Unit 3 General Science
Compare and contrast the arrangement of particles at the atomic level for a liquid and a solid.
A liquid's particles are arranged more at random, while a solid's particles are arranged in a more orderly fashion. The atoms of solids and liquids are similar, however, because they are packed close together.
Endothermic Change
A substance absorbs energy from its surroundings
Exothermic Change
A substance releases energy to its surrounding
Matter
Anything that has mass and volume
How are particles arranged on the atomic level in most solids?
Arranged in a regular pattern and packed close together
LTP forces in Liquids
Attractive forces and collision forces are nearly equal
Liquid forces
Attractive forces and collision forces are nearly equal
Why do ice cubes form in the freezer?
Attractive forces are formed as particles slow down
LTP forces in Solids
Attractive forces are greater than collision forces
Solid forces
Attractive forces are greater than collision forces
Gas forces
Attractive forces are less than collision forces
LTP forces in Gases
Attractive forces are less than collision forces
The state of matter that can exist at extremely low temperatures is called what?
Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)
Gas movement of particles
Can move freely and quickly in all directions in the container
Examples of Gases
Chlorine, Nitrogen, and Oxygen
Liquid spaces between particles
Closely packed
Solid spaces between particles
Closely packed
Examples of Liquids
Coffee, Mercury, and Water
Forces between LTP's
Cohesion, Adhesion, and Collision forces
Kinetic
Comes from the Greek word meaning to move
What factors affect the behavior of liquids?
Constant motion of particles and forces of attraction among particles
Special types of Solids
Crystalline Solids and Amorphous Solids
Solid Shape
Definite
Solid Volume
Definite
Solids shape and volume
Definite
Solid
Definite shape and volume
Liquid volume
Definite volume
Similarities between Solids and Liquids
Definite volume
Liquid
Definite volume and variable shape
Solids have a(n) ___________ volume and shape because particles in a solid vibrate in ___________ locations.
Definite, fixed
Describe the behavior of substances during a phase change.
Either absorbs or releases energy
Kinetic Energy
Energy an object has due to its motion
True or false. The temperature at which a substance freezes is lower than the temperature at which it melts.
False, the temperature is the same.
True or False. Because of the constant motion of particles in a gas, the gas has a definite shape and volume.
False. Because of the constant motion of particles in a gas, the gas does not have a definite shape or volume.
True or False. The fact that copper wire can be bent shows that some solids do not have a definite shape.
False. Even though copper wire can be bent, doesn't mean that it doesn't have definite shape. Definite shape CAN change, so all solids do have definite shape.
True or False. There are forces of attraction among the particles in all matter, except gases.
False. There are forces of attraction among the particles in all matter.
When you add energy to matter, the particles move _________ and the matter becomes less _________.
Faster, organized
Collision Forces
Forces that occur during collisions of LTP's that try to knock the particles away from each other
Endothermic change for a Liquid
Gas
What is the state of matter in which a material has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume?
Gas
Condensation
Gas to a liquid, exothermic
Deposition
Gas to a solid, exothermic
Endothermic changes for a Solid
Gas, Liquid
Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC)
Groups of atoms that behave as though they were a single particle and only occur at extremely low temperatures (-273.14999983 degrees Celsius)
Crystalline Solids
Have LTP's arranged in regular, repeated patterns such as diamonds, salt, and ice
Amorphous Solids
Have LTP's lacking any regular pattern in their arrangement within the solid such as wax and silly putty
Complete (Full) Plasmas
Have all of their LTP's as ionized gas and only occur at extremely high temperatures such as the sun and stars
Partial Plasmas
Have some of their LTP's as ionized gas such as fire and neon lights
Why does ice cream melt quickly on a hot day?
Heat energy causes particles to move faster and break apart attractive forces holding it together.
LTP movement in Plasmas
High energy and electrically charged (ions)
How does the Kinetic Molecular Theory of matter describe all particles of matter?
In a constant random motion
Liquid shape and volume
Indefinite shape and definite volume
Gases shape and volume
Indefinite shape and indefinite volume
Plasmas shape and volume
Indefinite shape and indefinite volume
Liquid shape
Indefinite shape, takes shape of container
Gas shape
Indefinite, takes the shape of container
Gas volume
Indefinite, takes volume of container
Plasmas can be thought of as...
Ionized gas
_______________ ________________ ________________ explains how particles of matter behave when changes to their energy, spacing, or movement occur.
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Liquids arrangement and movement of LTP's
LTP's are able to roll over and around each other in connected chains
LTP arrangement and movement in Gases
LTP's are spread apart from one another on,y making contact during collisions
Do forces of attraction have a stronger effect on the behavior of the particles in a gas or in a liquid?
Liquid
Vaporization
Liquid to a gas, endothermic
Freezing
Liquid to a solid, exothermic
Exothermic changes for a Gas
Liquid, Solid
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter
Matter is composed of Little Tiny Particles (LTP's), which are in constant random motion and transfer energy through collisions.
Particles in a gas can __________ around freely and quickly.
Move
On the sun, where temperatures are extremely high, matter exists in a state known as what?
Plasma
1920's
Satyendra Bose wrote a paper about the behavior of light. Einstein read Bose's paper and realized it could be applied to matter as well as light and predicted that a fifth state of matter would exist at extremely low temperatures.
Liquid movement of particles
Slide past each other in connected chains
Particles in a liquid can _________ past each other in _________ chains.
Slide, connected
When energy is removed from matter, the particles move ___________ and the matter becomes more ___________.
Slower, organized
Exothermic change for a Liquid
Solid
Sublimation
Solid to a gas, endothermic
Melting
Solid to a liquid, endothermic
What are three common states of matter?
Solid, liquid, and gas
Five phases of matter
Solids, liquids, gases, plasmas, and Bose Einstein Condensates
Gas spaces between particles
Spread out
Phases
States of matter
Mass
The amount of matter that makes up an object
Volume
The amount of space that an object takes up
The five states are determined and classified by
The arrangement of LTP's, the distances between LTP's, and the relationship between competing forces (attractive forces vs collision forces)
Why do liquids and gases flow?
The attractive force isn't as strong
Why do solids have a definite volume?
The attractive forces are greater than collision forces
Cohesion
The attractive forces between like LTP's
Adhesion
The attractive forces between unlike LTP's
Heat of Fusion for water
The energy absorbed by one gram of ice as it melts
Describe Kinetic Energy.
The energy an object has due to its motion.
What determines the shape and volume of a gas?
The materials containing the gas
Why don't gases have a definite shape?
The particles are so spread apart and there are not a lot of attractive forces
Why can scientists ignore the forces of attraction among particles in a gas under ordinary conditions?
The particles in a gas are apart and moving fast, so the forces of attraction are too weak to have a noticeable effect.
What is a phase change?
The reversible physical change that occurs when a substance changes from one state of matter to another.
What happens to the temperature of a substance during a phase change?
The temperature of a substance does not change during a phase change.
LTP arrangement in Solids
Tightly packed and vibrate back and forth about relatively fixed positions
True or False. A liquid takes the shape of its container.
True
1995
University of Colorado at Boulder scientists used lasers to cool 2000 Rubidium atoms to -273.14999983 degrees Celsius creating BEC.
Similarities between Liquids and Gases
Variable shape
Gas
Variable volume and shape
Particles in a solid are packed so close together that they can only ___________ in fixed positions.
Vibrate
Solid movement of particles
Vibrate in fixed locations
