Unit 3 Study Guide

Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. Two Treatises on Government Backdrop: Glorious Revolution

Dutch Golden Age painting

17th century art. Context: the Dutch republic was the most prosperous nation in the Europe ad led trade, science, and art. Focused on painting individual and group portraits, landscapes, and genre scenes of everyday life; reflected realism; most famous artist is Rembrandt*. Dutch art lacks the idealization and love of splendor of Baroque art; little religious painting because of the Calvinists' iconoclasm.

Protectorate

A country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.

Prussia

A former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Leviathan (Hobbes)

A social contract placed themselves under the absolute rule of the sovereign, who would maintain peace and order.

Fleur de Lis

A three-petaled iris flower; the royal flower of France.

Bodin's discussion of monarchical power best reflects the early stages of which of the following?

Absolutist system of government

Navigation Act

Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies.

James I

Also known an James VI of Scotland He becomes king of Eng. b/c Elizabeth I died without any heirs Believed in Divine Right, he didn' think that you should ask Parliament for permission to do stuff Says EVERYONE must belong to Church of Eng. Authorized King James Bible

Triennial Act

An Act of Parliament reluctantly agreed to by Charles I (who said it reduced his sovereign powers) which stated that there had to be a parliament of at least 50 days duration every three years.

Test Act

An act forbidding anyone except members of the Church of England from holding political office or entering the professions

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Johann Sebastian Bach

Baroque composer

The English Civil War and Glorious Revolution lead to the establishment of....

Constitutional monarchy

Instrument of Government

Cromwell favored toleration on the issue of religion in England. The Instrument of Government gave all Christians, except Roman Catholics, the right to practice their faith. The constitution that had been prepared for by the army. It invested executive power in a lord protectorate and a council of state. Cromwell eventually tore up the constitution.

Millet System

Divided regions in the Ottoman Empire by religion (Orthodox Christians, Jews, Armenian Christians, Muslims). Leaders of each millet supported the Sultan in exchange for power over their millet.

Dutch Golden Age

Dutch farming, advanced shipping, unified political leadership, profitable banking, seaborne empire, religious toleration all factors for success. Decline due to death of William III (stadtholder), decline of naval and fishing industry.

Thomas Hobbes (Philosophical Absolutism)

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679) Backdrop: English Civil War

Oliver Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

Absolutist States

France, Spain, Austria, Eastern Europe, Russia, Ottoman Empire

Kings of Prussia

Frederick I Frederick William I Frederick II "the Great"

Mary Stuart and William III of Orange

Glorious Revolution - James II leaves the throne vacant William and Mary will rule as joint monarchs - sign the English Bill of Rights - limits their power and acknowledges Parliament as lawmaker Agree to Declaration of Rights

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Maes's choice of subject matter?

He wanted to attract the patronage of the growing Dutch urban merchant class.

Frederick I

He was the successor and uncle of Christian II. He encouraged Lutheran preachers to spread their evangelical doctrines and to introduce a Lutheran liturgy into the Danish church service.

Where Hobbes and Locke agree

Hobbes and Locke both rejected "divine right" theory. Both wrote that the first people are born into a state of nature, in which there was no government. In this state of nature, people have no way of protecting themselves or their property. For this reason, people form governments.

Ineterregnum

Interregnum means between kings Oliver Cromwell sets up a Protectorate - calls himself the "Lord Protector" It was basically England under military dictator - strict Puritan rules

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Maes's inclusion of a map of the world in the painting?

It reflected the growing importance of overseas trade to Dutch society.

Natural Rights

Life, Liberty, and Property

Louis XIV built the palace of Versailles to....

Limit authority of nobility

What is Constitutionalism?

Limited government The idea that the powers of government should be limited by a constitution A government of laws not of people.

Cardinal Richelieu worked under which king/queen?

Louis XIII

J.B. Colbert

Louis's financial adviser; implemented many systems to improve France's financial state under absolutist rule.

What possessed sovereignty in the absolutist states of the 17th century?

Monarchs

Constitutional States

Netherlands, England, Dutch Republic

Challenges to Absolutism

Nobility, Church, Representative bodies, Towns, Universities

House of Hohenzollern

Prussia; family that gained power through marriages

Frederick William I

Prussian king responsible for Prussian absolutism and continuing militarization Calvinist Power to tax by decree "The Great Elector"

Anne (1702-1714)

Queen during the War of Spanish Succession End of Stuart Dynasty

Charles II Restoration

Returns from exile in 1660 A.k.a the Merry Monarch - agrees to pretty much everything Parliament says BFFs with Louis XIV - Secret Treaty of Dover - Eng & France against teh Dutch

Papist

Roman Catholic - supports Catholicism and the Pope

What best describes the political system of the Dutch Republic?

Rule by wealthy merchants

House of Hanover

Series of English kings and queens who strengthened parliament.

English Civil War (1642-1649)

The English Civil War tested whether sovereignty in England was to reside in the king or in the Parliament. The civil war did not resolve that problem, however, although it ended in 1649 with the execution of King Charles I on the charge of treason-a severe blow to the theory of divine right monarchy. It separated two monarchial periods. It was 3 wars It ended Stuart absolutism

Michael Ferrer's defense best illustrates which of the following?

The Protestant victory in the Glorious Revolution

Bodin's discussion of tyrannical and despotic monarchies reflects which of the following political developments in Europe?

The concentration of power in increasingly centralized governments

Military operations such as the one shown in the engraving were most strongly supported by which of the following features of Louis XIV's government?

The creation of a strong centralized system of taxation and state finance

Bodin's discussion of monarchical power best reflects the early stages of which of the following?

The development of absolutist systems of government

Bodin's assertions about a legitimate monarchy are best understood as an example of which of the following developments in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

The development of new ideas concerning the value of secular systems of government

Hanoverian Dynasty

The dynasty of the British monarchs after 1714; from the German duchy of Hanover George I, II, III and IV, William IV, Victoria

The increased European consumption of luxury goods in the 1700s resulted most directly from which of the following economic developments?

The expansion of trade between Europe and other regions of the world

The overall increase of European wealth best explains which of the following demographic developments in the 1700s?

The growth of urban commercial centers

The depiction of the scene in the engraving best illustrates which of the following aspects of the French aristocracy under Louis XIV's rule?

The maintenance of the aristocracy's privileged social position

The "malicious words" attributed to the accused best illustrate which of the following developments in England in the late seventeenth century?

The ongoing tensions between Parliament and the Crown over the limits of royal authority

The outcome of the trial best illustrates which of the following (Michael Ferrer)?

The protection of the rights of the gentry and aristocracy from monarchical power

Which of the following best describes the claim communicated by the artist about the Peace of Westphalia?

The treaty would lead to a new period of peace and prosperity.

Jacques Bossuet and Jean Bodin

They both argued that soveriegnty resides in a monarch and Charles I recieving a crown from a hand above. James and Charles I tried to put Divine Right theory into practice in Eng. Charles I paid for this with his life. Louis XIV, on the other hand, ruled by this philosophy and lived to a ripe old age.

Dutch Republic Information

They established one of the first modern stock exchanges, which helped to raise capital for commercial ventures. They provided the cheapest shipping rates in Europe at the time and dominated European commerce during the 17th century. It was dominated by Calvinist merchants. While the Dutch Republic did not tend to allow religous minorities to express their fath publicly, many Jews and Catholics were able to practice their religion in private without harassment.

James II

This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government

Jean Bodin

This was the man who created the theory of sovereignty in which a state becomes sovereign by claiming a monopoly over the instruments of justice

Ottomans

Turkish empire based in Anatolia. Arrived in the same wave of Turkish migrations as the Seljuks. Provided a refugee for Jews, Muslims, and Christians from Inquisition & religious war. Divided their subjects into religious communities.

Dutch Republic

United Provinces of the Netherlands-1st half of 17th century was golden age-govt. consisted of organized confederation of 7 provinces each w/ rep. govt.

Baroque

Used as an expression of scorn for what they considered an overblown, unbalanced style One of the highest points in the history of Western Culture Wanted artists to appeal to senses and touch the souls and kindle the faith of the church Spread partly b/c of its tension and bombast spoke to an agitated age that was experiencing violence and controversy in politics of religion.

What two problems did the Restoration of 1660 fail to resolve?

What's the attitude towards Puritans, Catholics, and dissenters from the Church? What's the relationship between the King and Parliament?

What was a result of the Glorious Revolution?

William and Mary replaced James II, Parliament power reaffirmed, and bill of rights.

Based on the painting, Maes most likely held which of the following views?

Women were capable of managing the new financial practices.

War of Spanish Succession

a conflict, lasting from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France.

What is Absolutism?

a system of government in which a ruler holds total power

Westernization

adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture

Table of Ranks

created by Peter, it creates opportunities for nonnobles to serve the state and join the nobility ... nobility based on merit

Time of Troubles

followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613.

Declaration of Rights

free elections right to bear arms for their defense right to petition right to qualified jurors

The artist's statement that the kings of France, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire "stand united" most clearly suggests that.... (Westphalia allegory)

he hoped the Peace of Westphalia would bring the rival Catholic powers back together

Peter Paul Rubens

is the most famous Baroque artist who studied Michelangelo in Italy and took that Renaissance style to the next level of drama, motion, color, religion and animation, which is portrayed in his paintings

European monarchs of the 1700s mostly attempted to promote trade and consumption in luxury items by following

mercantilist policies that protected domestic industries and encouraged the creation of colonies

Warm Water Port

port that is free of ice all year

Charles I

son of James I who was King of England and Scotland and Ireland He was more absolutsit than his father Parliament furious about how he treats them Split into two factions: Cavaliers support the King, Roundheads support Long Parliament.

Ivan IV

the Terrible, beat the Mongols, Tartars, and the Poles, forced nobles into service, first ruler to take the title tsar

Divine Rights

the belief that monarchs get their authority to rule directly from God

Exclusion Crisis

was a period between 1679 and 1681 where the Whigs tried to exclude James II, brother of Charles II, from the line of succession to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland

The presence of Bellona and the statement that "the people are obedient under you, o great Philip" best support the argument that the artist

wished to portray the Catholic Habsburgs as the victors