unit 2 review

India's population policies

Used to have sterilization camps that ended in 1976, currently sponsors Family Planning which has emphasized education.

1840s and 1850s

the two largest groups of immigrants were the Irish , who were escaping desperate economic conditions. the Germans who were escaping difficult political conditions.

Demographic Momentum

this is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model.

densely populated regions of the world

the parts of the world that are the most densely populated.

21st century

2000-present

Population Pyramids

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

Demographic Transition Model

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time. then at stage 5 it turns in to high death rates because the seniors are dying ; low birth rates.

early 1900s

After an economic depression during the 1800s , the continuing industrial boom in the US meant that immigration resumed its rapid increase after the turn of the century , reaching peak levels around 1910. The major difference was that more immigrants during this period came from southern and eastern Europe. Important feeder countries were Italy , Russia , and Austria Hungary. The industrial revolution had spread in these countries , and populations were increasing , so many left to seek their fortunes in the US for Russian jews, political persecution was another motivation to leave.

Southeast Asia

Countries here include Java , Sumatra , Borneo, Papua new Guinea,Indonesia, and the Philippines . About 500 million people live here. Thousands of Islands make up the country of Indonesia, the worlds fourth most populous country. Like the east and south Asians most of the populous live in rural areas.

migrants core

People move from from core regions to other core regions.

migrants periphery

People move from peripheries to core parts of the region.

Population Policies

Policies that seek to reduce or increase the rate of natural increase. e.g. Some policies are designed to cut down on population growth (e.g. China's "one child policy").

stage 1 of the DTM

Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) is characterized by a low population growth rate due to a high birth rate (number of annual births per one thousand people) and a high death rate (number of annual deaths per one thousand people). In this first stage, total population is in flux as a result of these variables' dynamic patterns, neither being consistent from year to year. Because the birth rate and death rate are relatively equal to one another there is little change in total population.

stage 2 of the DTM

Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) is characterized by a rapid decrease in a country's death rate while the birth rate remains high. As such, the total population of a country in Stage 2 will rise because births outnumber deaths, not because the birth rate is rising. The decrease in death rate is commonly attributed to significant improvements in overall health, specifically access to pediatric care, which affects the life expectancy of the most at-risk demographic group — children. But along with basic healthcare, an expanded education system, gender equality, and technological advances in the areas of food production and sanitation also work to decrease the death rate.

Distance Decay

The effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction.

law 1

The majority of immigrants move only a short distance.

Europe

The only non Asian area of population concentrations is Europe , a region that includes a lot of countries of varying sizes. In contrast to the populations in the three Asian regions , Europe's population is primarily concentrated in Urban areas.

CBR (crude birth rate)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. stage 1- high CBR stage 2- High CBR stage 3- lower CBR than 1 and 2 stage 4 - low CBR stage 5 - extremely low CBR

LDC/periphery

There are more people living in the periphery parts of the region in LDC's then in the core.

stage 5

What happens when the birth rate of a country declines to the point where it is lower than the death rate? Answer: entry into Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) - theoretically. In Stage 5 of the DTM a country experiences loss to the overall population as the death rate becomes higher than the birth rate. The negative population growth rate is not an immediate effect however. Based on demographic momentum, in which total population growth increases even while birth rates decline, it will take a generation or two before a negative population growth rate is observed.

Emmigration

When people leave their home country (their "origin country") Out-migration is when the number of people that emigrated is more then the number of people who immigrated.

Immigration

When people move into a new country(their "destination country") In-Migration is when the number of people that immigrated outnumbers the number of people that emigrated.

late 1800s

after a decline in immigration during the civil war of the 1860s immigration rates rose again during the 1870s and continued until the early 1890s. more than 3/4s of the immigrants came from northern and western Europe. Germans and Irish continued to arrive , and the number of Scandinavians increased significantly. An important pull factor was the industrial Revolution in the United states , which created a demand for factory labor that resulted in plentiful jobs for immigrants.

East Asia

countries include: Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, North Korea, China, and Mongolia. about one fifth of all humans live in east Asia. China is the worlds most populous country.

mortality revolution

drop in death rate mid 18th century

mortality-revolution

drop in death rate mid 18th century

law 3

each migration flow produces a counter flow. when one group moves in to an area, another group will usually leave.

20th century

early 1900s and since 1945.

Major events that shorten the doubling rate of the world population growth

forms of natural disaster

shapes of the population pyramid and how they relate to the DTM

if the population pyramid looks like a triangle it is in stage 2. if it looks like a triangle with a box forming at the bottom its in stage 3. if it is a box it is now in stage 4 . if its an upside triangle , it is now in stage 5.

US immigration patterns

immigrants coming to the U.S.

1945

immigration to the US again slowed during the great depression of the 1930s and world war 2 in the early 1940s. It increased steadily during the 1950s and 1960s, when major changes in immigration laws brought a new mix of migrants. Previous laws had greatly restricted Asian immigration, but the laws were lifted in the 1960s. In the late 20th century, annual immigration from china , the Philippines , India , and Vietnam increased dramatically , with many Vietnamese seeking asylum as refugees from the communist takeover of their government. Asians also migrated to Canada in large numbers. Another major source of immigration in recent years has been Latin america , with mexico topping a total of 8 million by the end of the 20th century. like Asian immigration , Latin immigration was encouraged by a change in US laws. The 1986 immigration Reform and control act allowed the government to issue visas to several hundred thousand people who had previously entered the country illegally. economic factors have been important to immigrants from both Asia and Latin America , as they moved from areas with fewer job opportunities to the more prosperous united states.

19th century

includes 1840s , 1850s , and the late 1800s.

awareness space

limited as well so that their knowledge of opportunity locations beyond the normal activity space is minimal. Poverty and physical isolation may contribute to a lack of awareness space.

density

population density- the number of people that live in a given area of land. Arithmetic or crude density- total number of people divided by total land area. Physiological population density- measures the pressure that people may place on the land to produce enough food.

law 4

Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults and historically most international migrants have been young males.

population growth rates of MDC and LDC

LDC's have high population growth MDC's have low population growth

2000-present

Large amount of Latin American migrants.

the gravity model

Larger and closer together two cities are, the greater the interaction between the two. (predicts measure of interaction between two places.)

China's population policies

China's one-child policy was part of a birth planning program designed to control the size of its population. Distinct from the family planning policies of most other countries (which focus on providing contraceptive options to help women have the number of children they want), it set a limit on the number of children parents could have, the world's most extreme example of population planning. It was introduced in 1979 (after a decade-long two-child policy)[1], modified in the mid 1980s to allow rural parents a second child if the first was a daughter, and then lasted three more decades before being eliminated at the end of 2015.

stage 3

In Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM), death rates are low and birth rates decrease, usually as a result of improved economic conditions, an increase in women's status and education, and access to contraception. The decline in birth rate varies from country to country, as does the time frame in which it is experienced. Some countries go through rapid transitions where the birth rate plummets by more than 40%, while others maintain a much more gradual decline. The rate of decline is dependent upon the economic and social factors at play - the quicker gains are made in areas such as education and gender equality, the faster birth rates decline. Lower birth rates combined with low death rates slow the pace of total population growth of countries within Stage 3. Though slow, total population growth will continue until birth rates are lowered to or below replacement level (total fertility rate at 2.1 births per woman).

stage 4

In Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM), birth rates and death rates are both low, stabilizing total population growth. The decline in both birth and death rates of most Stage 4 countries have been attributed to strong economies, highly educated citizens, ample healthcare systems, the migration of people from rural communities to cities, and expanded employment opportunities for women. As these factors play out the total fertility rate decreases until it reaches replacement level (2.1 births per woman), at which point the country enters Stage 5. It is understood that countries in Stage 4 of the DTM have experienced significant economic and social advances allowing for reduced family size in relation to decades prior.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

Laws of migration established in the 1980s based on studies carried out in the U.K.

step migration

Long-distance migration done in stages.

MDC core

MDC's have more people living on the core than on the periphery.

law 2

Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose cities as their destinations.

challenges in each stage

stage 1- irrelevant stage 2- lack of medical treatment stage 3-children are a liability stage 4- not much population growth stage 5- not enough people being born. seniors are dying.

examples of countries in each stage

stage 1- no country is in stage 1 stage 2- most of sub Saharan Africa stage 3- Mexico and India stage 4- the U.S. , south Korea , and Canada stage 5- japan, Italy, and Germany

South Asia

the countries and land area of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, India, the Maldives, Nepal, and Pakistan. Another one fifth of the worlds people live in south Asia. much of the population is concentrated in the Indus and Ganges river valley and along India's two long coastlines.

critcal distance

the distance beyond which cost, effort, and means strongly influence our willingness to travel.

interveining opportunity

the fact that many who set out to move a long distance find good opportunities to settle before they reach their destinations, so they might decide to stay there instead.