Chapter 15 AP Euro

23.) What was Louis XIV's religious policy? What was the Edict of Fontainebleau

"One king, one law, one faith." The Edict of Fontainebleau further limited the faith of Huguenots and their churches.

14.) What is absolutism? What is sovereignty? What is divine right? What are the differences between these terms? How are they connected?

A form of government in which the sovereign power or ultimate authority rested in the hands of a monarch who claimed to rule by divine right and was therefore responsible only to God.

18.) What is a "regency" or a "regent"? What role did this play in the reign of Louis XIV? Who was Cardinal Mazarin?

A regent is someone that steps in for a monarch that isn't old enough to make decisions for the state. Since Louis XIV was only a boy when he came into power, France's cardinals stepped in for him. Cardinal Mazarin was the successor to Cardinal Richelieu. As a foreigner to France, he wasn't well liked and had to deal with the revolt of the Fronde (French nobles)

How did the Austrian Habsburgs (as opposed to the Spanish Habsburgs) proceed after the end of the Holy Roman Empire? What threat did they continue to face in the east? How was this resolved? What effect did the end of the War of Spanish Succession have on the Austrian Empire?

Austria sought for land in eastern Europe, near the Ottoman Empire, which is a threat to them. They were defeated in 1987. The Spanish Succession War allowed for Austria to gain much land and it kept the state of Austria from becoming absolute, since their reign was so broad and diverse.

7.) What are the four "phases" of the Thirty Years' War, and when did they take place? Why is the war divided into these phases?

Bohemian Phase (1618 - 1625)Danish Phase (1625 - 1629) Swedish Phase (1630 - 1635) Franco-Swedish Phase (1635 - 1648) It was divided based on when certain countries came into play.

How did Charles I raise revenue for England if his power was so limited by the nobles?

Charles taxed ships in coastal towns.

11.) Describe how the power dynamics near the Baltic Sea (in Scandinavia) changed during the Thirty Years' War. What roles did Denmark and Sweden, and their leaders, play in this conflict?

Denmark, with Christian IV, was defeated by Albrecht von Wallenstein, a Hapsburg general, and Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden rose Sweden as a dominating Baltic power. Adolphus fought through Germany to reach fellow Lutheran states within it and to eliminate Wallenstein's army along the way

Who was Frederick William the Great Elector? What are some of his major accomplishments? Who are junkers?How well did they get along with Frederick William?

Frederick William the Great Elector was a leader of Brandenburg-Prussia and he established a powerful army and set up resources and officials to control and regulate the army. The Junkers were the aristocrat officials. The Junkers were bargained to be able to control peasants, as long as they handed over a part of their power to the state.

The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic spanned what years? How did the Treaty of Westphalia affect the Dutch?

Golden Age lasted from 1648 to the end of the century. The Treaty of Westphalia led the Dutch to become several provinces, most of which led by William of Orange.

Describe how Peter the Great reorganized and centralized Russia's government. What was the Table of Ranks?

He reorganized the gov with Western ideas, like the Senate and colleges. The Table of Ranks was a way to climb up the foodchain for military officers to become nobles.

16.) What are "intendants" and what function did they play in French government?

Intendants are royal officials sent to execute orders of the central government. They helped strengthen the power of the crown.

What unexpected outcome did the Westernizing of Russia have on much of the population?

It benefitted the upper classes, but since it further burdened the lower classes, it led the rest to distrust Europe and its ways.

Who was the first "tsar" or "czar" of Russia? Who were the Boyars? What were the "Times of Trouble"? Which dynasty emerged as the next long-standing line of tsars in Russia?

Ivan IV the Terrible was the first czar. The Boyars were the Russian nobility and the Times of Trouble were the times of anarchy after Ivan's rule. The next dynasty would be Romanov.

Elizabeth I was the last of the English Tudor dynasty, who succeeded her to the throne? In what major ways (list at least a few) was She very different from Elizabeth I.

James VI of Scotland succeeded Elizabeth to become James I of England. James believed he was divinely granted the right to be king and his best interest was himself and his government.

Spielvogel presents a counterargument to the idea of absolutism and suggests that it is misleading to believe that kings actually controlled the lives of their subjects. What pieces of evidence does he present to suggest this?

Kings couldn't control what actually controlled the individual subjects, like the local tax collectors and institutes. Mostly nobles and officials were the ones absolute rulers were able to control.

War of the League of Augsburg

League of Augsburg= Spain, HRE, United Provinces, Sweden, England. 3rd war. 8 year struggle that forced Louis to give up most of his conquests in the empire. Kept Strasbourg and part of Alsace. Tons of bloodshed. Brought economic depression and famine to France

2.) Describe a few economic and social phenomena that occurred from the 1620s to 1650.

Lots of wars, absolute monarchy, capitalism, constitutional monarchy,

How did the reign of Louis XIV end? Who took over?

Louis died, leaving France in debt, and surrounded by enemies. Louis XV took over at five.

What was the "New Model Army" and who was its leader? What happened to Charles I during this time?

Oliver Cromwell led the radical Puritan army known as the New Model Army. Charles I fled to Scotland to seek help

22.) What are parlements? How did the King deal with distant provinces?

Parlements were things local officials didn't like about the king's rules and how proper adjustments would be made. King Louis mostly bribed people to execute the orders given by him

Describe Peter the Great. Does his title match his character? What was his vision for Russia?

Peter was great in his expanding of Russia, but he was fairly rude and obnoxious.

5.) What factors led to the decline of witchcraft?

Questioning of traditions and the destruction done by the religious wars.

17.) How might Cardinal Richelieu's fiscal policies be considered generally ill-fated? Who do you suppose it affected the most in the French population?

Richelieu's policies are considered generally ill-fated because his system of refinances were corrupt and the government faced strong resistance when they tried to reform it. This actually benefited the population because they gained from the systems inefficiency.

12.) Why was it odd and ironic that France came to the aid of Sweden in the final phase of the war? What major shift did this represent in Europe?

The Catholic French were supporting the Protestant Swedes and it showed that religion was no longer a war topic for Europe.

8.) What was the Defenestration of Prague? Where and why did it happen? (hint, the book talks about this event on pg 439 but does not refer to it by its proper title. You may want to use google and cross check the info with your book)

The Defenestration of Prague was when Bohemian nobles protested against Ferdinand, HR Emperor, by throwing two governors out the window of a castle in Prague.

19.) How did French nobles feel about Mazarin? Why? What is the "Fronde"?

The French nobles didn't like him at all because he took more and more of their power in the state. The Fronde were the revolting nobles.

Charles I got along even less with Parliament than his father did. What is the Petition of Right, and how did he feel about it? What was his reaction against Parliament?

The Petition of Right was a prohibition against the king taxing subjects without the Parliament's consent, and at first he allowed it, but then he decided he didn't like it and he didn't allow the Parliament to meet.

21.) Who was the biggest threat to Louis XIV's rule? How did he resolve this?

The biggest threat to Louis XIV's rule were the princes that held blood to powerful medieval nobles. He resolved this threat by removing them from the council and convinced them to join his court where he could distract them.

What is the gentry? What role did they have in England at this time? Where did their religious affiliation lie?

The gentry were the lesser landowners - but not nobles - but they held positions in the Parliament and local officials. They were mostly Puritan.

25.) Why are some historians skeptical of Colbert's economic policies?

The mercantilist policies that Colbert enforced were often evaded and foreign countries retaliated badly to the self sufficiency of France.

9.) How did the phrase "balance of power" contribute to the start of the 30 Years' War? Between Catholics and Protestants, who had the upper hand by the end of the Bohemian phase of the war?

The power was divided between the Hapsburg and the Bourbon. The Catholics had the upper hand after the Bohemian Phase.

How did England handle the ascension of James II to the throne and his short 3 year reign?

They hated it and wanted to stop it but knew that his reign wouldn't last long, so they didn't do much about it.

Who was Thomas Hobbes and what were his views on human nature? How was John Locke fundamentally different from Hobbes?

Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both thought nature was chaotic without a ruler or a judge, but Hobbes believed that a sole ruler was needed and they needed unlimited power. Locke believed that people had the right to follow the government and that the monarch had to follow up to the standards of the government.

War of the Spanish Succession

Was over the succession to the Spanish throne. Charles II left the throne to Louis's grandson. Believed that Spain and France would eventually be united caused the war that lasted for 11 years. Ended with the Peace of Utrecht in 1713 and Rastatt in 1714 confirming that Philip V was the spanish ruler and the two thrones would remain separate. ENGLAND=REAL WINNER they received french possessions of newfoundland

What was the event that forced Charles I to finally call together Parliament to ask for help? What happened during the "Long Parliament" to limit the King's authority?

When the Scots rose in rebellion against the Anglican practices being pursued, the king was forced to call the Parliament together to gather troops. The Parliament further limited the power of the king and abolished the taxes he collected and made an act that forced the king to allow the Parliament to meet at least once a year.

Who are the Whigs and what did they support? Who are the Tories and what did they support?

Whigs were those that wanted to dispose James as a king and establish a Protestant king. The Tories didn't like James but they didn't like the Parliament tampering with so many matters dealing with the succession of the throne.

4.) Put the pieces together, why might so many men in Europe have held women in such low esteem during this time? (hint, think about the prevailing social order)

Women were thought to be inferior to men, as they had always been viewed as the lesser sex, and they were thought to be weaker.

Dutch War

invaded Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comte Was forced to sue for peace by the Triple Alliance of the Dutch ---> Dutch, English, Swedes. Received a few towns in the Netherlands for his efforts. Louis was angry at the Triple Alliance so he invaded again in 1672 after isolating the Dutch. The French won and HRE forced Louis to make peace at Nimwegen

10.) Below is a list of key figures in the 30 Years' War. In the blanks, write whether they supported the Catholic or Protestant cause in the war and where they are from.

(Archduke Ferdinand Emperor Ferdinand II Catholic---> Habsburg in Bohemia HRE) (Frederick V Protestant--->Palatinate Ruler) (Duke Maximilian Catholic---> Bavaria) (King Christian IV Protestant---> Denmark) (Albrecht von Wallerstein Catholic--->) (Count Tilly Catholic--->) (Gustavus Adolphus Protestant---> Sweden) (Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu Catholic---> French)

15.) Who is Cardinal Richelieu? What role did he play in the reign of Louis XIII? What means did Cardinal Richelieu use to acquire political influence?

Cardinal Richelieu was the chief minister of King Louis XIII. He used spies to uncover noble plots and crushed them. This eliminated threats to royal authority.

What did Charles I do that caused England to break out into Civil War? What are Cavaliers? What are Roundheads? (hint, you will have to use outside sources to find the answer to the second two)

Charles arrest a few more radical parliamentarians and a group led by John Pym led the rebellion. Cavaliers were the royalists and the Roundheads were the rebelling parliamentarians.

What was the biggest weakness of Charles II, according to Puritan parliamentary members? What was the Declaration of Indulgence? What was the Test Act?

Charles was sympathetic towards Catholicism. The Declaration of Indulgence suspended laws that barred Catholics and and Puritans. The Test Act stated that only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices.

During the Commonwealth of England how did Cromwell govern? Name some groups who opposed him and how he handled their opposition.

Cromwell abolished monarchy and the nobles' power and made a constitution. The Irish and the Scottish both rose in opposition and the Levellers, who thought extremely advanced in terms of equal rights, for their time.

In the yellow section on page 436-437, Spielvogel says "The ideal of a united Christian Europe gave way to the practical realities of a system of secular states in which matters of the state took precedence over the salvation of subjects' souls." Analyze this statement. What does it mean? More importantly, what pieces of evidence does Spielvogel use in this chapter to substantiate this argument?

He means that religion had become the backburner to the situation. Now, wars occurs because of political exploitation. Some rulers used religion as a basis but they didn't necessarily use that as their sole motive. Rulers could be very greedy and corrupt.

What measures did Peter the Great take to expand the military and navy of Russia? How did he go about paying for these endeavors?

He tried to use many of the mercantilist ideas, but he still had to rely on the large taxes on the helpless peasants.

What was the Glorious Revolution? Who became the new monarchs of England? When they passed the English Bill of Rights, what did it ensure?

James's daughter and her husband were led to invade England and established a bloodless revolution that solved the problem of who would become monarch - Mary and William of Orange. The Bill of Rights ensured that kings couldn't do anything without the supervision of the Parliament.

24.) What role did Jean-Baptiste Colbert play in Louis XIV's reign?What kinds of fiscal policies did he enact?

Jean-Baptiste Colbert was a controller general of finances and stressed gov. Regulation of economic activities benefiting the state. He raised tariffs on foreign manufactured goods. He geared policies in order to make the king more powerful.

In what ways was Russia westernized as a result of Peter the Great's social policies? Who benefited the most? How was Russia still quite backwards from other European areas?

Most of the manners and practices of the Europeans carried over to Russia as Peter ordered them to do so. Women benefitted greatly because Peter decided they were needed, which made them fairly opposite to European traditions.

War of Devolution

Moved eastward against the HRE and wanted the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine along with Strasbourg. Led to widespread protest. This war caused the creation of the League of Augsburg

Why was Poland weaker and more decentralized by comparison to other European states? What role did the end of the Jagiello dynasty play? What role did the Sejm play? If no central authority controlled Poland, who was in power?

Nobles elected kings, rather than a hereditary rule. The Jagiello decided to elect outsiders to rule, and it further decentralized the state. The Sejm were the wealthy nobles that you had to bargain with in order to become king. If there was no sole ruler, the nobles continued to rule over to weaker subjects.

Why were the Dutch so economically prosperous for a short time? (hint, several factors are at play here, read all of page 460 before answering)

The Dutch built ships and used the channels around them to their advantage. They also used war profits (selling guns) from the surrounding wars. Amsterdam also had a bank.

Who was the Great Northern War between? What happened at the Battle of Poltava? Who won this war and what did they receive as a result? What new capital city did Peter create in the image of Versailles?

The Great Northern War was between Russia, Poland, and Denmark. Peter crushed Charles's army at the Battle of Poltava and Russia won and received Estonia, Livonia, and Karelia. Peter created St. Petersburg

What was the "Holy Synod" and what did the procurator do?

The Holy Synod was the new body of the Orthodox Church, and the procurator was the head of such and advised Peter

What role did the Ottoman Empire have in 17th century Europe? What major strengths did it possess? Why did Spielvogel refer to the Ottoman Empire as the sleeping giant? What caused the giant to awaken?

The Ottoman Empire had conquered much of the Middle East, but its internal problems kept it from expanding further and it was a sleeping giant. Although Europeans didn't like the Ottomans themselves, they used them as a large trading source.

26.) In what ways did the Palace of Versailles function as a tool for the King? Why did nobles go along with affairs held at Versailles?

The Palace of Versailles was a tool for the King by serving as a reception hall for state affairs, becoming the residence for the kings, and an office building for the government. This became a symbol for the French absolutist state and power of the Sun King. Nobles went along with affairs held at Versailles because they were excited to take part in the mystique of power because they were companions of the king. This also helped their social status.

Who are the puritans? How did they butt heads with James I?

The Puritans wanted James to eliminate part of the Anglican Church and its practices and he refused because he realized the Anglican Church supported his monarchical authority.

What two powers had the most influence in the Italian peninsula from the mid 1500s to the start of the 18th century? Who took over one of those powers after the Treaty of Utrecht (1713)?

The Spanish and the HRE had the most influence in Italy. Austria gained most of Italy's lands after the Treaty of Utrecht.

What was the Toleration Act of 1689? To what extent was England both similar to and different from other places in Europe, such as France, during the 17th century? (hint, again, this could be a valid writing question, think carefully)

The Toleration Act of 1689 allowed for the public worship for Puritans, Catholics excluded. England was less solved on their problems pertaining to religion. While France had an entire war on religion, England's war was much more political and less religious. They were still an established Protestant nation as well.

Spielvogel argues that Spain was in decline during the 17th century. What evidence does he offer to substantiate this claim?

The country looked very stable and powerful, but after Philip II died, his son allowed for corruption and the treasury fell.

6.) The 30 Years' War is often called the "last of the religious wars" By 1609, what conditions in the Holy Roman Empire and across Europe made it so that if the war did erupt, it would be widespread and difficult to end?

The division of Europe and the HRE, as in, the warring greedy dynasties and powerful families.

Parliament was split between a majority and minority? What was the standpoint of the majority? Who controlled the army? What did Cromwell do to achieve an undisputed victory? What was the Rump Parliament?

The majority Presbyterians vs the minority Puritan army. Cromwell controlled the army and after Charles fled, Cromwell captured him and beheaded him. The Rump Parliament was what was left of the Parliament after the Presbyterian members were purged.

What happened when Oliver Cromwell died? Who was the leader and how was England fundamentally different than before? On the other hand, what did they restore to make things like they were before?

The new leader was Charles II, and the military decided they needed him as a monarch. England became a constitutional monarchy, but Charles II was a Catholic sympathizer.

What effect did the Treaty of Westphalia have on the Holy Roman Empire? What German territory, under which dynasty, began to rise to prominence during the 17th century?

The provinces were completely divided and separate. Brandenburg, under the Hohenzellern dynasty, rose in power in east Germany

A quasi-democratic system of government was practiced in the United Provinces. What is a stadholder? What was the States General? Why didn't it ever formulate into an actual monarchy?

The stadholder was the leader of a province and were in charge of the army and maintaining peace. The States General were a collection of representatives from each province. The republicans kept maintaining the provincial works

3.) What are the major arguments that historians have provided as to why the number of witchcraft trials and executions swelled so much in the 16th and 17th centuries? What specific segment of the population was most vulnerable to being accused of witchcraft?

They believe that the Catholic Church wanted a scapegoat for the Protestant religion. But they also saw a decline of the importance of communal aid. Old women, who tended to run apothecaries, were generally the scapegoat.