Unit 3 Reformation and Wars of Religion//Morgan
Pope Leo X
(Giovanni de Medici) The pope who issued a decree threatening Luther with excommunication unless he took back his statements
a. practiced religious tolerance b. republic (gov't not a kingdom) with elected governors
2 ways Northern provinces of Netherlands were different from other European countries
Peace of Augsburg
A 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler
Lady Jane Grey
A Protestant who was Edward VI's heir to keep his sister Mary for becoming queen
Jesuits (Society of Jesus)
A Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola that founded schools throughout Europe, converted non-Christians to Catholicism, and stopped the spread of Protestantism
Inflation
A decline in the value of money
Holy Roman Emperor/Charles V
A devout Catholic who opposed Lutheran teachings and summoned Luther to Worms to stand trial in 1521
Friar Johann Tetzel
A friar who raising money to rebuild St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome by selling indulgences
Index of Forbidden Books
A list of books considered dangerous to the Catholic faith drawn up under the leadership of Pope Paul IV
Lutheran
A member of a Protestant church founded on the teachings of Martin Luther
Indulgence
A pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin
Defense of the 7 Sacraments
A response to Luther's 95 Theses that attacks Luther's ideas
Edict of Restitution
All territories taken from the Catholic Church since the Reformation were restored to the Catholic Church
Henry VIII
An English King who married 6 times, published Defense of the Seven Sacraments and turned his country into a Protestant nation
Schmalkaldic League
An alliance formed in 1531 by Protestant princes and delegates of free cities; created in response to the threat by Charles V to stamp out Lutheranism
St. Bartholomews Day Massacre
August 24.1572 massacre of Huguenots by Catholics in triggered the war of the three Henry's
Habsburg-Valois War
Catholic France supports Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire of Germany, wants the HRE kept weak and divided because it fears the Hapsburg under Charles V; actually a political war, not religious war
War of the Three Henrys
Catholic King Henry III vs. Catholic Henry Guise vs. Protestant Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)
pardon-merchants
Catholic priests or brothers who sold indulgences and gave the impression that one could buy one's way into heaven
Absenteeism
Church officials not showing up in their area of control
39 Articles
Defined the Creed of the Anglican Church
A. People could win salvation only by faith in God's gift of forgiveness B. All teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible thus making the pope and Church authorities false C. All people with faith were equal. A priest was not needed
Describe Luther's main beliefs
Expulsion of Jews and Muslims nobles didn't pay taxes
Describe other causes of economic decline in Spain
a. Weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria b. Strengthened France by awarding it German territory c. Made German princes independent of the Holy Roman emperor d. ended religious wars in Europe e. Brandenburg received large amounts of land and eventually forms Prussia f. 1/3 of German population is dead
Describe the Consequences of Peace of Westphalia
Church authority is challenged by rulers amongst early Protestants because the Church had corrupt leaders, poorly educated priests, simony, absenteeism, nepotism and pluralism
Describe the reasons for the Reformation
A. Population growth B. As silver bullion flooded the market and its value dropped
Describe the two main causes of inflation in Spain
Declaration of Independence from Spain
Describe what happened in 1579 in northern Netherland
Catholicism, became Belgium and stayed under Spanish rule
Describe what happened to southern Netherlands
El Greco
Domenikos Theotokopoulos' real name; Greek painter
Edict of Nantes
Edict granting Huguenots private freedom of worship in 150-200 cities
Huguenots
French Protestants
Cardinal Richelieu
French clergyman, nobleman, and statesman and King Louis XIII's chief minister
nepotism
Giving church offices to family members
Pluralism
Holding multiple church offices simultaneously
Peasant revolt
In 1524, peasants are inspired by the Reformation and seek to end serfdom
Anne Boleyn
King Henry VIII's 2nd wife who was the mother of Elizabeth and beheaded by Henry
Jane Seymour
King Henry VIII's 3rd wife that gave birth to Edward and died shortly after giving birth
Henry II
King of France that died in 1559 and whose wife was the true ruler of the throne whilst his sons were proving themselves unfit for ruling
King Gustavus Adolphus
King of Sweden that led Sweden to military supremacy during the Thirty Years War
Katherina Bora
Martin Luther's wife who was sent to a convent at the age of ten and became a nun and then fled the convent due to Luther's teachings; respected Luther's position but argued with him about women's equal role in marriage
Catherine de Medici
Offered a massacre of Huguenots, ruled through her sons once her husband, Henry II, died
Inflation
One of the problems caused by so much gold and silver coming from the Americas
Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)
Protestant who was part of the Bourbon family and eventually became king known as Henry IV
Elizabethan Settlement
Public conformity to the Church of England, but people were allowed to be Protestant or Catholic privately
Frederick III the Wise
Ruler of Saxony who protected Martin Luther and whose castle Luther stayed in to translate the NT into German
Recant
Say that one no longer holds an opinion or belief, esp. one considered heretical
politique
Someone who puts the good of the state ahead of personal desires/belief
Italians
The Dutch replaced these people as the bankers of Europe
Edict of Worms
The document declaring Luther a heretic
John Knox
The most important leader in the Scottish religious Reformation; a Catholic priest who converted to Protestantism and was renown for his preaching; teachings founded a branch of Protestantism governed by presbyters (elders)
Escorial
The name of King Philip II's palace containing a monastery
Diet of Worms
The trial of Luther's heresy
Paris is Worth a Mass
This is the explanation Henry of Navarre gave when questioned about his conversion to Catholicism
Ferdinand
This person received Austria and the Holy Roman Empire of Germany from his brother, Charles V
Philip II
This person was given Spain, Spanish Netherlands, and the American colonies from his father, Charles V; seizes Portugal in 1580, supported Henry of Guise
Cervantes
This person wrote Don Quixote de La Mancha
Defender of the Faith
Title given to Henry VIII by the pope for writing the Defense of the 7 Sacraments
Annul
To cancel or set aside
Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
Treaty of the Hapsburg-Valois War in 1559
Peace of Westphalia
Treaty the ended the Thirty Years War and severely weakened Germany
Henry of Guise
Ultra Catholic who was part of the Guise family and was supported by Philip II of Spain
Protestantism
What did Philip II attempt to crush in the Netherlands
A middle class
What did Spain never will develop due to people being so heavily taxed
Calvinist
What religion was the Netherlands mainly
Protestant England
Who Philip II fought in 1588
Catholic
Winner of the Danish phase of the Thirty Years War
Protestants
Winner of the French phase of the Thirty Years War
Institutes of the Christian Religion
a book written by John Calvin that put forth the major beliefs of Protestantism
Thirty Years Wars
a conflict over religion and territory and for power among ruling European families
theocracy
a government controlled by religious leaders
John Calvin
a theologian during the Reformation that wrote the book Institutes of the Christian Religion and whose teachings later formed a branch of Protestantism that believed in predestination, theocracy, humans' natural way of sin and strict moral rules
Treaty of Augsburg
a treaty between Charles V and the alkaloid League signed on September 25, 1555
Don Quixote de La Mancha
book written by Cervantes
Elizabeth I
daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII that officially forms the Anglican Church
a. Reform the Catholic Church b. Bring Protestants back into the Catholic Church
describe the 2 main purposes of the Council of Trent
Christian unity of Europe ended; religious enthusiasm was rekindled; education emphasized, literacy increased; Germany was politically divided; led to development of modern nation-states under absolute monarchs; laid groundwork for the Enlightenment
describe the legacy of the Reformation
Act of Restraint of appeals
document stating that people could not appeal to the pope for justice which ends papal power in England
Anabaptist
during the Reformation, a Protestant group that believed in baptizing only those old enough to decide to be Christian and believed in the separation of church and state
95 Theses
formal statements written by Martin Luther attacking the pardon-merchants
Martin Luther
law student who later studied law and criticized the Catholic Church by writing the 95 Theses and refused to recant his works and launches the Reformation
a. sale of church offices banned b. Sale of indulgences banned c. bishops given greater control over the clergy d. seminaries established in every diocese to train priests
list Church Reforms of Catholicism
1. The Church interpretation of the Bible is final. Anyone substituting their own interpretation is a heretic. 2. Christians needed faith and good works for salvation 3. Scripture and tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life 4. Indulgences were valid expressions of faith. Selling indulgences is banned.
list what was decided at the Council of Trent
Defenestration of Prague
marked one of the opening phases of the Thirty Years War; Bohemia refusing Catholic rule under Ferdinand II; F2 sends 2 Catholic representatives to rule Prague and these reps got thrown out of windows by local Calvinist nobility
Protestant
non-Catholic
Edward VI
only son of Henry VIII who was born to his 3rd wife Jane Seymour and was King at age 10 and died at the age of 15 due to illness
Pope Paul III
pope from 1534-1549 who directed a council of cardinals to investigate abuses in the church, approved the Jesuit order, used the inquisition to seek out heresy and called the Council of Trent
simony
selling church offices
Marguerite of Navarre
sister of the King of France who protects John Calvin in France from being executed for his beliefs
Mary Stuart (Queen of Scots)
some Catholics sought her to replace Queen Elizabeth I, her cousin, so this woman is executed
Principality
sovereign state ruled by a monarch with the title of prince
Pope Paul IV
the pope after Pope Paul III who had the Index of Forbidden books formed and burnt these books in bonfires
Catholic
winner of the Bohemian phase of the Thirty Years War
Protestants
winner of the Swedish phase of the Thirty Years War