Unit 3 AP GOV PROGRESS CHECK AP CLASSROOM

Which of the following is a doctrine based on the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution that was used in McDonald v. Chicago (2010) to limit the power of states and protect the right to keep and bear arms?

Selective Incorporation; the doctrine based on the Fourteenth Amendment in which the Court applies the provisions of the Bill of Rights to the states in a piecemeal fashion via the due process clause.

Housing covenants are agreements in the deed of a property that restricts the owner from doing certain things with the property. Some covenants prevented owners from selling to individuals of a specific race or ethnic group. In the case Shelley v. Kraemer (1948), the Supreme Court struck down racially restrictive housing covenants under the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Which of the following cases is most similar to Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) ?

The Shelley case, a ruling about racial discrimination in housing, is most similar to Brown, a Supreme Court case about segregation in public schools.

A person accused of a crime cannot afford an attorney, so the state provides the accused with a public defender. Which of the following amendments in the Bill of Rights best applies in this scenario?

The Sixth Amendment grants those accused of a crime the right to a fair trial, including the assistance of defense counsel. The Court's ruling in Gideon v. Wainwright(1963) extended this protection beyond federal courts to the state courts.

Based on the map and your knowledge, which of the following is a major difference between the issue of shield laws and the issue of prior restraint?

The Supreme Court has ruled that the First Amendment protects against prior restraint by the government. However, protections for journalists and their sources are not as strong, as evidenced by the many states with weak or no shield laws; In New York Times Co. v. United States (1971), the Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment contains strong protections against prior restraint. However, protection for sources has clearly not been given that same level of protection, as illustrated by the many states on the map that do not have shield laws or have weak shield laws.

In McDonald v. Chicago (2010), the Court ruled that the Second Amendment right to bear arms was applicable to the states. Which of the following sections of the United States Constitution did the Supreme Court use to support its ruling?

The doctrine of selective incorporation through the Fourteenth Amendment, holding that state action limiting gun rights deprived persons of "life, liberty, or property, without due process of law"; The Supreme Court applied the provisions of the Bill of Rights to the states in a piecemeal fashion using the doctrine of selective incorporation via the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause.

In Roe v. Wade (1973), the United States Supreme Court used what provision of the United States Constitution to extend the right to privacy to women seeking abortions?

The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment is the provision that allowed the Supreme Court to incorporate provisions of the Bill of Rights to the states. The Supreme Court relied on this clause to extend the right of privacy to women seeking abortions.

Under Roe v. Wade (1973), as originally decided, when may the state largely prohibit women from having abortions?

The state's interest in prohibiting abortions is greatest during the third trimester of the pregnancy; thus, the state may prohibit women from seeking abortions in some conditions; Roe is the landmark case setting out women's right to an abortion in contrast with the states' rights to regulate abortions under a trimester framework. The Supreme Court struck down a Texas law that prohibited women from seeking abortions at any time during their pregnancies.

Which of the following scenarios is an example of a constitutional application of affirmative action?

A federal contractor actively recruits qualified minorities and women for positions in the company; Federal law requires that companies that are awarded contracts with the federal government must take affirmative action to recruit and advance qualified minorities, women, and persons with disabilities.

In the case Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964), the Supreme Court ruled that Congress had the power under the commerce clause to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Which of the following explains how this case is similar to Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) ?

Both cases upheld the power of the federal government to ensure equal protection under the law; Both cases dealt with racial discrimination and the violation of the equal protection clause.

Which of the following cases arose from a state law that mandates public schools to begin the school day with the reading of a nondenominational prayer by a school official?

Engel v. Vitale; First Amendment case involving the invocation of a public school teacher-led prayer that the Supreme Court ruled as a violation of the Establishment Clause.

The case Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) upheld the standard of "separate but equal" in American law. Which of the following explains how this case relates to Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) ?

Plessy established a precedent that was eventually overturned in the Brown case.

I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. Which of the following legislative acts best relates to the passage?

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 provided equal access to public accommodations and prohibited discrimination on the basis of race in the workplace. These are issues discussed in the passage.

I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. The text in the passage likely inspired Congress to act based on which of the following clauses of the United States Constitution?

The equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees equal treatment under the law. The speech highlights inequalities stemming from unequal treatment.

The United States Supreme Court reviewed state-mandated racial segregation in public schools. The Court stated that the separate schools "involved have been equalized, or are being equalized, with respect to buildings, curricula, qualifications and salaries of teachers, and other 'tangible' factors. Our decision, therefore, cannot turn on merely a comparison of these tangible factors [among the] schools involved in each of the cases. We must look instead to the effect of segregation itself on public education." Which of the following rules or clauses did the Supreme Court use to address the issue of racial segregation in public schools?

The Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause inBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) Brown ruled that states violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause when they sought to segregate public school students by race.

I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. Which of the following explains the most significant long-term consequence of the ideas expressed in the passage?

The value of "all men are created equal" was reaffirmed both in law and in American political culture; Before the Civil Rights movement, the concept that "all men are created equal" was openly disputed by some proponents of segregation and legislation that discriminated against African Americans and others clearly existed. Following the movement, a broader application of the concept that all people are created equal improved in both legislation and political culture.

Which of the following cases involves a state law that prevents women who are pregnant from seeking abortions?

Roe v. Wade; landmark case contrasting a woman's right to an abortion with the states' rights to regulate abortions. The Court struck down the Texas law prohibiting women from seeking abortions at any time during their pregnancies.

Which of the following is an example of affirmative action?

Harvard Medical School actively recruits highly qualified minorities and female applicants for its residency program; This is an example of an affirmative action practice because Harvard is increasing access to its medical school residency program by recruiting historically disadvantaged or underrepresented minorities and women.

Which of the following parts of the United States Constitution is incorporated to the states based on the ruling in McDonald v. Chicago(2010) ?

"[T]he right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." The Second Amendment protects an individual's right to bear arms and protect one's home.

Which of the following statements is best supported by the information on the map?

Each state has the power to determine for itself the extent of protections for freedom of the press, which is shown in the map. States with greater protections likely support stronger protections for freedom of the press.

Which of the following states has the greatest protection for freedom of the press based on the information on the map?

The map shows that New York (NY) has a shield law that protects journalists' sources without exception.

The police searched a suspect's smartphone without getting a warrant and found photo evidence of criminal activity. After a thorough investigation, the suspect was charged and the evidence obtained from the smartphone was used in the trial. Which of the following amendments contains the Bill of Rights protections that were most likely violated in this scenario?

The Fourth Amendment protections against unwarranted search and seizure applies to this scenario because the Court has ruled that police acquisition of smartphone information without establishing probable cause for a warrant is a violation of the defendant's Constitutional rights.

Which of the following cases addresses the issue of mandatory public school prayer?

Engel v. Vitale

Writing for the court in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke(1978), a case weighing whether or not race can be considered in college admissions, Supreme Court Justice Lewis Powell wrote that " . . . Race or ethnic background may be deemed a 'plus' in a particular applicant's file, yet it does not insulate the individual from comparison with all other candidates for the available seats." Which of the following legal concepts is Justice Powell considering in his statement?

Equal protection clause; Affirmative action cases, such as the Bakke example, often need to consider whether the specific affirmative action policy violates the equal protection clause. The Supreme Court ruled that schools must balance the goal of a diverse student body with a consideration of fairness in admissions for all races.

In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), the Supreme Court reached the following conclusion: "[I]n the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the [protections of the Fourteenth Amendment]." What generally does the Fourteenth Amendment provide for?

Equal protection of the laws and due process; The Fourteenth Amendment limits discriminatory state policies by means of the equal protection and due process clauses.

Students at a public university hold a peaceful protest to demonstrate against an increase in the cost of college tuition. Which of the following constitutional protections best applies to this scenario?

In the scenario, the students are assembling as a group to protest against a government action. The First Amendment guarantees the right to peaceably assemble or the right to petition the government for redress of grievances.

In Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) how did the Supreme Court's decision address state interests and individual rights?

It balanced the state's interest in compulsory education with the students' free exercise rights; The Supreme Court ruled in Yoder that the Wisconsin statute that required students to attend school beyond the eighth grade (to age sixteen) violated the free exercise of the religious rights of the Amish without a sufficient state interest to do so.

In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), the Supreme Court struck down racial segregation in public schools, finding that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." What constitutional clause did the Court rely most heavily on to reach this decision?

The equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment ensures that all citizens' are protected from discriminatory practices, including public schools segregating students by race.