Unit 3 PCQ
Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research? a. Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup. b. Many miscarriages of justice have occurred based on faulty eyewitness testimony. c. Suggestion can create false memories for an event that a person has experienced just recently. d. Suggestion can create false memories for events that occurred when a person was a young child.
a. Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.
The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair? a. Cake mug b. Mission impossible c. True lies d. Amazing grace
a. Cake mug
Which of the following has been shown to play a role in the strength of memories that are associated with emotion? a. Cortisol b. Acetylcholine c. Cholesterol d. Androgen
a. Cortisol
Which of the following theories on conceptual representation combines both sensory and motor experiences? a. The embodied approach b. The multiple-factor approach c. The hub and spoke model d. The sensory-functional hypothesis
a. The embodied approach
Research suggests that the ___________ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents). a. exemplar b. prototype c. definitional d. semantic network
a. exemplar
Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus a. facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time. b. disrupts the processing of another stimulus. c. acts as a cue that tells the participant when his or her response was correct. d. relates to a prototype in a way that is unrelated to associated exemplars.
a. facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time.
Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that a. imagery and perception can interact with one another. b. creating a visual image can interfere with a perceptual judgment task. c. there are large individual differences in people's ability to create visual images. d. imagery and perception are two different phenomena.
a. imagery and perception can interact with one another.
Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup, a. increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects. b. increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of erroneous identification of innocent people. c. increasing the number of fillers from 5 to 7 actually decreases the rate of false positive identifications. d. decreasing the number of fillers from 6 to 3 actually increases the rate of false positive identifications
a. increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects.
Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants a. make more errors in their recollections. b. report less vivid recollections of the event. c. report less confidence about their recollections. d. remember more details about the event.
a. make more errors in their recollections.
The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves a. mental images. b. visual icons. c. echoic schemas d. perceptual images
a. mental images.
Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the ___________ experiment. a. mental walk b. mental synthesis c. image scanning d. mental set
a. mental walk
The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and a. source misattribution. b. retroactive interference. c. consequentiality. d. confabulation.
a. source misattribution.
Complete the following analogy: Perception is to ________ as imagery is to ________. a. stone; smoke b. spark; flame c. gold; lead d. wave; droplet
a. stone; smoke
Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ___________ categories results in the largest gain in information. a. superordinate level to basic level b. basic level to subordinate level c. basic level to superordinate level d. subordinate level to basic level
a. superordinate level to basic level
Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is ___________ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird." a. the same as b. interfered with by c. slower than d. faster than
a. the same as
The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (e.g.,, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because a. they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance. b. they tap into reliable ways to develop "photographic" memory. c. their flexible, undefined structures allow "rememberers" to spontaneously organize information in any way they want. d. distinctive images tend to provide easy "magical" improvements in memory.
a. they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance.
Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird. a. 653: 583: 518 ms b. 583: 653: 518 ms c. 518: 583: 653 ms d. 583: 518: 653 ms
b. 583: 653: 518 ms
Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember? a. Baseball b. Freedom c. Apple pie d. America
b. Freedom
Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network? a. Semantic network theory b. Parallel distributed processing theory c. The prototype approach d. Enhancement due to priming
b. Parallel distributed processing theory
According to the connectionist model, which of the following is impacted by connection weight? a. Storage capacity b. Synapse activity c. Sensory reactivation d. Category priming
b. Synapse activity
Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside a. an anteater. b. a bumblebee. c. a rhinoceros. d. a wolf.
b. a bumblebee.
Mental scanning experiments found a. that imagery does not represent spatial relations in the same way perceptual information does. b. a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image. c. an absence of mental scanning when processing a mental geometric image. d. a constant scanning time for all locations on an image.
b. a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.
In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether a. a stimulus is presented. b. a presented stimulus is a word. c. a statement is true. d. two stimuli are associated.
b. a presented stimulus is a word.
A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be a. a task where participants rate the extent to which category members resemble one another. b. a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title. c. a fill in the blank task where participants generate paired members within a category. d. a fill in the blank task where participants generate the category classification for a list of members.
b. a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.
In the context of cognitive psychology and conceptual models, a tool would be classified as a(n) ________. a. spoke b. artifact c. example d. node
b. artifact
Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat- hat and car- house. While taking the test, she would be presented with a. a blank piece of paper for free recall. b. boat _______ - car ________. c. b___ - h___. d. house.
b. boat _______ - car ________.
The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on a. a universal set of category members. b. category members that have been encountered in the past. c. the definition of the category. d. a defined set of category members.
b. category members that have been encountered in the past.
The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a __________ process. a. life-narrative b. constructive c. consequentiality based d. narrative-rehearsal
b. constructive
Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the a. misinformation effect. b. constructive nature of memory. c. reminiscence bump. d. familiarity effect.
b. constructive nature of memory.
Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the a. ability to visually recognize objects. b. size of the field of view. c. ability to draw objects from memory. d. recognition of objects in the left side of space
b. size of the field of view.
Items high on prototypicality have ___________ family resemblances. a. weak b. strong c. moderate d. no
b. strong
Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like a car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed a. the priming effect was the same for superordinate and basic level categories. b. the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories. c. no measurable priming effect. d. the priming effect was most robust for superordinate level categories.
b. the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.
Latoya is remembering a fun day at the beach that she had with her dad when she was a little girl. Which region of brain will have the LEAST connection to the more personal aspects of Latoya's memory? a. Parietal cortex b. Amygdala c. Prefrontal cortex d. Hippocampus
c. Prefrontal cortex
The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves a. different groups of participants remembering some information across different periods of time after learning the information. b. the same participants recalling some information many times but, each time, receiving different retrieval cues to assist their recall. c. the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information. d. the same participants remembering some information for as many trials as it takes to recall all of the information correctly.
b. the same participants recalling some information many times but, each time, receiving different retrieval cues to assist their recall.
Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because a. some people have great difficulty forming visual images. b. visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them. c. the imageless thought debate was unresolved. d. visual images vary in detail
b. visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.
In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique? a. A field sparrow is a field sparrow. b. A field sparrow is a sparrow. c. A field sparrow is an animal. d. A field sparrow is a bird.
c. A field sparrow is an animal.
According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below? a. A turtle is an amphibian. b. Turtles are turtles. c. A turtle is an animal. d. A turtle is related to a fish.
c. A turtle is an animal.
According to the hub and spoke model, which area of the brain serves as the hub? a. Parietal lobe b. Medial thalamus c. Anterior temporal lobe d. Occipital lobe
c. Anterior temporal lobe
Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements? a. It is vivid, highly accurate memory for emotional events. b. It is vivid, highly accurate memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event. c. It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time. d. It is vivid memory for emotional events.
c. It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.
A spatial imagery test measures a person's capacity with imaging which of the following? a. Texture b. Detail c. Layout d. Distance
c. Layout
After witnessing a bank robbery downtown, Javier completed a cognitive interview at the police station. What term would Javier likely use to describe his interview experience? a. Structured b. Autobiographical c. Multidimensional d. Suggestible
c. Multidimensional
__________ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence. a. Automatic narrative b. Prospective memory c. Pragmatic inference d. Observer perspective
c. Pragmatic inference
Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past? a. Exemplar b. Network c. Prototype d. Typicality
c. Prototype
Which type of research employed a "train on perception, test on perception" method to demonstrate imagery/perception overlap? a. Multivoxel pattern analysis b. Paired-associate learning c. Transcranial magnetic stimulation d. Method of loci
c. Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Monique is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using a. the method of loci. b. a proposition. c. a depictive representation. d. tacit knowledge.
c. a depictive representation.
The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT a. a statement. b. an equation. c. a spatial layout. d. abstract symbols.
c. a spatial layout.
For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for a. childhood and adolescence. b. young adulthood and middle age. c. adolescence and young adulthood. d. childhood and middle age
c. adolescence and young adulthood.
The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented a. all of the above b. before the event. c. after the event. d. during the event
c. after the event.
Imagery neurons respond to a. only visual images in a specific category. b. all visual images. c. an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image. d. concrete mental images but not abstract mental images.
c. an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.
Two different definitions of ___________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "categories of objects, events, and abstract ideas." a. prototypes b. exemplars c. concepts d. units
c. concepts
In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of a. cryptoamnesia b. the effect of scripts. c. constructive memory processes. d. verbatim recall.
c. constructive memory processes.
Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the ___________ approach to categorization. a. family resemblance b. prototype c. definitional d. exemplar
c. definitional
A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that a. people's confidence in a memory predicts its accuracy (high confidence = high accuracy). b. they are permanent and resist forgetting. c. extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate. d. rehearsal cannot account for them.
c. extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.
The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory a. depends on the participant's mood. b. is better for vivid descriptions. c. involves making inferences. d. is like a tape recording.
c. involves making inferences.
Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a poodle and the other a German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal a. is similar to an "average" for the dogs she has encountered. b. matches an exemplar of one of the dogs she has experienced. c. is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized. d. matches the size of the poodle but is of a different breed.
c. is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized.
According to the typicality effect a. objects in a category have a family resemblance to one another. b. objects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered. c. items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group. d. we remember typical objects better than nontypical objects.
c. items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.
The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the a. life-narrative hypothesis. b. reminiscence hypothesis. c. narrative rehearsal hypothesis. d. cognitive hypothesis
c. narrative rehearsal hypothesis.
The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their a. bizarreness. b. importance. c. order. d. concreteness
c. order.
Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" and "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the ___________ approach to categorization. a. parallel processing b. network c. prototype d. exemplar
c. prototype
The ___________ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation. a. connectionist network b. parallel distributed processing c. semantic network d. neural network
c. semantic network
Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ___________ representations. a. unilateral b. propositional c. spatial d. epiphenomenal
c. spatial
The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by a. the representativeness of the information contained in each concept. b. the typicality of the information contained in each concept. c. the distance that must be traveled through the network. d. the amount of information contained in each concept.
c. the distance that must be traveled through the network.
The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as a. a propositional representation. b. the pegword technique. c. the method of loci. d. paired-associate learning.
c. the method of loci.
Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that __________ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable. a. family-centered challenges b. the freshman year c. transition points d. trauma-based experiences
c. transition points
Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ___________ and Itzaj participants would answer ___________. a. tree; tree b. oak; tree c. tree; oak d. oak; oak
c. tree; oak
Amedi and coworkers (2005) used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ___________, some areas associated with nonvisual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ___________. a. using visual images; activated b. perceiving stimuli; deactivated c. using visual images; deactivated d. perceiving stimuli; activated
c. using visual images; deactivated
Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of a. one month. b. one week. c. one hour. d. 24 hours.
d. 24 hours.
Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach? a. Connectionist networks can explain generalization of learning. b. The operation of connectionist networks is not totally disrupted by damage. c. The connectionist model is rather complex, and involves components like units, links, and connection weights. d. Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero.
d. Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero.
Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect? a. Misinformation effects are significantly reduced when post-event information is provided, but only if that information is given within just a few minutes of the initial event. b. The misinformation effect does not occur when people are told explicitly that the post-event information may be incorrect c. The provision of accurate post-event information provided a paradoxical (and as of yet unexplained) increase in the misinformation effect d. Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur.
d. Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur.
___________ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past. a. Units b. Icons c. Prototypes d. Exemplars
d. Exemplars
Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model? a. Hierarchical organization b. Spreading activation c. Cognitive economy d. Family resemblance
d. Family resemblance
Which of the following representation types is associated with abstract concepts? a. Depictive b. Hypothetical c. Spatial d. Propositional
d. Propositional
One criticism of the embodied approach is that it doesn't explain how humans can recognize ________. a. colors b. artifacts c. actions d. abstractions
d. abstractions
The process of back propagation is most closely associated with a. semantic networks. b. reasoning about categories. c. spreading activation. d. connectionist networks.
d. connectionist networks.
Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as a. repeated recall. b. narrative rehearsal. c. repeated reproduction. d. cryptoamnesia.
d. cryptoamnesia.
In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on a. shallow processing. b. source misattributions. c. narrative rehearsal. d. cultural expectations
d. cultural expectations
The definitional approach to categorization a. sets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have. b. is not well suited for geometrical objects but works for familiar everyday objects. c. was proposed to replace the prototype approach. d. doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.
d. doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.
Kosslyn's island experiment used the ___________ procedure. a. mental walk b. priming c. categorization d. mental scanning
d. mental scanning
Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows a. neglect involved both the left and right sides of the visual field, with an apparently "random" agnosia of different components of the fields. b. neglect manifests itself in perception only, not in imagery. c. neglect occurred in imagery such that some objects in the plaza were never reported. d. neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.
d. neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.
Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that a. screen images interfered with people's ability to form mental images. b. the screen images had no effect on people's mental images. c. people "used" the screen images to create their mental images but only when the objects were unfamiliar. d. people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present.
d. people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present.
Ganis and coworkers (2004) used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that a. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but imagery activates more of the back of the brain than perception does. b. there is no difference between the activation caused by perception and by imagery. c. perception and imagery activate the same areas near the back of the brain, but imagery activates more of the frontal lobe than does perception. d. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.
d. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.
"3 x + 9 = 16" is a ___________representation. a. depictive b. spatial c. descriptive d. propositional
d. propositional
Memories of the past that have been pushed out of a person's consciousness are considered to be ________. a. false b. illusory c. flashbulbs d. repressed
d. repressed
According to the ___________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain. a. sensory-functional b. neuronal limitation c. multiple-factor d. semantic category
d. semantic category
According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _____ and one that distinguishes _____. a. sequential networks; familial resemblance b. sensations; facts c. serial nodes; familiar concepts d. sensory attributes; function
d. sensory attributes; function
Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that a. the presence of a weapon enhances memory for all parts of the event. b. the threat of a weapon causes people to focus their attention away from the weapon itself. c. the presence of a weapon has no effect on memory for the event. d. the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.
d. the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.
An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ___________ effect. a. reaction time b. resemblance c. priming d. typicality
d. typicality
Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that: a. highly confident eyewitnesses are usually accurate. b. despite public misconception, eyewitnesses are usually very accurate when selecting a perpetrator from a lineup. c. it is unnecessary to warn an eyewitness that a suspect may or may not be in a lineup. d. when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong
d. when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wron
