Unit 2 study stuff

platelets

are a major component of the vascular clotting system.

The cardiac cycle begins with what event?

atrial systole

The function of an atrium is to

collect blood returning to the heart

Which of the following is a transport mechanism used to move materials across capillary walls?

filtration

Plasma cells of the lymphoid system produce

immunoglobulins

Each cardiac muscle cell is bound to its neighboring cells at sites called

intercalated discs

The correct sequence of stages in RBC maturation is

myeloid stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC

Which blood vessels are the first to branch from the pulmonary trunk?

pulmonary arteries

In adults, the stem cells responsible for the production of red and white blood cells originate primarily in the

red bone marrow

In the adult, the only site of red blood cell production, and the primary site of white blood cell formation, is the

red bone marrow

Periods of cardiac muscle contraction continue until

the plateau ends

What is the primary function of white blood cells?

to help defend the body against pathogens.

________ refers to the factors that oppose blood flow in the entire cardiovascular system.

total peripheral resistance

What are the muscular ridges found on the internal surfaces of the ventricles collectively called?

trabeculae carneae

Which of the following structures is found between the right atrium and right ventricle?

tricuspid valve

What is the muscular layer of blood vessels called?

tunica media

Individuals with which blood type were once called "universal recipients" because they lack anti-A or anti-B antibodies?

type AB

During what phase of the cardiac cycle are all the chambers relaxed, so that the ventricles fill passively?

ventricular diastole - late

The amount of blood forced out of the heart depends on the (select all that apply)

-contractility of the ventricles -degree of stretching at the end of the ventricular diastole -amount of pressure required to eject blood

Reticulocytes complete their maturation and become indistinguishable from other mature RBCs about ________ after entering the circulation.

24 hours

A single hemoglobin molecule can carry up to ________ molecule(s) of oxygen gas (O2).

4

What is the average life span of a red blood cell?

4 months

What is the pulse pressure in a patient with a blood pressure of 130/85?

45 mm Hg

Approximately how long does it take for an action potential to travel from the sinoatrial node to the atrioventricular node?

50 msec

________ is released in response to a decrease in blood volume.

ADH

Emil wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti-A serum and anti-Rh serum, but not with the anti-B serum. This means

Bill's plasma contains anti-B antibodies

Regarding cardiodynamics, which of the following relationships is correct?

CO = HR x SV

Dehydration would

Cause an increase in the hematocrit

________ directly stimulates red blood cell production.

EPO

As blood flows through peripheral tissues, what occurs regarding the hemoglobin molecules of RBCs?

Hemoglobin binds carbon dioxide and releases its bound oxygen.

What is the connection between breathing and venous return?

Inhalation decreases pressure in the pleural cavity, thus more blood flows into the inferior vena cava.

Choose the correct statement regarding the atrial reflex.

It involves adjustments in the heart rate in response to an increase in the venous return.

What is the advantage of the small diameter of capillaries?

It slows blood flow, allowing sufficient time for capillary exchange to occur.

Which of the following is true regarding normal cardiac muscle?

Neither summation nor tetany can occur.

What ECG characteristic wave pattern appears as the ventricles depolarize?

ORS complex

Depolarization of the atria is represented on an electrocardiogram by the

P wave

The cardiac pacemaker cells are located in which of the following?

SA node

Why is atrial repolarization not illustrated on an ECG?

The QRS complex masks it.

Considering the factors affecting blood flow, choose the correct relationship.

Under normal circumstances, blood flow equals cardiac output.

What is a benefit of a vascular spasm at the onset of hemostasis?

a reduction in blood loss

Why do veins have relatively thin walls?

a typical vein does not need to withstand much pressure

Which of the following reduces the impact of blood vessel occlusion?

anastomoses

Agglutinins

are antibodies that will attack surface antigens on RBCs of a different blood type.

Blood can bypasses a capillary bed through ____________, if necessary.

arteriovenous anastomoses

Which of the following indicates the start of the systemic circuit?

ascending aorta

Which leukocytes have granules that contain heparin and histamine?

basophils

The two heart reflexes directly respond to changes in

blood volume

The result of malfunctioning chordae tendineae would

cause regurgitation into the atria.

Release of histamines and nitric oxide (NO)

causes localized vasodilation

The first heart sound ("lubb") is produced as the atrioventricular valves ________ and the semilunar valves ________.

close; open

A patient's cardiac output is 5000 mL/min., based on a heart rate of 100 beats/min. and a stroke volume of 50 mL/beat. Which of the following will not change her cardiac output?

decrease HR to 50 and increase SV 100

The ________ divides the aorta into a superior thoracic aorta and an inferior abdominal aorta.

diaphragm

Relaxation of the heart chambers is called

diastole

The phase of the cardiac cycle when a chamber fills with blood and prepares for the start of the cardiac cycle is called

diastole

Regarding the placental blood supply, blood that bypasses the liver capillaries reaches the inferior vena cava within the

ductus venosus

Small veins in the neural tissue of the brain empty directly into the

dural sinuses

Thick-walled vessels, which are large and extremely resilient, are called ________ arteries.

elastic

________ are the most abundant cell population of the formed elements of blood.

erythrocytes

Formation of red blood cells is called

erythropoiesis

This hormone is released by the kidneys when blood pressure falls or the oxygen content of the blood becomes abnormally low.

erythropoietin

Regarding ECG results, possible heart muscle enlargement is indicated by which of the following?

excessively strong depolarization

Which of the following supplies blood to the pharynx, esophagus, larynx, and face?

external carotid arteries

Blood from the superficial structures of the head and neck is collected by the

external jugular vein

Which of the following begins with the activation of plasminogen?

fibrinolysis

Rising blood pressure inside the ventricles

first closes the atrioventricular valves and then opens the semilunar valves.

What heart sound marks the start of ventricular systole?

first heart sound

Energy reserves in cardiac muscle cells are stored as ________ and ________.

glycogen; lipids

The percentage of whole blood volume occupied by formed elements is called

hematocrit

Red blood cells result from the divisions of cells called

hemocytoblasts

What extracellular ion imbalance causes powerful and prolonged heart contractions?

hypercalcemia

Blood from the viscera and the lower limbs is conducted to the heart through which vessel?

inferior vena cava

Which of the following pathways is slower and reinforces the initial blood clot, making it larger and more effective?

intrinsic pathway

What coronary vessel supplies the interventricular septum?

left coronary artery

A white blood cell count of 3000 per microliter would indicate what condition?

leukopenia

More than 90 percent of plasma proteins are made in which organ?

liver

Which of the following are the primary sites of hemopoiesis from the second to the fifth month of development? (select all that apply)

liver spleen

The celiac trunk provides blood to the

liver and spleen

Water and solutes that are not reabsorbed by capillaries ultimately return to the bloodstream by way of

lymphatic vessels

Which leukocytes are involved in the body's specific defenses?

lymphocytes

Valves are found in which vessel type?

medium-sized veins

Which white blood cells are important in leaving the blood vessels and phagocytizing large materials, releasing chemicals that draw fibroblasts to the injured areas?

monocytes

The layer of the wall of the heart, which contains cardiac muscle tissue, blood vessels, and nerves, is called the

myocardium

What is the most abundant type of WBC in a normal blood sample?

neutrophil

Which of the following leukocytes are granulocytes?

neutrophils

The cardioinhibitory center controls activities of the ________ motor neurons.

parasympathetic

Which of the following has the greatest effect on blood flow to the tissues?

peripheral resistance

During fibrinolysis, which enzyme begins digesting the fibrin strands, breaking down the clot?

plasmin

As repairs proceed, a blood clot gradually dissolves in a process that begins with the activation of

plasminogen

Deoxygenated blood is carried away from the right ventricle by the

pulmonary trunk

What vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

pulmonary veins

Autonomic effects on heart rate primarily reflect the responses of the ________ node to ________.

sinoatrial; acetylcholine and norepinephrine

The amount of blood ejected by a ventricle during a single beat is called the

stroke volume

The common pathway of coagulation ends with

the activation of a clotting factor that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

Into which of the following structures does the coronary sinus open?

the right atrium near the base of the inferior vena cava

The second heart sound is heard when

the semilunar valves close

During ventricular systole,

the ventricles are contracting

________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs is reduced.

anemia

During the long-term response to hemorrhage, which hormone(s) prominently promote(s) fluid retention and reabsorption at the kidneys?

angiotensinogen II

The semilunar valve of the left side of the heart prevents backflow from the

aorta

Which condition is described as the formation of lipid deposits in the tunica media associated with damage to the endothelial lining?

atherosclerosis

Which event marks the beginning of the cardiac cycle?

atrial systole

________ is a condition in which the heart rate is slower than normal.

bradycardia

When one exercises at maximum levels, only the blood supply to the ________ is unaffected.

brain

When the ventricles are relaxed, the ________ are loose and there is no resistance to the flow of blood from atrium to ventricle.

chordae tendineae

Regarding forces acting on capillary walls, what occurs when blood osmotic pressure (BOP) is greater than capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP)?

fluid moves into the capillary

What is the vessel called that receives most of the blood from organs inferior to the diaphragm?

inferior vena cava

Which of the following most likely occurs in the condition called hyperkalemia?

irregular cardiac contractions

The right ventricle pumps blood to the

lungs

When foreign cells invade the body, one would most likely expect to see increased numbers of

lymphocytes

During diastole, the chamber of the heart

relax and fill with blood

Which of the following changes will result in increased blood flow at an injury site during inflammation?

relaxation of precapillary sphincters

Blood returning directly from the systemic circulation enters the

right atrium

Calcium ions and ________ have an effect on nearly every aspect of the clotting process.

vitamin K

The maximum rate of contraction in normal cardiac muscle fibers is approximately ________ per minute.

200

A microliter of whole blood contains about how many red blood cells?

5 million

When the heart rate and stroke volume in a normal heart increase together, the cardiac output can increase by ________ percent.

500-700

Without mitochondria, RBCs are relatively inefficient in terms of energy production. However, there is an advantage to RBC function. What is this advantage?

It ensures that any oxygen the RBCs absorb will be delivered to peripheral tissues.

Which of the following sequences correctly states the relative number of each leukocyte type, from highest to lowest, in normal blood?

Neutrophils-Lymphocytes-Monocytes-Eosinophils-Basophils

Some people justify their smoking habit by saying that smoking calms them down. Is this justification correct physiologically?

No, because nicotine has a stimulatory effect on heart rate.

Which statement regarding autonomic innervation of the heart is correct?

Norepinephrine released by sympathetic neurons increases the heart rate.

What happens when the left ventricle contracts?

The distance between the heart's base and apex decreases, and the diameter of the ventricular chamber decreases.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding blood flow?

The flow rate is directly proportional to the pressure difference.

As blood travels through the venous system toward the heart, why do the veins become larger in diameter?

The transition causes the resistance to decrease further so that the flow rate of blood increases.

Which of the following is a short-term response involved in cardiovascular regulation?

adjustment of peripheral resistance

The normal immune system ignores surface antigens on self RBCs, which are also called

agglutinogens

What plasma proteins are important in maintaining the osmotic pressure of plasma?

albumins

________ are substances, often proteins, that can trigger an immune response.

antigens

Due to the refractory period, a normal cardiac muscle cell is limited to a maximum rate of how many contractions per minute?

approximately 200

Identify the correct match between the blood vessel and its corresponding characteristic.

arteriole/controls blood pressure

Which vessel type typically has an internal diameter of about 30 μm and has a tunica media comprised of 1-2 layers of smooth muscle cells?

arterioles

When blood flow in a capillary bed decreases in response to locally high oxygen levels, it is caused by

autoregulation

The distribution of arteries and veins on the left and right sides of the body is usually identical. One notable exception is the ________ vein.

azygous

Which cell population of WBCs migrate to sites of injury and cross the capillary wall to accumulate within damaged tissues, where they discharge their granules into the interstitial fluids?

basophils

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

between the right atrium and right ventricle

Blood flowing from the left atrium to the left ventricle flows through the ________ valve.

bicuspid

Blood vessel walls that have only a tunica intima are the

capillaries

These vessels permit exchange of materials between the surrounding interstitial fluid and the blood.

capillaries

Which blood vessels permit exchange between the blood and surrounding interstitial fluid?

capillaries

________ permit the exchange of nutrients, dissolved gases, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues.

capillaries

Under conditions of hypocalcemia,

cardiac muscle contractions become very weak.

What cardiac structure consists of dense bands of elastic connective tissue that encircle the bases of the large blood vessels, which carry blood away from the heart?

cardiac skeleton

Baroreceptors that function in maintaining adequate blood flow to the brain are located in the

carotid sinus

What process makes it easier for fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells to make necessary repairs in damaged vessels?

clot retraction

What is the primary function of the vasomotor center of the medulla oblongata?

controls the diameters of arterioles through sympathetic innervation

A disorder resulting from the buildup of fatty deposits in the coronary arteries is called

coronary artery disease

What effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on the heart?

decrease in heart rate and force of contractions

________ is the characteristic of WBCs that allow them to enter surrounding tissue by squeezing between adjacent epithelial cells in the capillary wall.

diapedesis

A drifting blood clot, air bubble, or fat globule is called

embolus

The extrinsic and intrinsic pathways join at the common pathway through the activation of which clotting substance produced by the liver?

factor X

This structural feature of cardiac muscle cells enables action potentials to travel rapidly from cell to cell.

gap junctions

Shock is an acute circulatory crisis marked by

hypotension and inadequate peripheral blood flow.

Plasma proteins known as clotting factors are converted to active enzymes from which of the following?

inactive proenzymes

If a decline in blood pressure or oxygen concentrations occurs, the cardiac centers then call for a(n)

increase in cardiac output

What will NOT occur in response to an abnormal drop in blood pressure?

increased ACh release by vagus nerves

Which of the following will cause a decrease in blood pressure?

increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)

During exercise, cardiac output rises as a result of what factor?

increased venous return

In the short-term response to hemorrhage, ________ occurs.

increased venous return through venoconstriction OR mobilization of the venous reserve

The primary effect of parasympathetic acetylcholine release is

inhibition

What is the wall between the atria called?

interatrial septum

Under normal circumstances, the heart pumps blood into the aorta at the same rate at which

it arrives at the right atrium

During mitral valve prolapse, some regurgitation of blood occurs during contraction of the

left ventricle

Cardiac output (CO) is a measurement of the amount of blood pumped by the ________ in ________ .

left ventricle; 1 minute

Which type of white blood cell is found in pus that is associated with infected wounds?

neutrophils

What hormones are involved with short-term cardiovascular performance regulation? (select all that apply)

norepinephrine epinephrine

Which plasma components are used for ATP production, growth, and cellular maintenance?

organic nutrients

During repolarization, ________ ions rush out of the ventricular contractile cell.

potassium

A person's blood type is determined by the

presence or absence of specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane.

The difference in pressure from one end of a vessel to the other is called ________, which greatly determines the rate of flow.

pressure gradient

Which of the following monitors the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid?

sensory neurons on the surface of the medulla oblongata

The fluid left after the clotting proteins are removed is known as

serum

Which disease is characterized by defective hemoglobin that results from a mutation affecting the amino acid sequence of one pair of the globular proteins of the hemoglobin molecule resulting in stiff, markedly curved red blood cells?

sickle cell anemia

Erythropoiesis occurs in myeloid tissue, which is found in all the following bones except the

skull and clavicles

The pH of blood is

slightly alkaline

The average pressure in the right ventricle is ________ the pressure in the left ventricle.

slightly lower than

The right atrium receives blood from the ________ circuit through the ________.

systemic; superior and inferior vena cavae

A faster-than-normal heart rate is called

tachycardia

The term blood pressure refers to the pressure in ________ of the cardiovascular system.

the arterial vessels

The vasomotor center of the medulla oblongata primarily controls which of the following?

the diameter of arterioles through sympathetic innervation

Regarding aging, what can form at atherosclerotic plaques?

thrombi

How can the impact of a temporary or even permanent occlusion (blockage) of a single blood vessel be reduced?

through the presence of anastomoses

What is the function of hemoglobin?

to bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Angiotensin II elevates systemic blood pressure by

triggering arteriole constriction

Regarding paternity tests, a man with type AB blood cannot be the father of an infant with which blood type?

type O

The plasma of which blood type contains anti-A antibodies? (select all that apply)

type O type B

Blood from the systemic circulation returns to the heart by way of the

vanae cavae

Which of the following is(are) the only factor(s) that can be adjusted by the nervous or endocrine system to regulate blood flow?

vascular resistance

According to the Frank-Starling principle, the cardiac output is directly related to (the)

venous return

The semilunar valves prevent backflow into the

ventricles

The QRS complex on an ECG tracing represents

ventricular depolarization

The term ________ refers to the combination of plasma and the formed elements together.

whole blood