Unit 3 Reformation and Wars of Religion//Morgan

Pope Leo X

(Giovanni de Medici) The pope who issued a decree threatening Luther with excommunication unless he took back his statements

a. practiced religious tolerance b. republic (gov't not a kingdom) with elected governors

2 ways Northern provinces of Netherlands were different from other European countries

Peace of Augsburg

A 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

Lady Jane Grey

A Protestant who was Edward VI's heir to keep his sister Mary for becoming queen

Jesuits (Society of Jesus)

A Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola that founded schools throughout Europe, converted non-Christians to Catholicism, and stopped the spread of Protestantism

Inflation

A decline in the value of money

Holy Roman Emperor/Charles V

A devout Catholic who opposed Lutheran teachings and summoned Luther to Worms to stand trial in 1521

Friar Johann Tetzel

A friar who raising money to rebuild St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome by selling indulgences

Index of Forbidden Books

A list of books considered dangerous to the Catholic faith drawn up under the leadership of Pope Paul IV

Lutheran

A member of a Protestant church founded on the teachings of Martin Luther

Indulgence

A pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin

Defense of the 7 Sacraments

A response to Luther's 95 Theses that attacks Luther's ideas

Edict of Restitution

All territories taken from the Catholic Church since the Reformation were restored to the Catholic Church

Henry VIII

An English King who married 6 times, published Defense of the Seven Sacraments and turned his country into a Protestant nation

Schmalkaldic League

An alliance formed in 1531 by Protestant princes and delegates of free cities; created in response to the threat by Charles V to stamp out Lutheranism

St. Bartholomews Day Massacre

August 24.1572 massacre of Huguenots by Catholics in triggered the war of the three Henry's

Habsburg-Valois War

Catholic France supports Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire of Germany, wants the HRE kept weak and divided because it fears the Hapsburg under Charles V; actually a political war, not religious war

War of the Three Henrys

Catholic King Henry III vs. Catholic Henry Guise vs. Protestant Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)

pardon-merchants

Catholic priests or brothers who sold indulgences and gave the impression that one could buy one's way into heaven

Absenteeism

Church officials not showing up in their area of control

39 Articles

Defined the Creed of the Anglican Church

A. People could win salvation only by faith in God's gift of forgiveness B. All teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible thus making the pope and Church authorities false C. All people with faith were equal. A priest was not needed

Describe Luther's main beliefs

Expulsion of Jews and Muslims nobles didn't pay taxes

Describe other causes of economic decline in Spain

a. Weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria b. Strengthened France by awarding it German territory c. Made German princes independent of the Holy Roman emperor d. ended religious wars in Europe e. Brandenburg received large amounts of land and eventually forms Prussia f. 1/3 of German population is dead

Describe the Consequences of Peace of Westphalia

Church authority is challenged by rulers amongst early Protestants because the Church had corrupt leaders, poorly educated priests, simony, absenteeism, nepotism and pluralism

Describe the reasons for the Reformation

A. Population growth B. As silver bullion flooded the market and its value dropped

Describe the two main causes of inflation in Spain

Declaration of Independence from Spain

Describe what happened in 1579 in northern Netherland

Catholicism, became Belgium and stayed under Spanish rule

Describe what happened to southern Netherlands

El Greco

Domenikos Theotokopoulos' real name; Greek painter

Edict of Nantes

Edict granting Huguenots private freedom of worship in 150-200 cities

Huguenots

French Protestants

Cardinal Richelieu

French clergyman, nobleman, and statesman and King Louis XIII's chief minister

nepotism

Giving church offices to family members

Pluralism

Holding multiple church offices simultaneously

Peasant revolt

In 1524, peasants are inspired by the Reformation and seek to end serfdom

Anne Boleyn

King Henry VIII's 2nd wife who was the mother of Elizabeth and beheaded by Henry

Jane Seymour

King Henry VIII's 3rd wife that gave birth to Edward and died shortly after giving birth

Henry II

King of France that died in 1559 and whose wife was the true ruler of the throne whilst his sons were proving themselves unfit for ruling

King Gustavus Adolphus

King of Sweden that led Sweden to military supremacy during the Thirty Years War

Katherina Bora

Martin Luther's wife who was sent to a convent at the age of ten and became a nun and then fled the convent due to Luther's teachings; respected Luther's position but argued with him about women's equal role in marriage

Catherine de Medici

Offered a massacre of Huguenots, ruled through her sons once her husband, Henry II, died

Inflation

One of the problems caused by so much gold and silver coming from the Americas

Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)

Protestant who was part of the Bourbon family and eventually became king known as Henry IV

Elizabethan Settlement

Public conformity to the Church of England, but people were allowed to be Protestant or Catholic privately

Frederick III the Wise

Ruler of Saxony who protected Martin Luther and whose castle Luther stayed in to translate the NT into German

Recant

Say that one no longer holds an opinion or belief, esp. one considered heretical

politique

Someone who puts the good of the state ahead of personal desires/belief

Italians

The Dutch replaced these people as the bankers of Europe

Edict of Worms

The document declaring Luther a heretic

John Knox

The most important leader in the Scottish religious Reformation; a Catholic priest who converted to Protestantism and was renown for his preaching; teachings founded a branch of Protestantism governed by presbyters (elders)

Escorial

The name of King Philip II's palace containing a monastery

Diet of Worms

The trial of Luther's heresy

Paris is Worth a Mass

This is the explanation Henry of Navarre gave when questioned about his conversion to Catholicism

Ferdinand

This person received Austria and the Holy Roman Empire of Germany from his brother, Charles V

Philip II

This person was given Spain, Spanish Netherlands, and the American colonies from his father, Charles V; seizes Portugal in 1580, supported Henry of Guise

Cervantes

This person wrote Don Quixote de La Mancha

Defender of the Faith

Title given to Henry VIII by the pope for writing the Defense of the 7 Sacraments

Annul

To cancel or set aside

Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

Treaty of the Hapsburg-Valois War in 1559

Peace of Westphalia

Treaty the ended the Thirty Years War and severely weakened Germany

Henry of Guise

Ultra Catholic who was part of the Guise family and was supported by Philip II of Spain

Protestantism

What did Philip II attempt to crush in the Netherlands

A middle class

What did Spain never will develop due to people being so heavily taxed

Calvinist

What religion was the Netherlands mainly

Protestant England

Who Philip II fought in 1588

Catholic

Winner of the Danish phase of the Thirty Years War

Protestants

Winner of the French phase of the Thirty Years War

Institutes of the Christian Religion

a book written by John Calvin that put forth the major beliefs of Protestantism

Thirty Years Wars

a conflict over religion and territory and for power among ruling European families

theocracy

a government controlled by religious leaders

John Calvin

a theologian during the Reformation that wrote the book Institutes of the Christian Religion and whose teachings later formed a branch of Protestantism that believed in predestination, theocracy, humans' natural way of sin and strict moral rules

Treaty of Augsburg

a treaty between Charles V and the alkaloid League signed on September 25, 1555

Don Quixote de La Mancha

book written by Cervantes

Elizabeth I

daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII that officially forms the Anglican Church

a. Reform the Catholic Church b. Bring Protestants back into the Catholic Church

describe the 2 main purposes of the Council of Trent

Christian unity of Europe ended; religious enthusiasm was rekindled; education emphasized, literacy increased; Germany was politically divided; led to development of modern nation-states under absolute monarchs; laid groundwork for the Enlightenment

describe the legacy of the Reformation

Act of Restraint of appeals

document stating that people could not appeal to the pope for justice which ends papal power in England

Anabaptist

during the Reformation, a Protestant group that believed in baptizing only those old enough to decide to be Christian and believed in the separation of church and state

95 Theses

formal statements written by Martin Luther attacking the pardon-merchants

Martin Luther

law student who later studied law and criticized the Catholic Church by writing the 95 Theses and refused to recant his works and launches the Reformation

a. sale of church offices banned b. Sale of indulgences banned c. bishops given greater control over the clergy d. seminaries established in every diocese to train priests

list Church Reforms of Catholicism

1. The Church interpretation of the Bible is final. Anyone substituting their own interpretation is a heretic. 2. Christians needed faith and good works for salvation 3. Scripture and tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life 4. Indulgences were valid expressions of faith. Selling indulgences is banned.

list what was decided at the Council of Trent

Defenestration of Prague

marked one of the opening phases of the Thirty Years War; Bohemia refusing Catholic rule under Ferdinand II; F2 sends 2 Catholic representatives to rule Prague and these reps got thrown out of windows by local Calvinist nobility

Protestant

non-Catholic

Edward VI

only son of Henry VIII who was born to his 3rd wife Jane Seymour and was King at age 10 and died at the age of 15 due to illness

Pope Paul III

pope from 1534-1549 who directed a council of cardinals to investigate abuses in the church, approved the Jesuit order, used the inquisition to seek out heresy and called the Council of Trent

simony

selling church offices

Marguerite of Navarre

sister of the King of France who protects John Calvin in France from being executed for his beliefs

Mary Stuart (Queen of Scots)

some Catholics sought her to replace Queen Elizabeth I, her cousin, so this woman is executed

Principality

sovereign state ruled by a monarch with the title of prince

Pope Paul IV

the pope after Pope Paul III who had the Index of Forbidden books formed and burnt these books in bonfires

Catholic

winner of the Bohemian phase of the Thirty Years War

Protestants

winner of the Swedish phase of the Thirty Years War