Unit 3 Study Guide
Louis XIV
(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.
Peter the Great
(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.
John Locke
17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. Two Treatises on Government Backdrop: Glorious Revolution
Dutch Golden Age painting
17th century art. Context: the Dutch republic was the most prosperous nation in the Europe ad led trade, science, and art. Focused on painting individual and group portraits, landscapes, and genre scenes of everyday life; reflected realism; most famous artist is Rembrandt*. Dutch art lacks the idealization and love of splendor of Baroque art; little religious painting because of the Calvinists' iconoclasm.
Protectorate
A country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.
Prussia
A former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland
Glorious Revolution
A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.
Puritans
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.
Leviathan (Hobbes)
A social contract placed themselves under the absolute rule of the sovereign, who would maintain peace and order.
Fleur de Lis
A three-petaled iris flower; the royal flower of France.
Bodin's discussion of monarchical power best reflects the early stages of which of the following?
Absolutist system of government
Navigation Act
Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies.
James I
Also known an James VI of Scotland He becomes king of Eng. b/c Elizabeth I died without any heirs Believed in Divine Right, he didn' think that you should ask Parliament for permission to do stuff Says EVERYONE must belong to Church of Eng. Authorized King James Bible
Triennial Act
An Act of Parliament reluctantly agreed to by Charles I (who said it reduced his sovereign powers) which stated that there had to be a parliament of at least 50 days duration every three years.
Test Act
An act forbidding anyone except members of the Church of England from holding political office or entering the professions
Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
Johann Sebastian Bach
Baroque composer
The English Civil War and Glorious Revolution lead to the establishment of....
Constitutional monarchy
Instrument of Government
Cromwell favored toleration on the issue of religion in England. The Instrument of Government gave all Christians, except Roman Catholics, the right to practice their faith. The constitution that had been prepared for by the army. It invested executive power in a lord protectorate and a council of state. Cromwell eventually tore up the constitution.
Millet System
Divided regions in the Ottoman Empire by religion (Orthodox Christians, Jews, Armenian Christians, Muslims). Leaders of each millet supported the Sultan in exchange for power over their millet.
Dutch Golden Age
Dutch farming, advanced shipping, unified political leadership, profitable banking, seaborne empire, religious toleration all factors for success. Decline due to death of William III (stadtholder), decline of naval and fishing industry.
Thomas Hobbes (Philosophical Absolutism)
English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679) Backdrop: English Civil War
Oliver Cromwell
English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.
Absolutist States
France, Spain, Austria, Eastern Europe, Russia, Ottoman Empire
Kings of Prussia
Frederick I Frederick William I Frederick II "the Great"
Mary Stuart and William III of Orange
Glorious Revolution - James II leaves the throne vacant William and Mary will rule as joint monarchs - sign the English Bill of Rights - limits their power and acknowledges Parliament as lawmaker Agree to Declaration of Rights
Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Maes's choice of subject matter?
He wanted to attract the patronage of the growing Dutch urban merchant class.
Frederick I
He was the successor and uncle of Christian II. He encouraged Lutheran preachers to spread their evangelical doctrines and to introduce a Lutheran liturgy into the Danish church service.
Where Hobbes and Locke agree
Hobbes and Locke both rejected "divine right" theory. Both wrote that the first people are born into a state of nature, in which there was no government. In this state of nature, people have no way of protecting themselves or their property. For this reason, people form governments.
Ineterregnum
Interregnum means between kings Oliver Cromwell sets up a Protectorate - calls himself the "Lord Protector" It was basically England under military dictator - strict Puritan rules
Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Maes's inclusion of a map of the world in the painting?
It reflected the growing importance of overseas trade to Dutch society.
Natural Rights
Life, Liberty, and Property
Louis XIV built the palace of Versailles to....
Limit authority of nobility
What is Constitutionalism?
Limited government The idea that the powers of government should be limited by a constitution A government of laws not of people.
Cardinal Richelieu worked under which king/queen?
Louis XIII
J.B. Colbert
Louis's financial adviser; implemented many systems to improve France's financial state under absolutist rule.
What possessed sovereignty in the absolutist states of the 17th century?
Monarchs
Constitutional States
Netherlands, England, Dutch Republic
Challenges to Absolutism
Nobility, Church, Representative bodies, Towns, Universities
House of Hohenzollern
Prussia; family that gained power through marriages
Frederick William I
Prussian king responsible for Prussian absolutism and continuing militarization Calvinist Power to tax by decree "The Great Elector"
Anne (1702-1714)
Queen during the War of Spanish Succession End of Stuart Dynasty
Charles II Restoration
Returns from exile in 1660 A.k.a the Merry Monarch - agrees to pretty much everything Parliament says BFFs with Louis XIV - Secret Treaty of Dover - Eng & France against teh Dutch
Papist
Roman Catholic - supports Catholicism and the Pope
What best describes the political system of the Dutch Republic?
Rule by wealthy merchants
House of Hanover
Series of English kings and queens who strengthened parliament.
English Civil War (1642-1649)
The English Civil War tested whether sovereignty in England was to reside in the king or in the Parliament. The civil war did not resolve that problem, however, although it ended in 1649 with the execution of King Charles I on the charge of treason-a severe blow to the theory of divine right monarchy. It separated two monarchial periods. It was 3 wars It ended Stuart absolutism
Michael Ferrer's defense best illustrates which of the following?
The Protestant victory in the Glorious Revolution
Bodin's discussion of tyrannical and despotic monarchies reflects which of the following political developments in Europe?
The concentration of power in increasingly centralized governments
Military operations such as the one shown in the engraving were most strongly supported by which of the following features of Louis XIV's government?
The creation of a strong centralized system of taxation and state finance
Bodin's discussion of monarchical power best reflects the early stages of which of the following?
The development of absolutist systems of government
Bodin's assertions about a legitimate monarchy are best understood as an example of which of the following developments in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?
The development of new ideas concerning the value of secular systems of government
Hanoverian Dynasty
The dynasty of the British monarchs after 1714; from the German duchy of Hanover George I, II, III and IV, William IV, Victoria
The increased European consumption of luxury goods in the 1700s resulted most directly from which of the following economic developments?
The expansion of trade between Europe and other regions of the world
The overall increase of European wealth best explains which of the following demographic developments in the 1700s?
The growth of urban commercial centers
The depiction of the scene in the engraving best illustrates which of the following aspects of the French aristocracy under Louis XIV's rule?
The maintenance of the aristocracy's privileged social position
The "malicious words" attributed to the accused best illustrate which of the following developments in England in the late seventeenth century?
The ongoing tensions between Parliament and the Crown over the limits of royal authority
The outcome of the trial best illustrates which of the following (Michael Ferrer)?
The protection of the rights of the gentry and aristocracy from monarchical power
Which of the following best describes the claim communicated by the artist about the Peace of Westphalia?
The treaty would lead to a new period of peace and prosperity.
Jacques Bossuet and Jean Bodin
They both argued that soveriegnty resides in a monarch and Charles I recieving a crown from a hand above. James and Charles I tried to put Divine Right theory into practice in Eng. Charles I paid for this with his life. Louis XIV, on the other hand, ruled by this philosophy and lived to a ripe old age.
Dutch Republic Information
They established one of the first modern stock exchanges, which helped to raise capital for commercial ventures. They provided the cheapest shipping rates in Europe at the time and dominated European commerce during the 17th century. It was dominated by Calvinist merchants. While the Dutch Republic did not tend to allow religous minorities to express their fath publicly, many Jews and Catholics were able to practice their religion in private without harassment.
James II
This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government
Jean Bodin
This was the man who created the theory of sovereignty in which a state becomes sovereign by claiming a monopoly over the instruments of justice
Ottomans
Turkish empire based in Anatolia. Arrived in the same wave of Turkish migrations as the Seljuks. Provided a refugee for Jews, Muslims, and Christians from Inquisition & religious war. Divided their subjects into religious communities.
Dutch Republic
United Provinces of the Netherlands-1st half of 17th century was golden age-govt. consisted of organized confederation of 7 provinces each w/ rep. govt.
Baroque
Used as an expression of scorn for what they considered an overblown, unbalanced style One of the highest points in the history of Western Culture Wanted artists to appeal to senses and touch the souls and kindle the faith of the church Spread partly b/c of its tension and bombast spoke to an agitated age that was experiencing violence and controversy in politics of religion.
What two problems did the Restoration of 1660 fail to resolve?
What's the attitude towards Puritans, Catholics, and dissenters from the Church? What's the relationship between the King and Parliament?
What was a result of the Glorious Revolution?
William and Mary replaced James II, Parliament power reaffirmed, and bill of rights.
Based on the painting, Maes most likely held which of the following views?
Women were capable of managing the new financial practices.
War of Spanish Succession
a conflict, lasting from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France.
What is Absolutism?
a system of government in which a ruler holds total power
Westernization
adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture
Table of Ranks
created by Peter, it creates opportunities for nonnobles to serve the state and join the nobility ... nobility based on merit
Time of Troubles
followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613.
Declaration of Rights
free elections right to bear arms for their defense right to petition right to qualified jurors
The artist's statement that the kings of France, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire "stand united" most clearly suggests that.... (Westphalia allegory)
he hoped the Peace of Westphalia would bring the rival Catholic powers back together
Peter Paul Rubens
is the most famous Baroque artist who studied Michelangelo in Italy and took that Renaissance style to the next level of drama, motion, color, religion and animation, which is portrayed in his paintings
European monarchs of the 1700s mostly attempted to promote trade and consumption in luxury items by following
mercantilist policies that protected domestic industries and encouraged the creation of colonies
Warm Water Port
port that is free of ice all year
Charles I
son of James I who was King of England and Scotland and Ireland He was more absolutsit than his father Parliament furious about how he treats them Split into two factions: Cavaliers support the King, Roundheads support Long Parliament.
Ivan IV
the Terrible, beat the Mongols, Tartars, and the Poles, forced nobles into service, first ruler to take the title tsar
Divine Rights
the belief that monarchs get their authority to rule directly from God
Exclusion Crisis
was a period between 1679 and 1681 where the Whigs tried to exclude James II, brother of Charles II, from the line of succession to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland
The presence of Bellona and the statement that "the people are obedient under you, o great Philip" best support the argument that the artist
wished to portray the Catholic Habsburgs as the victors
