Unit 3 psych 160 final *potiental* questions

(13) According to developmental psychologist William Damon, when 9-year-old Gloria is asked, "How do you know that someone is your best friend?" it is highly likely that she will respond __________. a. "Because a friend is someone you can count on to help you when you need it" b. "Because a friend is someone who is fun to be with" c. "Because a friend is somebody who puts my feelings first" d. "Because I can play a lot with my best friend"

a. "Because a friend is someone you can count on to help you when you need it"

(E3) Which theorist proposed the linguistic relativity hypothesis? a. Benjamin Lee Whorf b. Noam Chomsky c. Jean Piaget d. Lev Vygotsky

a. Benjamin Lee Whorf

(13) Why do young adults choose to have children? a. They get pleasure from watching their children grow, and fulfillment from seeing them be successful. b. There are health benefits to the mother from having a successful pregnancy. c. They feel evolutionary pressure to maintain their presence in the human gene pool. d. To get financial gain from government benefits programs, such as tax breaks and welfare.

a. They get pleasure from watching their children grow, and fulfillment from seeing them be successful

(9) Alex is playing in a room with his mother nearby. Alex becomes distressed when a stranger enters the room and rushes to his mother's side. When his mother and the stranger leave the room for a moment, Alex wails and cries. However, when his mother returns, he runs to her, and instead of giving her a hug, he punches her in the arm. What type of attachment pattern is Alex demonstrating? a. ambivalent attachment pattern b. secure attachment pattern c. avoidant attachment pattern d. disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern

a. ambivalent attachment pattern

(E3) What is the term for a baby's speech-like but meaningless sounds? These are sounds the baby makes such as "ba-ba-ba-ba" and "da-da-da-da". a. babbling b. gurgling c. murmuring d. cooing

a. babbling

(E3) Why do adolescent boys succeed in committing suicide more often than adolescent girls? a. boys tend to use more violent means to attempt suicide b. boys experience more social stigma for attempting suicide than girls c. boys experience more serious episodes of major depressive disorder than girls d. boys attempt suicide at a greater rate than girls

a. boys tend to use more violent means to attempt suicide

(13) Boys' play tends to come in bursts rather than in more extended, tranquil episodes, due in part to __________. a. boys' concern over maintaining a dominance hierarchy b. lack of social competence c. lack of dominance hierarchy, leading to equal status of all group members d. lack of social problem-solving skills

a. boys' concern over maintaining a dominance heirarchy

(E3) Which theory of aging proposes that people need to maintain the same level of involvement in society as always in order to maximize their sense of well-being and self-esteem? a. continuity theory b. compensational theory c. disengagement theory d. activity theory

a. continuity theory

(13) Allison is well liked by the other members of her swim team, but not well liked by other adolescent girls in her homeroom class. Allison would be considered a __________ adolescent. a. controversial b. popular c. neglected d. rejected

a. controversial

(13) Following a divorce, a child may exhibit __________. a. depression b. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder c. bedwetting d. gender dysphoria

a. depression

(9) Which developmental theory focuses on how people gradually withdraw from the world on multiple levels? The goal is to withdraw from all responsibilities so you can focus on yourself and the few things that mean the most to you. a. disengagement theory b. continuity theory c. compensational theory d. activity theory

a. disengagement theory

(12) In the past two decades, the number of teenage pregnancies has ___ a. dropped dramatically across all ethnic groups b. dropped slowly for Hispanic teenagers, while rising steadily for African American teenagers c. risen steadily for while teenagers d. risen dramatically for Asian American teenagers

a. dropped dramatically across all ethnic groups

(9) Being able to adjust one's emotions to achieve a desired state is a hallmark of which activity? a. emotional self-regulation b. empathy c. emotional instability d. adolescent identity

a. emotional self-regulation

(12) Although dating is a part of a pattern of courtship that can potentially lead to marriage, it can also __________. a. help adolescents learn to establish intimacy with another individual b. create physical health problems c. establish sexual or gender identity d. reduce status and prestige for girls, but benefit the status of boys

a. help adolescents learn to establish intimacy with another individual

(E3) What is a sex-related biological characteristic that affects gender-based behaviors? a. hormones b. brain size c. height d. birth weight

a. hormones

(7) Rebecca wants her baby to stop playing and crawl across the room to her. Rebecca uses the short phrase "Come to Mommy" to prompt her baby. What is this an example of? a. infant-directed speech b. morphology c. universal grammar d. retroactive speech

a. infant-directed speech

(13) Tony has been in a nursing home for one year. He has become apathetic, indifferent, and does not care about himself. Which term describes Tony's mental state? a. institutionalism b. self-pity c. neurodementia d. learned helplessness

a. institutionalism

(Exam 3) Which theory of language acquisition combines several schools of thought to propose that language development is produced through a combination of genetically predetermined predispositions and environmental circumstances? a. interactionist perspective b. learning theory approach c. universal grammar d. language-attainment hypothesis

a. interactionist perspective

(13) Adolescents who receive relatively little attention from their peers are considered to be __________ adolescents. a. neglected b. rejected c. reclusive d. controversial

a. neglected

(9) Which of the "Big Five" personality traits pertains to the degree to which a person is moody, anxious, and self-critical? a. neuroticism b. extroversion c. conscientiousness d. openness

a. neuroticism

(13) During the early stages of middle childhood, children whose parents are divorcing __________. a. often blame themselves for the breakup b. experience severe psychological distress c. understand that not all relationships are compatible d. typically fail to notice that anything is wrong in the household

a. often blame themselves for the breakup

(E3) Armando calls his favorite blanket a "blankie." When he sees other blankets in the house, however, he does not refer to them as a "blankie" because he uses that name only for his favorite blanket. He gives one object label to each new object. What is Armando demonstrating with his speech? a. overextension b. holophrasing c. mutual exclusivity d. referential style

a. overextension

(7) When a young child learns how to take turns in conversation, stay on topic, and give appropriate responses such as "please" and "thank you," what is the child demonstrating knowledge of? a. pragmatics b. egocentric speech c. social speech d. fast mapping

a. pragmatics

(7) When young children use speech that is spoken aloud and directed toward themselves, it is generally identified by which term? Consider the video of Rayna in the bathtub. a. private speech b. scaffolded speech c. fast mapping d. syntactic resonance

a. private speech

(Chapter 7) What are semantics? a. rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences b. the systematic, meaningful arrangements of symbols c. the smallest language units that have meaning d. the basic sounds of language

a. rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences

(E3) What are semantics? a. rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences b. the systematic, meaningful arrangements of symbols c. the smallest language units that have meaning d. the basic sounds of language

a. rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences

(E3) The _____perspective proposes that children acquire gender-related behaviors and expectations by observing others and how they are rewarded for acting in gender-appropriate ways a. social learning b. individualistic c. psychoanalytic d. conflict resolution

a. social learning

(E3) Four-month-old Jermaine is playing and smiling at his father. Jermaine is demonstrating a. social smiling b. random neural activity c. nonverbal decoding d. stranger anxiety

a. social smiling

(9) How do developmentalists conceptualize attachment? a. the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual and involves proximity b. parental attention devoted toward a specific child, but that differs from sibling to sibling in a family c. a feeling of "belonging" that develops among family members d. a loving connection that develops between any two people

a. the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual and involves proximity

(13) The number of children that one generation must produce to be able to replenish its numbers is called __________. a. the replacement level b. generational reconstitution c. the birth rate d. the fertility rate

a. the replacement level

(Chapter 12) Why might late-maturing girls end up having few emotional problems in the long run of adolescence, compared to their earlier-maturing counterparts? a. their body size and shape are more likely to match a societal ideal b. their social maturation tends to lag behind their physical maturation c. they are likely to engage in sexual activity at a later age d. they are likely to engage in sexual activity at an earlier age

a. their body size and shape are more likely to match a societal ideal

(13) Which reason correctly explains the decline in the fertility rate? a. women joining the workforce b. increased sex education in elementary school c. women returning to school d. declining health of the population

a. women joining the workfroce

(13) People over 65 represent what percent of single-person households? a. 40 percent b. 25 percent c. 15 percent d. 5 percent

b. 25 percent

(13) Which group is more apt to be involved with their grandchildren, compared to the others? a. Caucasian American grandparents b. African American grandparents c. Asian American grandparents d. Native American grandparents

b. African American grandparents

(E3) Why has the role of fathers been given comparatively little attention in the research literature of attachment theory? a. It was determined early in the process of investigating attachment that fathers play an insignificant role in childrearing b. Attachment theory was developed at a time when traditional views assigned a much more important role to mothers in the caregiving process c. Fathers have historically been unwilling to participate in research studies involving children d. Mothers have been shown to consistently evoke secure attachment from infants, whereas fathers have been shown to consistently evoke disorganized attachment from infants

b. Attachment theory was developed at a time when traditional views assigned a much more important role to mothers in the caregiving process

(13) Which factor contributes to the sandwich generation? a. Middle-aged people earn more than both their children and their parents b. In general, people are living longer c. Men and women are choosing to remain childless d. Men and women are choosing not to marry at all

b. In general, people are living longer

(9) Newborn goslings have an innate tendency to follow the first moving object they see after being hatched. Which researcher observed this behavior that takes place during a critical period for the gosling? Think back to the beginning of the semester when we discussed theories of development. a. Mary Ainsworth b. Konrad Lorenz c. Harry Harlow d. John Bowlby

b. Konrad Lorenz

(13) "Involved" grandparents usually __________. a. act as supporters and buddies to their grandchildren b. actively engage in grandparenting and influence their grandchildren's lives c. complain about their grandchildren's childish behavior d. rarely visit their grandchildren

b. actively engage in grandparenting and influence their grandchildren's lives

(13) When did the fertility rate peak in the United States? a. after the Vietnam War b. after World War II c. after the Civil War d. after World War I

b. after World War II

(13) According to developmental psychologist William Damon, the third stage of building friendship during middle childhood is __________. a. basing friendship on intelligence b. basing friendship on psychological closeness c. basing friendship on trust d. basing friendship on others' behavior

b. basing friendship on psychological closeness

(13) Groups of 2 to 12 people whose members have frequent social interactions with one another are called __________ a. cohorts b. cliques c. peers d. reference groups

b. cliques

(13) Which term describes play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something? a. parallel play b. constructive play c. functional play d. cooperative play

b. constructive play

(13) Which term refers to rankings that represent the relative social power of those in a group? a. status b. dominance hierarchy c. social comparison d. social competence

b. dominance hierachy

(E3) What is the term that Thomas and Chess used to describe babies who have a positive disposition, whose bodily functions operate regularly, and who are adaptable? a. slow-to-warm babies b. easy babies c. low-intensity babies d. difficult babies

b. easy babies

(13) Which term describes play that involves simple, repetitive activities typical of 3-year-olds? a. associative play b. functional play c. constructive play d. simple play

b. functional play

(13) What are the major effects of living in poverty on children's development? a. obesity, high rates of aggression, low stress b. higher rates of aggression, poorer academic performance, conduct problems c. strong sense of family, mental health problems, greater likelihood of delinquency d. high absenteeism, greater academic success, cardiovascular disease

b. higher rates of aggression, pooer academic performance, conduct problems

(E3) The tendency to marry someone who is similar in age, race, education, or religion is referred to as ____ a. marriage gradient b. homogamy c. a cross-cultural factor d. gender replication

b. homogamy

(E3) A person who is exclusively sexually attracted to another person of the same same has a(n) _____ orientation a. bisexual b. homosexual c. asexual d. heterosexual

b. homosexual

(E3) According to Erik Erikson, between roughly ages 6 to 12 years, children go through a period characterized by a focus on efforts to meet the challenges presented by parents, peers, school. This challenge is called a. social comparison b. industry-versus-inferiority c. inferiority-versus-superiority d. puberty

b. industry-versus-inferiority

(E3) Which type of speech typically is directed toward infants and characterized by short, simple sentences? a. universal grammar b. infant-directed speech c. natural holography d. babbling

b. infant-directed speech

(12) Feelings of closeness, affection, and connectedness are elements of ____ a. fatuous love b. intimacy c. passionate love d. infatuated love

b. intimacy

(9) The ego-integrity-versus-despair stage of psychosocial development is characterized by which process? a. reexamining one's accomplishments and making future goals b. looking back over one's life, evaluating it, and coming to terms with it c. making personality changes d. preparing for death

b. looking back over one's life, evaluating it, and coming to terms with it

(E3) Which brain structure develops more quickly in female brains compared to in male brains? a. prefrontal cortex b. occipital lobe c. limbic system d. language centers

b. occipital lobe

(E3) Alesander is 6 years old, and although he pronounces most words clearly, he has difficulty pronouncing "j", "v", "th", and "zh" sounds, which are examples of ____ a. metalingustics b. phonemes c. word blends d. morphemes

b. phonemes

(E3) Gender, a person's sense of being female or male, is first established when children are___ a. infants b. preschool age c. around 8 years old d. in adolescence

b. preschool age

(13) Children and adolescents who are uniformly disliked are considered to be __________ adolescents. a. popular b. rejected c. controversial d. neglected

b. rejected

(7) When school-age children understand the rules of language indicating how words and phrases can be combined to form sentences, they have grasped the concept of __________. a. metacognition b. syntax c. metamemory d. metalinguistic skills

b. syntax

(12) ____ children believe they are trapped in the body of the other gender, and may express these feelings at a young age a. gender schematic b. transgender c. prematurely born d. androgynous

b. transgender

(DD4) What function do friendships serve during the middle childhood years? a. Friendships provide a child with similar others who reinforce the child's racial identity. b. Friendships provide physical support that helps the child develop fine motor skills. c. Friendships provide a training ground for communicating and interacting with others. d. Friendships provide a greater sense of security than relationships with parents.

c. Friendships provide a training ground for communicating and interacting with others.

(E3) Based on research linking socioeconomic status and language use, what recommendation should be made to parents when speaking to their children? a. Children should initiate conversations with their parents, focusing on their feelings and needs b. Children should be spoken to only when necessary, to encourage them to develop their own language skills independently c. Parents should speak to their children often, using varied language d. Parents should use a small vocabulary, repeating the same words each day in the same contexts

c. Parents should speak to their children often, using varied language

(E3) Which of the following is true? a. Adolescents' emotional reactions are less regulated than in adults because they have raging hormones b. Stranger anxiety and separation anxiety are the same thing, and are a result of having an insecure attachment c. Separation anxiety peaks between around 14 months and is a sign of developing the emotion of fear d. Adolescent suicide is a terrible tragedy, but it is relatively uncommon in this age group

c. Separation anxiety peaks between around 14 months and is a sign of developing the emotion of fear

(E3) Which attachment style is characterized by high degrees of distress and agitation under a variety of circumstances? For instance, Charles was quite distressed when his mother left the daycare, and showed anger towards her when she returned to pick him up from school. a. secure attachment pattern b. disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern c. ambivalent attachment pattern d. avoidant attachment pattern

c. ambivalent attachment pattern

Why do people become friends? a. because of diversity; there's an innate desire to expand one's social circle b. because of social standing and financial security; friends help out when times are tough c. because of proximity; people form friendships with those who are nearby and accessible d. because finding someone with opinions and attitudes that are different from your own is part of developing a personal value system

c. because of proximity; people form friendships with those who are nearby and accessible

(13) By definition, a remarried couple that has at least one stepchild living with them is called a __________. a. mixed family b. multigenerational family c. blended family d. single-parent family

c. blended family

(13) When 4-year-old Amber uses blocks to build a playhouse, or puts a puzzle together, she is demonstrating __________. a. functional play b. associative play c. constructive play d. parallel play

c. constructive play

(13) Three preschool children are working to complete puzzles, and they all take turns fitting in the pieces. This is an example of __________. a. associative play b. parallel play c. cooperative play d. functional play

c. cooperative play

(13) Which term refers to rankings that represent the relative social power of those in a group? a. social comparison b. social competence c. dominance hierarchy d. status

c. dominance hierarchy

(E3) When two people are living in an arranged marriage, or a couple has decided to stay together "for the sake of the children," it represents ____ in the triangular theory. a. fatuous love b. liking c. empty love d. nonlove

c. empty love

(E3) _____ refers to the belief that people are permanently females or males depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors. Most children do not have this understanding as toddlers. a. sexual identity b. gender schema c. gender constancy d. gender identity

c. gender constancy

(E3) Which term describes a person's perception of the self as female or male? a. gender schema b. individualistic orientation c. gender identity d. sexual identity

c. gender identity

(E3) Which factor is the most important influence on whether an adolescent suffers from major depressive disorder? a. having more than four siblings b. feeling popular and pressure to maintain a particular image c. having an alcoholic or depressed parent d. divorce or breakup of the nuclear family

c. having an alcoholic or depressed parent

(E3) According to the triangular theory, liking develops when only _____ is present a. loyalty b. passion c. intimacy d. similarity

c. intimacy

(12) According to the triangular theory, companionate love develops when __________ are present. a. passion and commitment b. infatuation and romance c. intimacy and commitment d. passion and intimacy

c. intimacy and commitment

(Chapter 9) Which structures in the brain are activated when a person observes someone performing a behavior? For instance, recall the video in class on Rayna and Dr. Kondrad's mother sticking their tongues out at each other. a. neural ganglia b. medulla oblongata c. mirror neurons d. cerebellar glia

c. mirror neurons

(DD4) Which term describes activities in which children simply watch others at play, but do not participate in the play themselves? a. associative play b. parallel play c. onlooker play d. functional play

c. onlooker play

(E3) At the park, 13-month-old Felix wanders toward other toddlers, returns to his father, interacts briefly with a preschooler, and then returns to his father. Felix, much like the monkeys in Harry Harlow's studies, is demonstrating the concept of a. social-referencing b. self-regulation c. secure base d. stranger anxiety

c. secure base

(7) Which term refers to the rules about how a language combines words and phrases to form sentences? For instance, English speakers usually form sentences with the subject-verb-object construction. a. pragmatic speech b. private speech c. syntax d. grammar

c. syntax

(13) Adolescent membership in particular cliques and crowds is often determined by __________. a. the gender of the adolescents b. how geographically close the adolescents reside to one another c. the degree of similarity between members of the group d. the socioeconomic status of the members

c. the degree of similarity between members of the group

(12) One reason why young adults choose to marry is that____ a. having a spouse with which to share one's wealth is important for men b. marriage offers a guaranteed lifelong commitment to both parties c. they believe it is the appropriate culmination of loving relationship and the "right" thing to do d. government benefits decrease upon signing a marriage license

c. they believe it is the appropriate culmination of loving relationship and the "right" thing to do

(E3) Joyce is planning to take a year and a half leave from her job because she wants to stay home and care for her newborn child. Joyce believes that during the first 18 months of a child's life, it is critical that she make herself available to meet her child's needs and provide needed attention. Erik Erikson would say that Joyce's decision comes at a good time to address what stage of her child's development? a. critical attachment stage b. autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage c. trust-versus-mistrust-stage d. temperament behavior stage

c. trust-versus-mistrust-stage

(Chapter 13) Older people spend approximately what percent of their income on health care? a. 15 percent b. 5 percent c. 10 percent d. 20 percent

d. 20 percent

(DD4) At what age do children develop a reasonable (but not yet totally adult-like) concept of death? a. 12 b. 10 c. 9 d. 5

d. 5

(7) Baby Rosalita, born to English-speaking parents, is able to differentiate between the soft "p" and sharp "p" phonemes used to distinguish meaning in Thai. She is likely around ___ months old. Her parents perceive both sounds as identical. Rosalita has not yet undergone ____. a. 18; syntactic development b. 15; holophrastic language c. 13; overregularization d. 7; perceptual narrowing

d. 7; perceptual narrowing

(13) A child who sees his father as a powerful figure who maintains discipline, and who is taught that it is his responsibility to care for his parents throughout his lifetime, is likely to be __________. a. Hispanic b. Caucasian c. African American d. Asian American

d. Asian American

(12) Sam and Ella have agreed to participate in marriage counseling. They have been married for five years and each person reports they have become bored with their marriage. Initially, what can the marriage therapist tell them regarding the "ups and downs" of marriage? a. They will need to improve their communication skills to discuss issues during counseling. b. Marital satisfaction will decline if couples do not engage in fun activities. c. Couples should spend more time with other married couples to engage in decision-making. d. Marital satisfaction begins to decline just after the marriage and it continues to fall until it reaches its lowest point, usually following the birth of children.

d. Marital satisfaction begins to decline just after the marriage and it continues to fall until it reaches its lowest point, usually following the birth of children.

(12) Which outcome is a downside to early maturation in a boy? a. The boy is likely to demonstrate early maturity in his nonverbal cognitive development. b. The boy is more likely to have difficulties in finding girls attractive. c. The boy is likely to feel excluded by peers due to being too masculine. d. The boy is likely to become involved in substance abuse.

d. The boy is likely to become involved in substance abuse

(E3) What is considered the hallmark of secure attachment? a. The child has no fear of strangers and demonstrated that she or he is equally comfortable with unfamiliar adults as with the caregiver b. The child never cries and is stable enough to not demand face-to-face interactions with the caregiver c. The caregiver responds to the child constantly, to the point of being overly responsive d. The caregiver is sensitive to the child's needs, is aware of the child's moods, can discriminate the infant's signals, and is responsive, warm, and affectionate

d. The caregiver is sensitive to the child's needs, is aware of the child's moods, can discriminate the infant's signals, and is responsive, warm, and affectionate

(DD4) What is the most frequent cause of death during childhood? a. sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) b. child abuse, malnutrition, and neglect c. cancers such as leukemia d. automobile accidents, fires, and drowning

d. automobile accidents, fires, and drowning

(E3) "I tell you one thing, if I could do it again I would never have moved to California for that job; in fact, I wish I would have taken more risks and gone after my passions. I held back too much out of fear." This comment is a good example of someone in the according to Erikson. a. Industry vs. inferiority b. Ego integrity vs. despair c. Generativity vs. stagnation d. Autonomy vs. shame

d. autonomy vs. shame

(7) When non-English speaking children are initially taught in their native language, while at the same time learning English, the technique is called __________. a. bilingualism b. pragmatics c. metalinguistics d. bilingual education

d. bilingual education

(E3) Which term refers to the ability to communicate in more than one language? a. syntax b. pragmatics c. metalinguistics d. bilingualism

d. bilingualism

(13) Large groups that are composed of individuals who share particular characteristics but who may not interact with one another are called __________. a. peers b. cohorts c. cliques d. crowds

d. crowds

(9) Children who show the __________ attachment pattern show inconsistent, contradictory, and confused behavior, such as approaching the mother when she returns but not looking at her. a. avoidant b. secure c. disorganized-disoriented d. ambivalent

d. disorganized-disoriented

(12) ____ refers to the belief that people are permanently females or males depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors a. sexual identity b. gender identity c. gender schema d. gender constancy

d. gender constancy

(E3) What general conclusion can be drawn correctly from the research evidence linking language and thought? a. thought shapes language b. language shapes thought c. language and thought influence one another d. language shapes thought, thought shapes language, and language and thought influence one another

d. language shapes thought, thought shapes language, and language and thought influence one another

(7) The __________ states that language can shape and possibly determine the way people from various cultures perceive the world. a. nativist position b. interactionist perspective c. pragmatic speech theory d. linguistic-relativity hypothesis

d. linguistic-relativity hypothesis

(7) Which theory proposes that a genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development? a. universal grammar b. the relativistic hypothesis c. learning theory approach d. nativist approach

d. nativist approach

(13) Roles and expectations in a blended family can sometimes be unclear, a situation referred to as __________. a. social comparison b. proximal distance c. generational digression d. role ambiguity

d. role ambiguity

(E3) Jorge has been socialized to seek a woman who is younger, smaller, and lower in status than he is. This is referred to as ___ a. social selectivity b. societal bias c. a universal norm d. the marriage gradient

d. the marriage gradient

(9) Which term refers to knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how the mind affects behavior? a. learning theory b. social referencing c. self-awareness d. theory of mind

d. theory of mind