Unit 3- Kin

Limbic system

"emotional brain"- structures surrounding diencephalon emotions (pain, pleasure, affection, anger); smell (olfactory)

heart

"hollow" muscular pump with 4 chambers

Chambers of the heart

"inner rooms" atria- upper chambers, recieve blood from superior/inferior vena cava and pulmanary veins (4) ventricles- lower chambers, pumb blood to pulmanary trunk (arteries) and aorta right heart- carries oxygen-poor blood left heart- carries oxygen-rich blood

Vagus nerve (Cranial nerve X)

10th cranial nerve sensory function- visceral sense heart, lungs, most abdominal organs, external acoustic meatus, eardrum, laryngopharynx, and larynx motor function- pharynx and larynx muscles nerve damage-hoarseness, monotone voice, loss of voice, difficulty swallowing, impaired gastrointestinal system

Accessory nerve (Cranial nerve XI)

11th cranial nerve sensory function-none motor function-pharynx, trapezius, sternocleidomastoid nerve damage- paralysis trapezius, SCM

cranial nerves

12 pairs of nerves (anterior 1-posterior 12) that carry messages to and from the brain

Hypoglossal nerve (Cranial Nerve XII)

12th cranial nerve sensory function-none motor function-tongue muscles nerve damage-swallowing and speech difficulty

Olfactory Nerve (cranial nerve I)

1st cranial nerve, sensory function- smell motor function- none nerve damage- partial or full loss of smell

dura mater (cranial meninges)

2 outermost layers subdural space- interstitial fluid

optic nerve (Cranial nerve II)

2nd cranial nerve sensory function- vision motor function- none nerve damage- visual defects

spinal nerves

31 pairs (62 total); motor & sensory axons split into anterior and posterior rami

oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III)

3rd Cranial nerve sensory function- none motor function- eye movement nerve damage- upper eyelid droop, paralysis of most eye muscles, double vision, focusing difficulty

Ventricles

4 cerebrospinal fluid CSF filled cavities 2 lateral third above hypothalamus fourth (b/t stem and cerebellum)

Erythocytes

44% of blood 4.2-6.2 million per cubic mm

Trochlear nerve (cranial nerve IV)

4th cranial nerve sensory function- none motor function-move eye inferiorly, laterally nerve damage- paralysis of the eye, double vision

plasma

55% of blood

Trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)

5th cranial nerve Ophthalmic branch- cornea, nose, forehead, anterior scalp, meninges maxillary branch- nasal mucosa, palate, gums, cheek, meninges mandibular branch- tongue, meninges, skin of chin, lower jaw, lower teeth, ear sensory function- touch, temp, pain motor function- mastication, swallowing nerve damage- intense, pulsating pain

Abducens Nerve (Cranial Nerve VI)

6th cranial nerve sensory function- none motor function- eye abduction nerve damage- limits lateral movement, double vision

facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)

7th cranial nerve sensory function- taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue motor function- facial expression, eye and salivary gland secretion nerve damage- decreased tearing, decrease saliva production, loss of taste, facial nerve palsy (Bell palsy)

Vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII)

8th cranial nerve sensory function- balance, hearing motor function- none nerve damage- loss of balance, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, loss of hearing

Glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX)

9th cranial nerve sensory function-sensation and taste posterior 1/3 tongue, sensation pharynx, monitor O2 and CO2 motor function- pharynx muscle; salivary secretion nerve damage- reduced saliva, loss of taste

cranial nerve 9, glossopharyngeal nerve, controls secretion of saliva through what types of neurons?

Autonomic motor

rami communicantes

Autonomic nervous system branches that connect spinal cord to sympathetic chain ganglia

aortic arch ascending branches

Brachiocephalic trunk (right side only) *R. common carotid *R. subclavian L. common carotid L. subclavian

with practice, a golfer can duplicate their swing hundreds of times with the assistance of which major part of the brain?

Cerebellum

chordae tendinae

Fibers (heart strings) attached to the tricuspid and mitral valve

Spinal Cord

Foramen magnum to L2 Cervical C1-C8 Thoracic T1-T12 Lumbar L1-L5 (cord stops at L2) Sacral (Spinal nerves) Coccygeal (Spinal nerves)

conducting system pathway of the heart

Sinoatrial SA node-Atrioventricular node-atrioventricular bundle- right/left bundle branches- Purkinje fibers (conduction myofibers)

veins

TO heart typically oxygen-poor blood smaller venules before reaching veins capacitance vessels blood resovoirs, one way valves

aorta

The large ARCH arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.

pia mater (cranial meninges)

adheres to brain

head and neck arteries in order

aorta-brachiocephalic-carotid (internal), subclavian (vertebral)-circle of willis

which is higher in pressure between a vein or artery? which can hold more blood?

artery because there is less space in the lumen veins because they have more space in the lumen and less muscle around the walls

atrioventricular valves

atria-ventricles right (tricuspid, left (bicuspid, mitral)

temporal lobe

auditory processing (hearing) language comprehension (Wernike's area) memory/info retreival

Cerebellum

balance and coordination 1/2 of brains neurons, vermis (center)/ hemispheres (R/L)/lobes (ant. posterior) outer gray, middle white (arbor vitae), deep gray matter

capillaries

basic functional units of CV system cellular nutrient and waste exchange microscopic, allow nutrient/waste exchange tunica intima branch into beds precapillary sphincters- control distribution

systematic circulation

body-venae cavae-right atrium-right av tricuspid valve- right ventricle- pulmonary semilunal trunk- pulmonary trunk- pulmonary arteries- lungs

vertebral artery

brain blood supply transverse foramina-foramen magnum-brain

Central Nervous System (CNS)

brain: 100 billion neurons spinal cord: 100 million neurons

superior and inferior vena cava

bring blood back into right artium of heart

arteries

carry blood AWAY from the heart (typically oxygen-rich blood) smaller arterioles before reaching capillaries

gray matter

cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons superficial cerebral cortex deep cerebral nuclei

Epithalamus (Diencephalon)

circadian rhythm (pineal gland)

cranial meninges

connective tissue separates brain from bone, contain blood vessels

tunica externa (blood vessel)

connective tissue, anchors vessel

Cerebrum

conscious thoyght/intellect- 80% 5 lobes Gyrus-convolution sulcus-groove fissure-deep separations

Pons (brainstem)

contains nuclei for CN V-VIII

medulla oblongata (brainstem)

contains nuclei for CN VIII-XII

Midbrain

covered by cerebrum; contains nuclei for cranial nerves III, IV

insula lobe

deep to lateral sulcus taste (gustatory cortex) interoceptive awareness, emotion, empathy

sensory nervous system

detects stimuli and transmits info from receptors to CNS Somatic sensory- sensory input that is consciously perceieved from receptors Visceral sensory- sensory input that is not consciously perceived from receptips of blood vessels and internal organs

Limbic System

emotional brain

Tunica intima (blood vessel)

endothelium, thinnest layer

heart wall layers

epicardium myocardium- muscle, thickest endocardium- internal chamber surface

Circle of Willis (cerebral arterial)

equalizes BP, circulates blood in brain

Amygdala (Limbic System)

fear and aggression

arachnoid mater (cranial meninges)

fiber web arachnoid trabeculae subarachnoid space- cerebrospinal fluid protects/supports

carotid artery

head, neck, measure pulse

CV order

heart-arteries-arterioles-capillaries-venules-veins-heart

Lumbar Plexus (L1-L4)

hip girdle and thigh anterior division- femoral nerve posterior division- obturator nerve (runs through obturator foramen (hole in pectoral girdle))

motor nervous system

initiates and transmits information from the CNS to effectors Somatic motor- motor output that is consciously or voluntarily controlled Autonomic motor-motor output that is not consciously controlled

autorhythmicity

initiates it's own rhythmic impulses, atria- ventricles

cardiac muscle tissue

initiates own muscle impulses (involuntary) rhythmic, smooth contractions intercalated discs- fibers contract in concert

serous layer of pericardium

inner lining (several different portions) parietal layer visceral layer (epicardium) pericardial cavity- serous fluid

Brainstem

involuntary responses

Sacral Plexus (L4-S4)

knee, ankle, foot sciatic nerve (body's longest); 2 divisions; tibial and common fibular tibial nerve- hamstrings (minus Short Head biceps femoris), plantar flexors, toe flexors common fibular nerve- short head biceps femoris, splits to deep and superficial when it crosses the knee

elastic arteries

largest aorta/pulmonary trunk

buffy coat

less than 1% of blood platelets- 150-400 thousand per cubic mm leukocytes-4.5-11 thousand per cubic mm

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

links the CNS to the body's sense receptors, muscles, and glands cranial nerves-12 pairs-branch from brain, supply sensory and motor neurons to head, neck, trunk spinal nerves- 31 pairs- branch from spinal cord to sensory receptors, muscles, glands

pulmonary circulation

lungs- pulmonary veins- left atrium- left AV bicuspid valve- left ventricle- aortic semilunar valve- aorta- body

hemispheres connected by corpus callosum

main areas: cerebrum diencephalon brainstem cerebellum

Hypothalamus (Diencephalon)

major homeostasis regulator; temp, appetite, emotion, endocrine control (pituitary gland)

muscular arteries

medium-sized (femoral/brachial)

Hippocampus (limbic system)

memory

frontal lobe

motor control (premotor cortex) problem solving (prefrontal area) speech production (Broca's area)

anterior root of spinal cord

motor neurons send info out from the anterior root lateral---autonomic to cardiac, smooth muscle anterior ---somatic to skeletal muscle

white matter

myelinated axons, bundled in tracts deep to gray matter of cortex

Cervical Plexus (C1-C5)

neck muscle, skin, head and shoulders phrenic nerve-diaphragm

plexus

network of anterior rami serve specific body part cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral down the spine

Valves of the heart

one-way blood flow, open/close to pressure changes: contraction/relaxation

lumen of blood vessels

open space between blood vessels occupied by flowing blood

Spinal cord tissue

outer white, inner gray

spinal cord matter

outer white, inner gray matter

sinoatrial (SA) node

pacemaker of the heart

Brainstem

pathway for tracts b/t cerebrum and spinal cord

Brachial Plexus (C5-T1)

pectoral girdle and upper limb axillary nerve- deltoid, teres minor musculocutaneous nerve- anterior arm muscles flex the humerus and forearm median nerve- most anterior forearm, lateral lumbrical ulnar nerve- medial flexor digitorum profundus, flexor carpi ulnaris, hand radial nerve- triceps brachii, anconeus, posterior forearm, brachioradialis

spinal meninges

pia mater- deepest *blood vessels (arteries/veins) in between *cerebrospinal fluid for protection arachnoid mater- middle dura mater- superficial epidural delivered between dura and spinal cord

Pericardium of the heart

protective heart covering fibrous layer- tough outer lining serous layer- inner lining

upper limb veins

radial ulnar brachial axillary

thalamus (diencephalon)

receiving and relaying sensory information to the cerebrum

occipital lobe

sight visual reception and visual interpretation

head and neck veins

sinuses- most cranial blood jugular

venules

small veins that receive blood from the capillaries

arterioles

smallest arteries, microscopic regulate flow to tissues

tunica media (blood vessel)

smooth muscle, vasoconstriction

posterior root of spinal cord

somatic and visceral sensory neurons come into posterior root

interatrial/interventricalseptum

splits chambers and doesn't allow blood from opposite sides to mix.

upper limb arteries

subclavian *right from brachiocephalic trunk, left from aorta, after 1st rib become axillary axillary *shoulder and thoracic axillary region, after scapula becomes brachial brachial *humerus *take bp and pulse *branches at anterior elbow radial/ulnar *forearm to palm to digital arteries

thoracic veins

superior vena cava *subclavian *brachiocephalic Inferior vena cava

anterior ramus

thicker; ant/lat trunk, upper/lower limbs

posterior ramus

thinner; back skin and deep muscles

parietal lobe

touch perception body orientation and sensory discrimination

blood functions

transportation- O2, CO2, hormones, waste, nutrients regulation- temp, pH, fluid levels immunity

Cytology

two types of cells: Neurons: 3parts Glial cells: support/protext neurons

semilunar valves

ventricles-arteries (pulmanary, aortic)