swahili is a Bantu language that contains a significant number of Arabic words and phrases. The first paragraph most directly illustrates how increasing regional interactions led to which of the following developments in the Indian Ocean in the period 1200-1450?

The introduction of new cultural traditions

CHINESE SCROLL PAINTING CIRCA 1280 COMMISSIONED BY KHUBILAI KHAN OF THE MONGOL YUAN DYNASTY OF CHINA The figure presents a painting titled "Chinese Scroll Painting circa 1280 Commissioned by Khubilai Khan of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty of China." In the foreground, the painting shows Khubilai Khan and his hunting companions on horseback. To the left, a horse archer prepares his weapon. He is shown arching his bow and arrow straight into the air. In the background, a camel caravan passes over sand dunes. China: Khubilai Khan hunting on horseback (1280). / Pictures from History / Bridgeman Images The painting shows Khubilai Khan and his hunting companions on horseback. To the left, a horse archer prepares his weapon. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the way Khubilai Khan chose to have himself portrayed in the painting?

The nomadic tradition depicted in the painting would bolster Khubilai Khan's claim to be the legitimate successor to Genghis Khan.

In the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E., merchant diaspora communities, such as those of Muslims in India, Chinese in Southeast Asia, and Jews in the Mediterranean, had which of the following in common?

They generally introduced their own cultural practices into the local cultures.

"I am a griot ... we are vessels of speech; we are the repositories which harbor secrets many centuries old. Without us the names of kings would vanish into oblivion. We are the memory of mankind; by the spoken word we bring to life the deeds and exploits of kings for younger generations. ... I teach kings the history of their ancestors so that the lives of the ancients might serve them as an example, for the world is old, but the future springs from the past." An African griot (storyteller), circa 1950, introducing the oral epic of King Sundiata of Mali, composed circa 1400 C.E. The introduction by the griot is intended to serve which of the following purposes?

To establish the griot's authority by connecting him to the past

TA map titled, "Indian Ocean Trading Networks" show the map of the Indian Ocean. The trade routes are shown connecting Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and East Africa. It marks the areas that perform trade activities with each other and lie alongside the Indian Ocean. The areas that are shown connected include Persia, Cambay, Goa, China, Muscat, Oman, Arabia, Mediterranean, Egypt, Ethiopia, Mogadishu, Malindi, Mombasa, Kilwa, Mozambique, Great Zimbabwe, Penba Zanzibar, and Sofala. The network represents an interaction between regions stretching from Goa in the East to Zanzibar and Mombasa in the West. The networks are interconnected across all these areas and the traders that trade in all these areas are Arab and Indian traders, Malay sailors, and Indian and Chinese traders. The trade routes are shown driven by the Northeast monsoon blowing from Asia to Africa and by the southwest monsoon blowing from Africa to Asia. The map above demonstrates which of the following about the Indian Ocean trade?

Trade involved most of the regions bordering the Indian Ocean as well as China.