Unit 2 study stuff
platelets
are a major component of the vascular clotting system.
The cardiac cycle begins with what event?
atrial systole
The function of an atrium is to
collect blood returning to the heart
Which of the following is a transport mechanism used to move materials across capillary walls?
filtration
Plasma cells of the lymphoid system produce
immunoglobulins
Each cardiac muscle cell is bound to its neighboring cells at sites called
intercalated discs
The correct sequence of stages in RBC maturation is
myeloid stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC
Which blood vessels are the first to branch from the pulmonary trunk?
pulmonary arteries
In adults, the stem cells responsible for the production of red and white blood cells originate primarily in the
red bone marrow
In the adult, the only site of red blood cell production, and the primary site of white blood cell formation, is the
red bone marrow
Periods of cardiac muscle contraction continue until
the plateau ends
What is the primary function of white blood cells?
to help defend the body against pathogens.
________ refers to the factors that oppose blood flow in the entire cardiovascular system.
total peripheral resistance
What are the muscular ridges found on the internal surfaces of the ventricles collectively called?
trabeculae carneae
Which of the following structures is found between the right atrium and right ventricle?
tricuspid valve
What is the muscular layer of blood vessels called?
tunica media
Individuals with which blood type were once called "universal recipients" because they lack anti-A or anti-B antibodies?
type AB
During what phase of the cardiac cycle are all the chambers relaxed, so that the ventricles fill passively?
ventricular diastole - late
The amount of blood forced out of the heart depends on the (select all that apply)
-contractility of the ventricles -degree of stretching at the end of the ventricular diastole -amount of pressure required to eject blood
Reticulocytes complete their maturation and become indistinguishable from other mature RBCs about ________ after entering the circulation.
24 hours
A single hemoglobin molecule can carry up to ________ molecule(s) of oxygen gas (O2).
4
What is the average life span of a red blood cell?
4 months
What is the pulse pressure in a patient with a blood pressure of 130/85?
45 mm Hg
Approximately how long does it take for an action potential to travel from the sinoatrial node to the atrioventricular node?
50 msec
________ is released in response to a decrease in blood volume.
ADH
Emil wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti-A serum and anti-Rh serum, but not with the anti-B serum. This means
Bill's plasma contains anti-B antibodies
Regarding cardiodynamics, which of the following relationships is correct?
CO = HR x SV
Dehydration would
Cause an increase in the hematocrit
________ directly stimulates red blood cell production.
EPO
As blood flows through peripheral tissues, what occurs regarding the hemoglobin molecules of RBCs?
Hemoglobin binds carbon dioxide and releases its bound oxygen.
What is the connection between breathing and venous return?
Inhalation decreases pressure in the pleural cavity, thus more blood flows into the inferior vena cava.
Choose the correct statement regarding the atrial reflex.
It involves adjustments in the heart rate in response to an increase in the venous return.
What is the advantage of the small diameter of capillaries?
It slows blood flow, allowing sufficient time for capillary exchange to occur.
Which of the following is true regarding normal cardiac muscle?
Neither summation nor tetany can occur.
What ECG characteristic wave pattern appears as the ventricles depolarize?
ORS complex
Depolarization of the atria is represented on an electrocardiogram by the
P wave
The cardiac pacemaker cells are located in which of the following?
SA node
Why is atrial repolarization not illustrated on an ECG?
The QRS complex masks it.
Considering the factors affecting blood flow, choose the correct relationship.
Under normal circumstances, blood flow equals cardiac output.
What is a benefit of a vascular spasm at the onset of hemostasis?
a reduction in blood loss
Why do veins have relatively thin walls?
a typical vein does not need to withstand much pressure
Which of the following reduces the impact of blood vessel occlusion?
anastomoses
Agglutinins
are antibodies that will attack surface antigens on RBCs of a different blood type.
Blood can bypasses a capillary bed through ____________, if necessary.
arteriovenous anastomoses
Which of the following indicates the start of the systemic circuit?
ascending aorta
Which leukocytes have granules that contain heparin and histamine?
basophils
The two heart reflexes directly respond to changes in
blood volume
The result of malfunctioning chordae tendineae would
cause regurgitation into the atria.
Release of histamines and nitric oxide (NO)
causes localized vasodilation
The first heart sound ("lubb") is produced as the atrioventricular valves ________ and the semilunar valves ________.
close; open
A patient's cardiac output is 5000 mL/min., based on a heart rate of 100 beats/min. and a stroke volume of 50 mL/beat. Which of the following will not change her cardiac output?
decrease HR to 50 and increase SV 100
The ________ divides the aorta into a superior thoracic aorta and an inferior abdominal aorta.
diaphragm
Relaxation of the heart chambers is called
diastole
The phase of the cardiac cycle when a chamber fills with blood and prepares for the start of the cardiac cycle is called
diastole
Regarding the placental blood supply, blood that bypasses the liver capillaries reaches the inferior vena cava within the
ductus venosus
Small veins in the neural tissue of the brain empty directly into the
dural sinuses
Thick-walled vessels, which are large and extremely resilient, are called ________ arteries.
elastic
________ are the most abundant cell population of the formed elements of blood.
erythrocytes
Formation of red blood cells is called
erythropoiesis
This hormone is released by the kidneys when blood pressure falls or the oxygen content of the blood becomes abnormally low.
erythropoietin
Regarding ECG results, possible heart muscle enlargement is indicated by which of the following?
excessively strong depolarization
Which of the following supplies blood to the pharynx, esophagus, larynx, and face?
external carotid arteries
Blood from the superficial structures of the head and neck is collected by the
external jugular vein
Which of the following begins with the activation of plasminogen?
fibrinolysis
Rising blood pressure inside the ventricles
first closes the atrioventricular valves and then opens the semilunar valves.
What heart sound marks the start of ventricular systole?
first heart sound
Energy reserves in cardiac muscle cells are stored as ________ and ________.
glycogen; lipids
The percentage of whole blood volume occupied by formed elements is called
hematocrit
Red blood cells result from the divisions of cells called
hemocytoblasts
What extracellular ion imbalance causes powerful and prolonged heart contractions?
hypercalcemia
Blood from the viscera and the lower limbs is conducted to the heart through which vessel?
inferior vena cava
Which of the following pathways is slower and reinforces the initial blood clot, making it larger and more effective?
intrinsic pathway
What coronary vessel supplies the interventricular septum?
left coronary artery
A white blood cell count of 3000 per microliter would indicate what condition?
leukopenia
More than 90 percent of plasma proteins are made in which organ?
liver
Which of the following are the primary sites of hemopoiesis from the second to the fifth month of development? (select all that apply)
liver spleen
The celiac trunk provides blood to the
liver and spleen
Water and solutes that are not reabsorbed by capillaries ultimately return to the bloodstream by way of
lymphatic vessels
Which leukocytes are involved in the body's specific defenses?
lymphocytes
Valves are found in which vessel type?
medium-sized veins
Which white blood cells are important in leaving the blood vessels and phagocytizing large materials, releasing chemicals that draw fibroblasts to the injured areas?
monocytes
The layer of the wall of the heart, which contains cardiac muscle tissue, blood vessels, and nerves, is called the
myocardium
What is the most abundant type of WBC in a normal blood sample?
neutrophil
Which of the following leukocytes are granulocytes?
neutrophils
The cardioinhibitory center controls activities of the ________ motor neurons.
parasympathetic
Which of the following has the greatest effect on blood flow to the tissues?
peripheral resistance
During fibrinolysis, which enzyme begins digesting the fibrin strands, breaking down the clot?
plasmin
As repairs proceed, a blood clot gradually dissolves in a process that begins with the activation of
plasminogen
Deoxygenated blood is carried away from the right ventricle by the
pulmonary trunk
What vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
pulmonary veins
Autonomic effects on heart rate primarily reflect the responses of the ________ node to ________.
sinoatrial; acetylcholine and norepinephrine
The amount of blood ejected by a ventricle during a single beat is called the
stroke volume
The common pathway of coagulation ends with
the activation of a clotting factor that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
Into which of the following structures does the coronary sinus open?
the right atrium near the base of the inferior vena cava
The second heart sound is heard when
the semilunar valves close
During ventricular systole,
the ventricles are contracting
________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs is reduced.
anemia
During the long-term response to hemorrhage, which hormone(s) prominently promote(s) fluid retention and reabsorption at the kidneys?
angiotensinogen II
The semilunar valve of the left side of the heart prevents backflow from the
aorta
Which condition is described as the formation of lipid deposits in the tunica media associated with damage to the endothelial lining?
atherosclerosis
Which event marks the beginning of the cardiac cycle?
atrial systole
________ is a condition in which the heart rate is slower than normal.
bradycardia
When one exercises at maximum levels, only the blood supply to the ________ is unaffected.
brain
When the ventricles are relaxed, the ________ are loose and there is no resistance to the flow of blood from atrium to ventricle.
chordae tendineae
Regarding forces acting on capillary walls, what occurs when blood osmotic pressure (BOP) is greater than capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP)?
fluid moves into the capillary
What is the vessel called that receives most of the blood from organs inferior to the diaphragm?
inferior vena cava
Which of the following most likely occurs in the condition called hyperkalemia?
irregular cardiac contractions
The right ventricle pumps blood to the
lungs
When foreign cells invade the body, one would most likely expect to see increased numbers of
lymphocytes
During diastole, the chamber of the heart
relax and fill with blood
Which of the following changes will result in increased blood flow at an injury site during inflammation?
relaxation of precapillary sphincters
Blood returning directly from the systemic circulation enters the
right atrium
Calcium ions and ________ have an effect on nearly every aspect of the clotting process.
vitamin K
The maximum rate of contraction in normal cardiac muscle fibers is approximately ________ per minute.
200
A microliter of whole blood contains about how many red blood cells?
5 million
When the heart rate and stroke volume in a normal heart increase together, the cardiac output can increase by ________ percent.
500-700
Without mitochondria, RBCs are relatively inefficient in terms of energy production. However, there is an advantage to RBC function. What is this advantage?
It ensures that any oxygen the RBCs absorb will be delivered to peripheral tissues.
Which of the following sequences correctly states the relative number of each leukocyte type, from highest to lowest, in normal blood?
Neutrophils-Lymphocytes-Monocytes-Eosinophils-Basophils
Some people justify their smoking habit by saying that smoking calms them down. Is this justification correct physiologically?
No, because nicotine has a stimulatory effect on heart rate.
Which statement regarding autonomic innervation of the heart is correct?
Norepinephrine released by sympathetic neurons increases the heart rate.
What happens when the left ventricle contracts?
The distance between the heart's base and apex decreases, and the diameter of the ventricular chamber decreases.
Which of the following statements is correct regarding blood flow?
The flow rate is directly proportional to the pressure difference.
As blood travels through the venous system toward the heart, why do the veins become larger in diameter?
The transition causes the resistance to decrease further so that the flow rate of blood increases.
Which of the following is a short-term response involved in cardiovascular regulation?
adjustment of peripheral resistance
The normal immune system ignores surface antigens on self RBCs, which are also called
agglutinogens
What plasma proteins are important in maintaining the osmotic pressure of plasma?
albumins
________ are substances, often proteins, that can trigger an immune response.
antigens
Due to the refractory period, a normal cardiac muscle cell is limited to a maximum rate of how many contractions per minute?
approximately 200
Identify the correct match between the blood vessel and its corresponding characteristic.
arteriole/controls blood pressure
Which vessel type typically has an internal diameter of about 30 μm and has a tunica media comprised of 1-2 layers of smooth muscle cells?
arterioles
When blood flow in a capillary bed decreases in response to locally high oxygen levels, it is caused by
autoregulation
The distribution of arteries and veins on the left and right sides of the body is usually identical. One notable exception is the ________ vein.
azygous
Which cell population of WBCs migrate to sites of injury and cross the capillary wall to accumulate within damaged tissues, where they discharge their granules into the interstitial fluids?
basophils
Where is the tricuspid valve located?
between the right atrium and right ventricle
Blood flowing from the left atrium to the left ventricle flows through the ________ valve.
bicuspid
Blood vessel walls that have only a tunica intima are the
capillaries
These vessels permit exchange of materials between the surrounding interstitial fluid and the blood.
capillaries
Which blood vessels permit exchange between the blood and surrounding interstitial fluid?
capillaries
________ permit the exchange of nutrients, dissolved gases, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues.
capillaries
Under conditions of hypocalcemia,
cardiac muscle contractions become very weak.
What cardiac structure consists of dense bands of elastic connective tissue that encircle the bases of the large blood vessels, which carry blood away from the heart?
cardiac skeleton
Baroreceptors that function in maintaining adequate blood flow to the brain are located in the
carotid sinus
What process makes it easier for fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells to make necessary repairs in damaged vessels?
clot retraction
What is the primary function of the vasomotor center of the medulla oblongata?
controls the diameters of arterioles through sympathetic innervation
A disorder resulting from the buildup of fatty deposits in the coronary arteries is called
coronary artery disease
What effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on the heart?
decrease in heart rate and force of contractions
________ is the characteristic of WBCs that allow them to enter surrounding tissue by squeezing between adjacent epithelial cells in the capillary wall.
diapedesis
A drifting blood clot, air bubble, or fat globule is called
embolus
The extrinsic and intrinsic pathways join at the common pathway through the activation of which clotting substance produced by the liver?
factor X
This structural feature of cardiac muscle cells enables action potentials to travel rapidly from cell to cell.
gap junctions
Shock is an acute circulatory crisis marked by
hypotension and inadequate peripheral blood flow.
Plasma proteins known as clotting factors are converted to active enzymes from which of the following?
inactive proenzymes
If a decline in blood pressure or oxygen concentrations occurs, the cardiac centers then call for a(n)
increase in cardiac output
What will NOT occur in response to an abnormal drop in blood pressure?
increased ACh release by vagus nerves
Which of the following will cause a decrease in blood pressure?
increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
During exercise, cardiac output rises as a result of what factor?
increased venous return
In the short-term response to hemorrhage, ________ occurs.
increased venous return through venoconstriction OR mobilization of the venous reserve
The primary effect of parasympathetic acetylcholine release is
inhibition
What is the wall between the atria called?
interatrial septum
Under normal circumstances, the heart pumps blood into the aorta at the same rate at which
it arrives at the right atrium
During mitral valve prolapse, some regurgitation of blood occurs during contraction of the
left ventricle
Cardiac output (CO) is a measurement of the amount of blood pumped by the ________ in ________ .
left ventricle; 1 minute
Which type of white blood cell is found in pus that is associated with infected wounds?
neutrophils
What hormones are involved with short-term cardiovascular performance regulation? (select all that apply)
norepinephrine epinephrine
Which plasma components are used for ATP production, growth, and cellular maintenance?
organic nutrients
During repolarization, ________ ions rush out of the ventricular contractile cell.
potassium
A person's blood type is determined by the
presence or absence of specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane.
The difference in pressure from one end of a vessel to the other is called ________, which greatly determines the rate of flow.
pressure gradient
Which of the following monitors the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid?
sensory neurons on the surface of the medulla oblongata
The fluid left after the clotting proteins are removed is known as
serum
Which disease is characterized by defective hemoglobin that results from a mutation affecting the amino acid sequence of one pair of the globular proteins of the hemoglobin molecule resulting in stiff, markedly curved red blood cells?
sickle cell anemia
Erythropoiesis occurs in myeloid tissue, which is found in all the following bones except the
skull and clavicles
The pH of blood is
slightly alkaline
The average pressure in the right ventricle is ________ the pressure in the left ventricle.
slightly lower than
The right atrium receives blood from the ________ circuit through the ________.
systemic; superior and inferior vena cavae
A faster-than-normal heart rate is called
tachycardia
The term blood pressure refers to the pressure in ________ of the cardiovascular system.
the arterial vessels
The vasomotor center of the medulla oblongata primarily controls which of the following?
the diameter of arterioles through sympathetic innervation
Regarding aging, what can form at atherosclerotic plaques?
thrombi
How can the impact of a temporary or even permanent occlusion (blockage) of a single blood vessel be reduced?
through the presence of anastomoses
What is the function of hemoglobin?
to bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Angiotensin II elevates systemic blood pressure by
triggering arteriole constriction
Regarding paternity tests, a man with type AB blood cannot be the father of an infant with which blood type?
type O
The plasma of which blood type contains anti-A antibodies? (select all that apply)
type O type B
Blood from the systemic circulation returns to the heart by way of the
vanae cavae
Which of the following is(are) the only factor(s) that can be adjusted by the nervous or endocrine system to regulate blood flow?
vascular resistance
According to the Frank-Starling principle, the cardiac output is directly related to (the)
venous return
The semilunar valves prevent backflow into the
ventricles
The QRS complex on an ECG tracing represents
ventricular depolarization
The term ________ refers to the combination of plasma and the formed elements together.
whole blood