Unit 3 5011

Which of the following best describes trace conditioning? -CS onset, US onset, CS offset, US offset (2 second delay between the onset of the CS and the onset of the US) -CS onset, US onset, CS offset, US offset (30 second delay between the onset of the CS and the onset of the US) -CS onset, CS offset, US onset, US offset (5 second delay between the offset of the CS and the onset of the US) -US onset, CS onset, US offset, CS offset

CS onset, CS offset, US onset, US offset (5 second delay between the offset of the CS and the onset of the US) In trace conditioning procedure, the onset and then the offset of the CS comes before the onset of the US. The delay between the offset of the CS and the onset of the CS is no less than 5 seconds in most studies (Catania, 2013)

Which of the following diagrams best illustrates a conditioned reflex? S—R S—R—S US—UR CS—CR

CS—CR S—R illustrates a reflex, but it could be either unconditioned or conditioned. S—R—S does not illustrate a reflex, because the final "S" is a consequence, and reflex responses are not influenced by consequences (they are under the exclusive control of antecedents). US—UR illustrates an unconditioned reflex, not a conditioned one. Only CS—CR represents a conditioned reflex (the relation between a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response).

A tone elicits retraction of your hand. Retracting your hand is an example of a(n): -Conditioned stimulus -Conditioned response -Unconditioned stimulus -Unconditioned response

Conditioned response Retracting your hand is a reflex response, but you have to learn to retract your hand when you hear a tone, so this is an example of a conditioned response.

All of the following are attributes of conditioned reflexes, except: - The conditioned response is highly similar to an unconditioned response -The conditioned reflex can develop in the absence of an unconditioned reflex -The conditioned response is elicited by a conditioned stimulus -The conditioned response is stereotypic (highly invariant in form)

Conditioned responses are elicited by a conditioned stimulus, they are highly similar to unconditioned responses, and they are stereotypic (they look very similar each time they occur and across members of the same species). Conditioned reflexes cannot develop in the absence of an unconditioned reflex, because they are learned through pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.

Which of the following could not be an unconditioned response? Salivation Coughing Sneezing Ducking

Ducking Only ducking is not a reflex response. There is no unconditioned stimulus that elicits a ducking response. There are unconditioned stimuli that evoke salivation, sneezing, and coughing - but not jumping.

When a doctor hits the tendon below the knee cap with a rubber hammer it will strongly, consistently, and reliably evoke kicking of the leg. In other words, hitting the patellar tendon with a rubber hammer will:

Elicit kicking of the leg Elicit is defined as "to strongly, consistently and reliably evoke". The term elicit is used exclusively for respondent functional relations, when the antecedent stimulus has a direct and powerful behavior altering effect on a reflex response. On the other hand, the term evoke can be used for either respondents or operants.

To strongly, consistently, and reliably evoke is to _______, which is a term used for __________ conditioning

Elicit; only respondent Elicit is the strongest form of "evoke". Elicitation is very reliable, but is not absolute - it is not 100% (for example, there is habituation!). The term elicit is used exclusively in describing respondents.

You are doing an experiment to evaluate a frog's reflexive kick response when it is touched on its back. You repeatedly touch the frog's back, every 30 seconds or so, with a carefully calibrated instrument (to touch with exactly the same force each time). You find that the frog's kick response increases in force and speed with each successive touch. This is an example of:

Potentiation The intensification of a reflex response when the US is repeatedly presented over a short time is a clear example of potentiation. It is more likely to be seen in the presence of repeated aversive stimuli. Reinforcement occurs as a stimulus change after the behavior, but here the stimulus occurs before the behavior. Magnification is the increase in some physical dimension of a stimulus (not a response). A fixed action pattern is a chain of responses in lower species which, once initiated, continues to the end of the chain, regardless of the environment (such as mating dances in certain birds) that continue even when the potential mate has flown the coop, so to speak.

Who discovered the principles of respondent conditioning?

Ivan P. Pavlov B. F. Skinner discovered how operant behavior develops through consequential operations and signaling. Charles Darwin studied natural selection. John B. Watson extended the discoveries of Pavlov to humans (specifically, how emotions are learned through respondent conditioning). It was Ivan P. Pavlov who discovered how reflexes are conditioned through pairing.

Which of the following could not be an unconditioned response?

Jumping out of the way of a car There is no "jumping" reflex, which is elicited without prior learning. To jump out of the way of a car, you have to learn about cars! Toddlers will not jump out of the way! But toddlers will blink when a firecracker explodes, or cough when exposed to smoke, or salivate when given food. Those are unconditioned reflexes.

You experience a headache and you rub your temples. This is an example of:

Neither You have to learn to rub your temples when you experience a headache, so this cannot be an unconditioned reflex. Also, there is no rubbing the temples reflex response.

"A stimulus that has no effect on a particular reflex response" is the definition of a(n):

Neutral stimulus A stimulus that has no effect on a particular reflex response is defined as a neutral stimulus, but it can have an effect on other responses. For example, magnification of a light will be a neutral stimulus in relation to salivation, but not in relation to pupil contraction. Unconditioned stimuli (and unconditioned elicitors) elicit an unconditioned reflex response

The sight of food does not elicit blinking. In relation to blinking, the sight of food is an example of a(n): Unconditioned stimulus Neutral stimulus A conditioned elicitor Conditioned stimulus

Neutral stimulus The sight of food does not elicit blinking, so it is a neutral stimulus in relation to blinking (even though it may be a conditioned elicitor in relation to salivation)

You see an object coming towards your face very fast and you duck to avoid it. This is an example of: -An unconditioned reflex -A respondent -A conditioned reflex -None of these answers are correct

None of these answers are correct You have to learn to duck when an object hurtles toward you (throw a sponge ball to a toddler and observe if he/she ducks—he/she does not!). So this is not an unconditioned reflex. There is no duck reflex response, so ducking is not a respondent of any kind.

You have tried unsuccessfully, over many different trials, to make a tonal change from 440 hz to 450 hz, function as a conditioned stimulus. This is a barely perceptible tonal frequency change. The change in tone remains a neutral stimulus change no matter what conditioning techniques you implement. What general rule does this most likely represent?

Not all neutral stimuli can become conditioned stimuli The change in tone is too minimal to be discriminated easily. The conditioning procedure will not matter. Musical tones can be used - and in some cases even the onset of particular songs can be effective conditioned stimuli. The state of deprivation or satiation tends to be more a phenomenon of operant conditioning, and clearly does not apply here.

What are the variables associated with the strength of respondent conditioning and with "resistance" to respondent extinction? Number of paired trials, and inter-trial Intervals only Number of paired trials, CS-US Contingency, agreement of the sense modality of the CS-US stimulus Number of paired trial, inter-trial interval, and CS-US Contingency only Number of paired trials, CS-US Contingency, CS-US Contiguity, and Inter-trial Interval

Number of paired trials, CS-US Contingency, CS-US Contiguity, and Inter-trial Intervals All of these variables contribute to the strength of respondent conditioning (but not specifically the agreement of the sense modality of the stimuli presented)

Which of the following procedures leads to respondent conditioning?

Pairing Consequential operations and signaling are operant processes and are not involved in respondent conditioning. Unpairing leads to respondent extinction. Pairing leads to respondent conditioning.

Reflexes are conditioned by: Pairing a conditioned stimulus with a conditioned response Pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned or conditioned stimulus Unpairing a conditioned stimulus from the stimulus with which it was previously paired Presenting a consequent stimulus in the presence of an antecedent stimulus

Pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned or conditioned stimulus Reflexes are conditioned by pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned or conditioned stimulus (depending on whether it is first order or higher order conditioning). Un-pairing results in respondent extinction, not conditioning.

Evil Dr. No has Secret Agent James Bond strapped to his lab table. He touches Bond's left elbow with an electrode and Bond winces in pain, as his arm twitches slightly. Each time Dr. No asks Bond a question, and Bond replies with a clever quip, Dr. No touches Bond's left elbow with the electrode (at the same power level each time). Bond's reaction increases after each electrode touch. By the 7th touch of the electrode, Bond shouts in pain and his arm jumps out to full extension. The increase in Bond's reaction to the shock is an example of:

Potentiation De-habituation is not a real term. A punisher would occur after a target behavior, and here we are looking at the shock happening before Bond's reaction. Sensitization occurs when a stimulus elicits a response, and then a new stimulus, other than the original eliciting stimulus, is presented soon afterwards and elicits a similar response. The 2nd eliciting stimulus shares some physical characteristics with the original eliciting stimulus. But in this question, the eliciting stimulus is always the same - shock.

You see a picture of rotten food and you gag immediately. This is an example of:

A conditioned reflex You have to learn to gag to the sight of rotten food. Since gagging can be a reflex response, this is an example of a conditioned reflex.

As your hand approaches the stovetop, you turn to see that the electric burner is bright red. Your hand jerks back. Your hand jerking back when you see the red burner is most likely an example of: -An unconditioned reflex -A conditioned conditioner -An unconditioned response -A conditioned reflex

A conditioned reflex Your hand has not touched the hot stove yet. You had to learn that the red hot burner was paired with pain. It is the sight (CS) of the hot burner that elicits the withdrawal reflex response (CR).

A conditioned response is a reflex response elicited by ___ due to ___.

A conditioned stimulus; ontogenic provenance (prior learning) A conditioned stimulus is not elicited by an unconditioned stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus only elicits the unconditioned response). A conditioned response is elicited by a conditioned stimulus because it is part of a conditioned reflex, and this is due to prior learning (through pairing).

Which of the following is an example of a conditioned stimulus? -An irritant in the throat elicits coughing. -A sudden loud sound elicits an increase in heart rate. -A puff of air in the eye elicits blinking. -A food commercial on TV elicits salivation.

A food commercial on TV elicits salivation. The puff of air, the sudden loud sound, and the irritant do not have acquire the capacity to elicit their corresponding reflex responses. The commercial on the TV, on the other hand, needs to acquire the capacity to elicit salivation, so this is an example of a conditioned stimulus.

A reflex is:

A relationship between an eliciting stimulus and an involuntary response A reflex is not just a response, but a relationship between an eliciting stimulus and the response it elicits. Reflex responses (aka, "respondents") are under the control of antecedent stimuli. Consequences do not figure in to reflexes in any way.

An unconditioned reflex is:

A simple unlearned relation between a specific stimulus and a specific involuntary and innate response Unconditioned means "unlearned" so this type of reflex, the basic reflex, is also called unconditional or unlearned. It requires no prior experience to occur. It is part of the organism's genetic inheritance, which is also known as phylogenic provenance. Unconditioned reflexes appear essentially the same in all members of the species (as long as they do not have related physical or neurological damage, preventing the reflex from occurring).

The term conditioned stimulus should only be used when referring to:

A stimulus that is functionally related to respondent behavior The term conditioned stimulus should only be used when referring to stimuli that are functionally related to respondent behavior. Stimuli that are related to operant behavior, even if they have an effect on behavior due to ontogenic provenance, should not be referred to as conditioned stimuli.

Which of the following is an example of a conditioned response? -Pupil constriction when an eye doctor says, "Ok, bright light" just before he turns on a bright light (again) to examine your eye. -Inhaling when your lungs are emptied of air. -Swallowing when chewed food begins to press on the back of your tongue -Retracting your hand when you cut your finger on a sharp object

Pupil constriction when an eye doctor says, "Ok, bright light" just before he turns on a bright light (again) to examine your eye. Inhaling, retracting your hand, and swallowing elicited by the corresponding antecedent unconditioned elicitors (no learning required), so these are not conditioned responses. Pupil constriction is an unconditioned reflex response in the presence of a bright light, but constriction in response to a paired warning stimulus ("OK, bright light") is a learned reflex response—a conditioned response.

A critical attribute of unconditioned reflexes is: -Reflex responses are highly invariant in time of appearance during development -Reflexes and reflex responses are of ontogenic provenance -Reflex responses include both voluntary and involuntary responses -Reflex responses are stereotypic and variant in form

Reflex responses are highly invariant in time of appearance during development One critical attributes of an unconditioned reflex is that it is unlearned, and thus of phylogenic provenance (as opposed to ontogenic provenance, which means "learned"). Reflexes are stereotypic, but this means that the reflex response is highly invariant in form, not variant. Reflex responses are not voluntary; they are involuntary. But they do appear and disappear at set times during developmental stages (such as the Babinski reflex in babies, which disappears before age 2.

How do you obtain respondent extinction?

Repeatedly present a CS without any more pairings with a US. This is definitional. Respondent extinction is the process through which a conditioned reflex is weakened by discontinuing all pairings between the CS and the US. Reinforcement and punishment are operant processes. Rapid re-presentations of the US until the UR (reflex response) no longer occurs defines the transient effect of habituation.

Ivan P. Pavlov discovered the principles of:

Respondent conditioning Ivan P. Pavlov did not study unconditioned reflexes (so did not explore such phenomena as habituation, adaptation, or sensitization), but he studied how reflexes are conditioned. Thus, he did not discover the principles of operant conditioning, but only the principles of respondent conditioning. Finally, he did not study how learning occurs as a result of the law of effect (consequences), but he did study how learning occurs as a result of pairing.

An eye that blinks when air is puffed toward the eye exemplifies a (n):

Respondent relation The puff of air is an unconditioned stimulus (US) (e.g. elicits a UR due to phylogenic provenance and not the organism's prior exposure or experience with the stimulus). Eye blinking is the unconditioned response (UR). That is the puff of air elicits eye blinking. The specific respondent relation is an unconditioned reflex.

Akela exhibited the activation reflex response (flinching and racing heart) whenever she saw lightning, due to previous repeated pairings of lightning and nearby - very loud - thunder (initially, only the crack of thunder had made her jump). Then an entire rainy season passed with only distant storms, and she repeatedly saw lightning without hearing any loud thunder. Soon, Akela no longer jumped when she saw lightning. Months passed with no storms. Then one night, someone just outside of her window took a flash picture with a camera, and she jumped! Akela jumping at the sight of a flash of light, after not seeing any flashes for months, most likely exemplifies which of the following:

Respondent spontaneous recovery Spontaneous recovery is the sudden reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned reflex. It occurs as a function of the passage of time during which the CS is not presented and/or the organism is in a different environment.

As a result of pairing meat powder with the sound of a bell, Pavlov's dogs began to salivate to the sound of a bell. One day Pavlov's wife went to visit his lab and rang the doorbell. Pavlov was surprised to see that the dog's salivated to the sound of the doorbell. This scenario exemplifies...

Respondent stimulus generalization The CS (salivation) was elicited by another stimulus (the doorbell) because the sound of the bell (CS) and the sound of the doorbell were similar enough for respondent stimulus generalization to occur.

Unpairing occurs when:

The S-S contingency is no longer in effect When the stimulus-stimulus contingency (pairing) is no longer in effect, respondent extinction occurs. R-S contingency and contiguity refer to consequential operations. S-R contiguity is an important factor, but the breaking of the S—S contingency is the basic process of unpairing (and heavily increased contiguities can end up functionally being contingency breaks)

The number of paired trials may or may not be an important variable associated with the strength of respondent conditioning. The general rule for this variable is:

The greater the number of pairings, the greater the strength of the conditioned reflex tends to be This is a complex area, but in general, the greater the number of pairings, the stronger the conditioning will be (and the more resistant to extinction the CR will be). However, early pairings tend to be more important than later ones, and in some rare cases of especially intense unconditioned stimuli (such as automobile crashes resulting in severe injury), strong conditioning can occur after a single pairing.

During a live performance of the song, For Those About to Rock (We Salute You), the lead singer of AC/DC exclaimed "FIRE". At that moment, a cannon on stage appeared to fire, with smoke and an incredibly loud "BOOM". At least one audience member was startled, and many cheered. Which statement is true? -The loud sound from the cannon elicited the "startle" response - The loud sound from the cannon abated the "startle" response - The loud sound from the cannon triggered the "startle" response - The loud sound from the cannon emitted the "startle" response

The loud sound from the cannon elicited the "startle" response When we consider respondent behavior and specifically the relation between the antecedent stimulus and the behavior altering effect it has on the response, we exclusively use the term elicit. Elicit is defined as strongly, consistently and reliably evoke. The term elicit is used exclusively for respondent functional relations.

Which of the following is an example of a conditioned stimulus?

The sight of a spider elicits an increase in heart rate The bright light, the irritant in the nose, and the taste of food do not have to acquire the capacity to elicit their corresponding reflex responses. The sight of a spider, on the other hand, needs to be learned to acquire the capacity to elicit an increase in heart rate, so this is an example of a conditioned stimulus.

Respondent Spontaneous recovery is:

The sudden reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned reflex This is definitional. The other answers describe sensitization and habituation, which are related to reflexes, and also recovery from punishment, which is an operant process.

One day "Slammer" Jones, a baseball player, was hit in the helmet by a pitch from "Fast Eddie" Foster. He was nearly knocked out. From then on, whenever Slammer went up to bat, and he saw that Fast Eddie was the pitcher, his heart would race and he would begin to sweat. Which functional term describes the effect that the pain of getting hit by the pitch had on the effect Fast Eddie now exerts on Slammer's activation reflex response? CC/CC UC/CE UC/CC UE

UC/CE Fast Eddie is paired with pain: NS (Eddie) UE (Pain) UR (Activation reflex). Later Fast Eddie becomes an elicitor CE (Fast Eddie) CR (Activation reflex). So it was the pairing of Fast Eddie with the Pain that changed how Fast Eddie is now able to elicit Slammer's activation reflex. The pain (U) has conditioned (C) / Fast Eddie (C) to be able to elicit (E) a reflex. Put that string of letters together and you get: UC/CE.

Chuck is a soldier. Just before his squad was hit with a mortar shell explosion (that put him in the hospital for 3 months), he looked up and saw a helicopter flying overhead. Now whenever he sees a helicopter, his heart beat speeds up and he flinches away in the other direction. Which of the following terms best describes the effect the exploding mortar shell had on the sight of a helicopter (in terms of Chucks heart rate speeding up).

UC/CE Here it is: Helicopter (NS) Exploding shell (UE) Heart rate up (UR). The helicopter is paired with the explosion, so later: Helicopter (NS) Heart rate up (UR). The question: What effect did the explosion (stim. 1) have on the helicopter (stim. 2). Since this is a stimulus-on-stimulus effect, it is a function-altering 4-letter relationship between two stimuli. 1st stimulus (explosion): What it is (U) what it does (C) = UC. 2nd stimulus: What it is (C),"conditioned", by definition - and what it does (E),elicits the activation reflex = CE. There you go: 1st stimulus/2nd stimulus = UC/CE

An unconditioned response is always elicited by a

Unconditioned elicitor An unconditioned response is the response component (i.e. respondent) of an unconditioned reflex. An unconditioned reflex occurs when an unconditioned stimulus elicits an unconditioned response; in this case, the US is referred to as an unconditioned elicitor. A stimulus—stimulus relationship relates to pairing, and response—stimulus relates to a consequential operation, which is not related to respondent conditioning.

Elmer is hunting rabbit. All of a sudden, Daffy shoots at Bugs. The loud sound from the shotgun blast causes Elmer's heart rate to go up and he begins to sweat. The loud sound is the:

Unconditioned stimulus A loud sound evokes an activation reflex response without prior learning. As such, the shotgun blast is an unconditioned stimulus.

A stimulus which elicits a response without prior learning, that is, due to an inherent capacity to do so is called a(n):

Unconditioned stimulus An unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus which elicits an unconditioned response without prior learning; that is, due to an innate capacity to do so.

In classifying the functions of environmental events, respondent behavior is:

Under the exclusive control of antecedent stimuli Respondent behavior does not result in changes in the environment (consequences). Operant behavior is maintained by its consequences. Respondent behavior is under the control of antecedent stimuli (e.g. unconditioned stimulus AND conditioned stimulus).

Name the process through which respondent extinction occurs.

Unpairing of stimuli Pairing leads to conditioning, not extinction. Habituation is temporary. Extinction is permanent. Consequating is an operant process, not respondent.

What is the definition of higher order conditioning?

When a neutral stimulus is paired with a previously conditioned stimulus This is definitional. In respondent conditioning, 1st order conditioning happens when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. In higher-order conditioning, a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus. In our common exemplar, "bell—food—salivation", we see 1st order conditioning of the bell. "Light—bell—salivation" is 2nd order conditioning of the light. "Tone—light—salivation" is 3rd order conditioning of the tone.

In Jack Michael's schema for respondent effects, each 4-letter term is structured in the exact same way. The first two letters describe the X and the second two letters describe the Y .

X = Stimulus doing the conditioning; Y = stimulus being conditioned This one is definitional. All 4-letter acronyms refer to the names Michael gave the function altering effects of either the unconditioned stimulus or the conditioned stimulus. For example, a UC/CE is the name given to the US when it is functioning to act as a unconditioned conditioner (UC) of some other stimulus; in this case it is conditioning a second stimulus to function as a conditioned elicitor (CE)

Which of the following is/are an example of an unconditioned reflex? X= Books fall off the top shelf causing a loud thud; Neil's heart beat increases quickly. Y= Books fall off the top shelf causing a loud thud; Neil picks them up and puts them back

X only The loud thud elicits activation reflex (startle, racing heart) without prior learning. As an unconditioned reflex, this would happen to all members of the species. Picking up books is learned behavior, maintained by consequences (past history of praise, or simply a more orderly environment is restored). Consequences mean operants, not reflex responses (respondents).

Which of the following is/are an example of an unconditioned reflex? X= Salivating when someone describes her favorite Thai dish. Y= Salivating after a piece of curry chicken is placed in your mouth.

Y only All members of the species salivate when food is placed on the tongue and they do so based on their genetic endowment and NOT due to prior exposure or experience with food (e.g. not learned).

Respondent Stimulus Generalization is:

the spread of the effects of respondent conditioning to stimuli other than the conditioned stimulus. This is definitional. Respondent stimulus generalization is not about a change in the conditioned response strength or topography. It is about a change in how another stimulus functions, becoming able to elicit a conditioned response through generalization, rather than through direct conditioning of that specific stimulus

Hattie lives near the airport. Planes are on flight paths over her apartment building every day. They make a lot of noise and shake her entire apartment. On the day she moved in, her heart raced the first 2 or 3 times planes passed close overhead, but that soon subsided. She also had difficulty sleeping at night the first few nights. Soon that was also no longer a problem. She is now sleeping fine, and hardly notices when the flight path takes planes over her building. Hattie's change in behavior in relation to the planes passing overhead is an example of:

Adaptation Adaptation can occur in both respondent and operant situations. Hattie's racing heartbeat is part of an activation syndrome reflex response (respondent) which occurs as a result of the onset of the noise and shaking from the plane going overhead (the unconditioned stimulus). This is an unconditioned reflex. The reduction in her reflex response, after repeated exposures to the US, may have been a form of habituation (if initially, several planes went overhead in a short time frame). But over a longer time frame, she fully adapted to this prolonged environmental condition. The US (plane) no longer triggers a UR (activation). Not only does her reflex response (respondent) cease to occur when a plane goes overhead, but she is no longer disturbed by the noise when she is trying to sleep (which is related to operant classes of behavior). She has adapted to the prolonged conditions in her environment. Desensitization is not a term used for any of these processes; extinction is a consequence, not an antecedent stimulus condition; and a conditioned stimulus elicits a conditioned reflex response, which is not the case here.

"A reduction in the magnitude of a response as a result of prolonged exposure to a stimulus" defines which of the following respondent phenomena?

Adaptation Adaptation is a long-term phenomenon, and can occur in both respondent and operant situations. In relation to a respondent (a response component of a reflex), adaptation is the reduction in a reflex response when the organism has had prolonged exposure to the eliciting stimulus. Habitation is not habituation (and neither one, of course, is the same as adaptation). Stimulus extinction is a made up term: responses are put on extinction, not stimuli. Stimulus-response conditioning may be a roundabout way of referring to respondent conditioning, but it is not the meaning of the phrase quoted in this specific question.

The conditioning of new (conditioned) reflexes always requires the prior existence of:

An unconditioned reflex A response—stimulus contingency describes a consequential operation, which is not related to respondent conditioning. A CC/CC is involved in 3rd order conditioning only, and is not required for lower order conditioning to occur. Conditioned reflexes develop independent of any motivational variables. However, a conditioned reflex can only develop if there is an unconditioned reflex upon which to build, since the unconditioned response and conditioned response are essentially the same (or very similar) behavior—the only distinction being which stimulus elicits the response: a US, that elicits without prior learning, or a CS that elicits due a process of pairing having occurred.

Respondent dimension-altering stimuli (also known as behavior altering stimuli) always function in which of the following ways? As elicitors As unconditioned conditioners of conditioned elicitors As conditioners As conditioned conditioners

As elicitors When a dimension is altered in a behavior (the same as Michael's term, "behavior altering") this means that something about the occurrence of the response has been altered. In the respondent paradigm, the response goes from NOT happening, to HAPPENING. Its status has thus been altered - from "non-occurring" to "occurring". This is the nature of a response which has been ELICITED. Therefore a respondent dimension-altering stimulus ALWAYS functions as an elicitor.

Delilah is driving to work. She stops at a red traffic light. One-half second after the light changes to green, the Sampson Trucking semi-trailer driver behind her blasts his air horn. Delilah is very startled by the sound of the horn, experiencing a strong activation syndrome response. She drives on, but stops at the next stop sign. Less than a second after she stops, the trucker blasts his horn, startling her again. Then, as they are driving along, he blasts his horn again, and again. Soon, when he blasts his horn, Delilah is no longer startled (but eventually, she moves over to the right lane, and he passes by). The reduction in Delilah's activation reflex response to the repeated sound of the truck horn is an example of:

Habituation Delilah experiences an activation syndrome reflex. With repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus (the air horn) in a short period of time, the reflex response weakens. She habituates to the horn. Punishment is a stimulus that follows a response. This scenario does not describe a conditioned reflex, since the air horn blast is an unconditioned elicitor of an unconditioned response. No prior learning was necessary for the sudden onset of the loud horn to startle her and evoke the activation reflex. The term "reactivity suppression" is not a real term.

The temporary reduction in a reflex response, due to repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus (either the US or the CS) in a short period of time, is known as

Habituation Habituation occurs when a reflex response shows a reduction in strength. An stimulus is repeatedly presented over a short period of time and it elicits progressively weaker responses. In punishment a stimulus is presented after the response, not before; Attenuation is a reduction in the intensity (along some physical dimension) of the eliciting stimulus, not a reduction in the response. Reflex degradation is a made-up term that only sounds kind-of right.

Dr. Rotula is giving young Patel a physical exam. She uses a rubber hammer to strike the tendon just below Patel's kneecap, and Patel's leg kicks out with some force. The doctor does this again and the leg kicks again, only less intensely. Patel gets excited by this and asks the doctor to do this again and again, but after the 5th hit, the leg just barely kicks when Dr. Rotula hits the tendon with the hammer. The reduction of the leg kick (in response to the hammer strike on the tendon just below the knee) is an example of:

Habituation The reduction of the patellar tendon reflex as a result of repeated impacts on the tendon (just below the kneecap) is a classic example of habituation. Adaption means "adjustment" (and is not the same word as adaptation, which refers to a different phenomenon discussed in this unit). De-sensitization, is used in the context of behavioral science as part of a longer term, systematic desensitization, a clinical procedure. Learning is a semi-permanent change in behavior as a result of experience, but the reduction in the strength of the patellar tendon reflex is an unlearned, temporary phenomenon.

You are working with a child who has suffered physical abuse in his home. Every time you pass immediately behind the child when he is seated, he flinches and produces a mild grunt. What is the most likely cause of his flinching behavior?

He has a history of being hit by adults passing nearby, so his flinch is a conditioned activation reflex response Respondent behavior is physiological, and reliable physiological responses in the presence of stimuli which do not typically produce those responses often indicate a history of respondent conditioning of some kind.

Charlie loves ice cream. He goes out with his social-scientist friend, Renee, and he orders a large hot fudge sundae. At first he eats it very rapidly, but soon he slows down, and eventually stops eating altogether. Renee sees that he has left some ice cream in the bowl and says, "Hey Charlie. You stopped eating! You have habituated to your ice cream already." Renee's statement is: -A reasonable statement, since he may have habituated. -Not enough information to tell -Incorrect. This is not a form of habituation. -Correct, since the reduction in his eating response with repeated presentations of ice cream constitutes habituation.

Incorrect. This is not a form of habituation. This is NOT habituation, since eating ice cream is not a reflex response! Habituation is defined as "a reduction, over repeated presentations, in a respondent behavior elicited by a stimulus" (Catania, 2013)

An unconditioned stimulus...:

Is the eliciting stimulus in an unconditioned reflex. An unconditioned reflex occurs when an eliciting unconditioned stimulus occurs first, followed by an unconditioned response. This is due to phylogenic provenance, an organism's genetic history. This term is used ONLY when discussing respondents (the response component of a reflex), This term is never used when discussing operant behavior.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about potentiation:

It can be observed with only one presentation of a US All of the other statements are true. Potentiation requires several presentations of the US to occur, since it is characterized by an increase in the reflex response over repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus, in a relatively short time

All of the following are attributes of a conditioned stimulus, except: - It elicits a conditioned response -It's function has been altered through an ontogenic process - It acquires its eliciting properties through pairing - It is any stimulus that has an effect on behavior as a result of experience

It is any stimulus that has an effect on behavior as a result of experience The term conditioned stimulus should only be used when talking about a stimulus that is part of a conditioned reflex. This term should not be with stimuli that are not part of a reflex (even if they are learned).

All of the following are attributes of a conditioned response, except: -It is highly similar or identical to an unconditioned response -It is the response part of a conditioned reflex -It is highly variable in topography -It is elicited by a conditioned stimulus

It is highly variable in topography A conditioned response is elicited by a conditioned stimulus due to ontogenic provenance. The CR is identical with or highly similar to the UR, and is thus stereotypic (highly invariable in form). It is the respondent part of a conditioned reflex.

An explosion occurs at an oil refinery, and Dub, an executive at the refinery, experiences an activation reflex response. Once Dub's heart rate slows back to normal, and he has stopped shaking, he stands looking out the window at the fire. His phone suddenly rings, and his heart rate jumps again. His heart rate jumping to the phone ringing is an example of:

Sensitization Sensitization, following the explosion, is characterized by a lowering of Dub's threshold for a different noise, the phone ringing, to now elicit an activation reflex response. "Fear induced agitation" is not a term from behavior analytic science. Pairing has not occurred here: One stimulus did not immediately precede another, such that it has its function altered by that pairing (in other words, the phone ringing, as a neutral stimulus, did not immediately precede the explosion, an unconditioned stimulus in relation to the activation syndrome). Finally, respondent analysis is mainly focused on physiological responses, and the antecedent stimuli that precede them.

Which of the following is an example of a conditioned response?

Shivering when you see a picture of ice Rubbing your leg and screaming are not reflex responses, so "conditioned response" cannot apply. Coughing, elicited by an irritant in the throat, occurs without prior learning, so is an unconditioned response. Shivering is an unconditioned reflex response in the presence of cold temperatures, but shivering in response to a picture of ice occurs due to pairing: the visual stimulus in the presence of ice (NS), paired with cold temperatures (US) that elicit shivering (UR); when the picture of ice (CS) elicits shivering, this is an example of a conditioned response

Which of the following respondent conditioning procedure is most effective?

Short Delay Conditioning Short delay conditioning is the most effective respondent conditioning procedure, by empirical results. The next effective is long delay, then trace. Finally, sometimes, simultaneous can be effective.

Pavlov started with an unconditioned reflex: meat powder on the tongue elicits salivation in a dog. He then repeatedly paired the meat powder with the sound of the metronome by presenting the metronome first, and approximately a second later, presenting the meat powder while the metronome was still going. Eventually, the metronome alone elicited salivation. The above scenario is an example of which respondent conditioning procedure: Long Delay Conditioning Trace Conditioning Simultaneous Conditioning Short Delay Conditioning

Short Delay Conditioning This is an example of short delay conditioning procedure because the metronome sound (CS) was presented first, and a short time later (about 1 second), the meat powder (US) was presented while the metronome continued to sound.

Reflex responses have the same form (or very similar form) each time they occur; they conform to the same pattern of responding. Thus, reflex responses are said to be:

Stereotypic One of the critical attributes of an unconditioned reflex is reflex responses are stereotypic (e.g. highly invariant in form.). Innate means inborn; involuntary means they are under the control of the autonomic nervous system and occur, essentially, automatically.

Not all neutral stimuli can become conditioned stimuli. What kind of neutral stimuli do not serve well as conditioned stimuli? Stimuli that are too distinct and perceptible (very loud, bright, etc) Stimuli that are of the same sense modality as the US (e.g., a US is a sound, and the neutral stimulus is sound) Stimuli that are of a different sense modality from the US (e.g., a US is a sound, but the neutral stimulus is visual) Stimuli that are subtle, indistinct, or difficult to discriminate

Stimuli that are subtle, indistinct, or difficult to discriminate A neutral stimulus is a good candidate for being conditioned as a CS if it can be easily discriminated in the environment, has a distinct onset and offset (rather than a fade in and out), and has no prior learning history with that organism. The specific sense modality, whether the CS and the US are the same or different, has no predictable effect.

Habituation is a _________ phenomenon.

Temporary Habituation is temporary. The reflex comes back full strength after s short time has passed without the presentation of the eliciting US or CS. Compare and contrast this to adaptation, which is a semi-permanent reduction in the organism's response to an evocative stimulus after repeated/prolonged presentations