Unit 3

Which of the following is found in illiberal democracies? A) Elections B) Local government transparency C) Guaranteed civil liberties D) Enfranchisement for all social cleavage groups E) Strong civil society

A) Elections

Which of the following is a true statement about the Chinese government's approach to ethnic minorities? A) It has given some latitude to ethnic minorities in such matters as population control and language. B) It has regularly appointed ethnic minorities to the Standing Committee of the Politburo. C) It has permitted independence movements in some of the smaller ethnic regions. D) It has carried out genocide against the Han minority. E) It has required ethnic minorities to migrate to refugee camps on the border of China and Russia.

A) It has given some latitude to ethnic minorities in such matters as population control and language.

Which of the following statements about political socialization is true? A) Political socialization is a process that continues throughout an individual's life. B) The most powerful agent of political socialization is the school. C) Political socialization ensures that citizens perceive the government as legitimate. D) Citizens of one generation tend to undergo the same political socialization as other generations within the same society. E) Political socialization does not occur in countries where a democratic political system and a highly educated population exist.

A) Political socialization is a process that continues throughout an individual's life.

Which of the following statements most accurately compares political socialization in two countries studied in the AP Comparative Government and Politics course? A) The Chinese government applies more pressure to socialize citizens around conforming beliefs than does the Nigerian government. B) Civic organizations play a primary role in socializing citizens in Russia but not in Iran. C) In the United Kingdom citizens are primarily socialized through the monarchy, while in Mexico citizens are socialized primarily through the Catholic Church. D) Political socialization tends to shift over the course of citizens' lives in China, while in Russia political socialization is a lifelong process of acquiring beliefs

A) The Chinese government applies more pressure to socialize citizens around conforming beliefs than does the Nigerian government.

Which of the following is an important cleavage common to both Mexico and China? A) Urban and rural populations B) Special economic zones C) Access to education D) Population growth policies

A) Urban and rural populations

In the twentieth century, the greatest social cleavage manifested in British politics was A) class B) gender C) religion D) urban versus rural E) native versus immigrant

A) class

One major contrast between the Yeltsin and Putin presidential administrations in terms of domestic policies lies in the A) extensive media freedom under Yeltsin and the significant decrease in media freedom under Putin B) peaceful relations with Chechnya under Yeltsin and the violent relations with Chechnya under Putin C) strong government control over political parties under Yeltsin and freer, multiparty competition under Putin D) limited use of presidential decrees under Yeltsin and the extensive use of presidential decrees under Putin E) continuation of the centrally planned economy under Yeltsin and the quick move to a free-market economy under Putin

A) extensive media freedom under Yeltsin and the significant decrease in media freedom under Putin

Which of the following best explains why regional identities have led to independence movements in the United Kingdom but not in Mexico? A) More extreme differences in the level of economic development between regions in the United Kingdom. B) A history of the regions' existence as separate states in the United Kingdom. C) More recent experience of civil war in the United Kingdom. D) A federal system that contains an explicit constitutional mechanism for secession in the United Kingdom.

B) A history of the regions' existence as separate states in the United Kingdom.

Which of the following do Great Britain and Nigeria have in common? A) Both countries have parliamentary systems of government with directly elected presidents. B) Both countries have ethnic diversity and strong regional identities C) Both countries have powerful executive branches and very weak legislatures and judiciaries. D) Both countries have economies dominated by the export of crude oil. E) Both countries have a strong sense of national unity with minimal social cleavages.

B) Both countries have ethnic diversity and strong regional identities

Which of the following is an accurate description of why Great Britain's conflict in Northern Ireland has diminished since 1998 ? A) Britain allowed Northern Ireland to become an independent state in 1998. B) Britain supported a power-sharing agreement between Protestant and Roman Catholic leaders in Northern Ireland. C) The top Irish separatist leaders were imprisoned after surrendering to the British military. D) Britain forced the government of Northern Ireland to permanently dissolve its regional government. E) Northern Ireland formally merged with the government of the Republic of Ireland.

B) Britain supported a power-sharing agreement between Protestant and Roman Catholic leaders in Northern Ireland.

Which of the following best describes civil society? A) Bureaucrats implementing their policy objectives B) Individuals organizing and expressing their interests C) Individuals making their interests known through voting D) Legislators meeting in small groups and discussing specific policy objectives E) The head of state appointing a group of individuals to investigate policy outcomes

B) Individuals organizing and expressing their interests

Which of the following is an accurate description of a hybrid regime? A) It focuses on protecting the rights of accused criminals. B) It holds regular elections for public offices. C) It ensures freedom of expression for minority groups. D) It uses independent electoral commissions to help foster transparency. E) It upholds the rule of law with the use of an independent judiciary.

B) It holds regular elections for public offices.

Mexican political culture differs from Nigerian political culture in which of the following ways? A) Mexicans have historically supported military intervention in politics, while Nigerians have violently protested military rule. B) Mexicans have a strong sense of national identity, while Nigerians identify more strongly with their individual ethnic group. C) Mexicans strongly approve of authoritarian leadership, while Nigerians approve of democratic leadership. D) In Mexico gender equality is an important political norm, while in Nigeria women are seen as politically inferior. E) In Nigeria individual liberty is valued over the community's welfare, while in Mexico limits on individual liberty are widely supported.

B) Mexicans have a strong sense of national identity, while Nigerians identify more strongly with their individual ethnic group.

With regard to human rights in Iran, the Iranian government has acted in which of following ways? A) The government mandates that women only have one child. B) The government targets and imprisons political opponents. C) The government protects the religious rights of Baha'is. D) The government supports gay rights and women's rights. E) The government banned executions during Ahmedinejad's presidency.

B) The government targets and imprisons political opponents.

Followers of both socialism and communism are most likely to favor which of the following policy programs? A) The protection of civil liberties B) The reduction of economic inequality C) The elimination of government intervention in economic markets D) The acquisition of colonies to gather resources and create new markets

B) The reduction of economic inequality

Which of the following is an example of civil society changing in the United Kingdom? A) Tony Blair seized the middle ground of British politics and moved the United Kingdom toward centrism. B) Trade unions became less influential with fewer resources after Thatcherism. C) Devolution created new regional parties, and people left the two main political parties. D) Several hereditary seats were eliminated after a reform to the House of Lords

B) Trade unions became less influential with fewer resources after Thatcherism.

The study of political culture involves attempting to explain political behavior by A) explaining the structures and institutions of various governments B) identifying the beliefs, attitudes, and values of citizens C) examining the historical conflicts between countries D) assessing the character of political leaders E) examining its relationship to economic interdependence

B) identifying the beliefs, attitudes, and values of citizens

The process by which basic political attitudes and beliefs are developed is known as A) social engineering B) political socialization C) party identification D) constitutional formation E) ideological identification

B) political socialization

Divided government is possible in Mexico because it is a A) parliamentary system B) presidential system C) mixed system D) federal system E) unitary system

B) presidential system

Which of the following refers to a vote by the public on a particular policy issue? A) Suffrage B) Straw poll C) Referendum D) Representation E) Vote of no confidence

C) Referendum

Which of the following statements best characterizes Nigerian society? A) Religious homogeneity, ethnic diversity, linguistic diversity B) Religious homogeneity, ethnic homogeneity, linguistic homogeneity C) Religious diversity, ethnic diversity, linguistic diversity D) Religious diversity, ethnic diversity, linguistic homogeneity E) Religious diversity, ethnic homogeneity, linguistic homogeneity

C) Religious diversity, ethnic diversity, linguistic diversity

Which of the following political blocs would be most likely to favor nationalization of large industrial enterprises? A) Liberals B) Islamists C) Socialists D) Libertarians E) Conservatives

C) Socialists

Which of the following challenges to the state have tended to strengthen democracy? A) The growth of regional and supranational forces B) The globalization of the economy C) The growing independence of civil society D) Coups d'etat led by junior army officers E) The increasing role of governmental officials with important cabinet positions

C) The growing independence of civil society

Civil societies require which of the following? A) The existence of a written constitution B) Elections on a set cycle C) Voluntary associations D) Civilian control of the military E) Agrarian reform

C) Voluntary associations

Although Russia is no longer a communist state, one feature it shares with communist China is A) continued opposition to the growth of capitalism B) an unwillingness to become involved with international organizations like the World Trade Organization C) government restrictions on the development of civil society D) a lack of political parties E) a majority of the economy is devoted to heavy industry

C) government restrictions on the development of civil society

Emphasizing values such as gender equality and environmental protection rather than concern with traditional economic priorities is known as A) socialism B) neoliberalism C) postmaterialism D) new conservatism E) positivism

C) postmaterialism

Many consider the existence of an active civil society to be supportive of and even necessary for democratization because A) groups within civil society promote the rights of the majority B) groups in civil society tend to avoid political positions C) within civil society people learn to express interests and negotiate with others to achieve common goals D) civil society tends to create conditions of alienation, atomization, and opposition to authority E) organizations in civil society tend to be revolutionary and thus will undermine an undemocratic regime

C) within civil society people learn to express interests and negotiate with others to achieve common goals

Which of the following statements best characterizes the state of civil society in Russia? A) It is largely made up of internationally funded watchdog groups. B) It has attracted little interest from foreign governments and nongovernmental organizations. C) It is dominated by a large-scale movement for a return to state communism. D) It is weak in comparison with civil society in European democracies. E) It is more constrained under Putin than it was under the Soviet Union.

D) It is weak in comparison with civil society in European democracies.

Which of the following best describes Iranian political culture? A) It is dominated by sectarian and ethnic divisions. B) It is trusting of government and other institutions. C) It is prone to political change through referenda. D) It values the community's welfare above individual rights. E) It prefers international law to Islamic law.

D) It values the community's welfare above individual rights.

Which of the following examples best illustrates a challenge to political socialization in the United Kingdom and Nigeria? A) The monarchy was once the most important means of political socialization in both countries, but now it has little respect among the people. B) Most civic organizations in both countries have strong political biases, so people are not able to receive neutral information to form their own opinions. C) The Roman Catholic Church is an important institution of socialization in both countries, which creates a bias against people of other faiths. D) People are socialized in both countries partly through the media, and there are several news sources that print influential stories that are biased.

D) People are socialized in both countries partly through the media, and there are several news sources that print influential stories that are biased.

Political participation in authoritarian regimes differs from that in democratic regimes in which of the following ways? A) Voluntary political participation does not occur in authoritarian regimes and does occur in democratic regimes. B) There are no avenues for political participation in authoritarian regimes and there are in democratic regimes. C) Authoritarian regimes do not respond to citizen participation while democratic regimes do respond. D) State organized participation is more likely to occur in authoritarian regimes than in democratic regimes. E) Grassroots political participation does not occur in authoritarian regimes but does occur in democratic regimes.

D) State organized participation is more likely to occur in authoritarian regimes than in democratic regimes.

The Communist Youth League (CYL), All-China Federation of Trade Unions, and All-China Women's Federation are significant because they A) severely limit the power of the Chinese Communist Party B) were the first ideological organizations eliminated under Deng Xiaoping's reforms C) answer directly to the central government rather than to the Chinese Communist Party D) are mass organizations that have served as channels of political education and participation under Chinese Communist Party rule E) were founded during the Cultural Revolution to protect their constituents from bureaucratic excesses

D) are mass organizations that have served as channels of political education and participation under Chinese Communist Party rule

All of the following are policies that Russia has pursued in its relations with neighboring states since 2000 EXCEPT A) greater unification with neighboring Belarus B) support of regions wanting to break away from Georgia C) increased aid for regimes that align with Russia D) increased sharing of nuclear technology with all former Soviet republics E) diplomatic pressure to force Ukraine and Belarus to pay more for natural gas

D) increased sharing of nuclear technology with all former Soviet republics

Citizens of nondemocratic regimes may be allowed to participate in elections in order to A) prepare the country for a transition to democracy B) allow voters a choice between candidates and/or parties C) assess the state of public opinion D) provide legitimacy to the ruling regime E) give opposition parties the opportunity to form

D) provide legitimacy to the ruling regime

Iran and China share which of the following institutional arrangements? A) Federal division of power, which give the localities formal and entrenched powers over the central government B) A single-party rule C) Competitive elections involving multiple parties D) A president who serves for life unless removed by a popularly elected assembly E) A national assembly with only limited powers to oversee the executive and enact laws

E) A national assembly with only limited powers to oversee the executive and enact laws

Developing countries with multiple political parties most often divide along which of the following lines of cleavage? A) Gender B) Education C) Foreign policy issues D) Materialism and postmaterialism E) Religion and ethnicity

E) Religion and ethnicity

Chinese leaders Hu Jintao and Jiang Zemin gained their political authority and effective political power from which of the following? A) Their position as president or head of state B) The process of popular election C) Their close ties with former Soviet leaders D) The power, prestige, and wealth of their families in the precommunist era E) Their position as general secretary

E) Their position as general secretary

Which of the following statements accurately describes changes in the Chinese media in the past twenty years? A) There has been a rapid decline in the number and types of media outlets. B) There has been a decline in the diversity of topics permitted for public discussion. C) There has been privatization of most media outlets. D) There has been a continuation of monolithic univocal programming at the national level. E) There has been an increase in investigative reporting.

E) There has been an increase in investigative reporting.

Both Russia and China have responded to ethnic political movements that seemed to threaten national integration by A) demanding that all ethnic nationalities provide education in their native languages B) creating affirmative-action policies that ensure equal access to employment and education for members of all ethnic groups C) seeking constitutional bans on the articulation of separate ethnic identities D) removing all members of ethnic minority groups from political positions after protests by those ethnic groups E) deploying troops to quell demonstrations and protests for greater ethnic autonomy

E) deploying troops to quell demonstrations and protests for greater ethnic autonomy

One difference between the parliamentary and presidential forms of government is that the presidential form A) ensures there will be no periods of divided government B) sets no fixed term of office for the executive C) makes the executive subject to a possible vote of no confidence by the legislature D) creates a stronger sense of party discipline E) makes the executive electorally independent of other branches of government

E) makes the executive electorally independent of other branches of government

The political culture of a nation is best defined as the A) institutional, legal, and constitutional structure of the government B) procedure for selecting top officials in the government C) literary works that most influence political leaders D) class structure and educational levels of the populace E) underlying attitudes and predispositions of citizens toward the political system

E) underlying attitudes and predispositions of citizens toward the political system