Unit 4 Quest

Differences between economies of the north, south, and west

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How did American politics change after the Era of Good Feelings?

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What forces drove westward expansion?

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Pillars of the proslavery argument

1) Paternalism - based on racist review: slaves were of low intellect so they slaveowners thought they did them a service by taking care of them and exposing them to Christian values 2) there was slavery in the Bible and in Ancient Greece and Rome, which were countries known for democracy so they said it was okay. 3) slaveowners believed that northern manufacturing treated its workers more poorly because they had to go home and deal with the issues of a family and a household

Causes/effects of immigration

90% of the immigrants that came to the US immigrated to the North (abundance of job opportunity Americans were foreign to the slave states). Many immigrated because of the modernization of agriculture which required a lot of land and that was available in America. There were also more job opportunities than in Europe and the introduction of ocean going steam ships and railroads made long distance travel more practical. The political and religious freedoms in America were also appealing to the Europeans.

Seneca Falls Convention

A women's rights convention organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. 300 men and women attended. The Declaration of Sentiments stated the grievances with men by pinpointing all of the areas where women were not treated equally. Stanton believed that in order to achieve freedom and equality, women just had to earn the right to vote because in their democratic society, that's how freedom was made possible. One of the women challenged the government saying that the government was false or that women have a right to vote. The Declaration of Sentiments not only addressed the issues of women's suffrage, but also women's limitations to education and employment and their subordination to their husbands.

Jackson's bank veto

AJ saw Biddle's concept of the Bank as blackmail and that it was unacceptable for congress to create such a powerful entity to serve the interest of privileged people, which only widened the economic gap (only controlled by a very small group of elite - not right). It was the first time the president used the veto to overpower Congress on such a controversial subject. Opponents argued that Congress represents the wants of the people, not the president so Congress was right. The state banks supported AJ because it meant more business for them and that they wouldn't have to follow the regulations of the national bank so they could issue more paper money. Supporters of hard money also supported AJ. He ordered federal funds to be removed from the bank and put in "pet banks" (gets ride of the power of what the bank had).

Second Middle Passage

Although slaves were no longer traded between Africa and the United States, a new slave trade was arising in the United States between the Lower South and the rest of the country. Slave trading became a business and was very publicized and commercialized. Advertisement about slave sales were issued in newspapers, the southern banks financed the slave trade, and the new advancements in transportation helped to transport the slaves. This showed how the market revolution contributed to the expansion of slavery as well as the dehumanization of the slaves.

Role of African Americans in Market Revolution

Although some black men were free, they still did not get equal rights. Some states barred some blacks from entering the state because they were competition for jobs that they thought they were entitled to. They excluded blacks from opportunities.

"pet banks"

Banks that had connections to the Democratic Party/Jackson

"peculiar institution"

Because slavery had been abolished in the south, slavery became unique to the south and was known as the "peculiar institution." The Mason-Dixon Line divided slavery and freedom between Maryland and Pennsylvania.

Rise of factories

Due to the market revolution, the production of goods increased and artisans started to be replaced by those who could mass produce. Eventually, factories were introduced and emphasized greater output rather than skill. The first factory was built in 1790, which replaced hand tools with machines. This allowed for the "outwork system" which was an economic system concentrated in New England in which citizens got jobs from factories. This helped the economy because it put people to work and those who were uneducated were capable of finding work. It also allowed for women to go out and work, which was very controversial but revolutionary.

Panic of 1837

Because the Bank couldn't regulate the state banks, they issued paper money to fund industrial development, agriculture, and canal and railroad systems. Due to the overissuance of money, prices rose but wages did not so the actual value went down. Speculators sold land out west to people in the east. The value of paper money was questioned, and the speculative boom collapsed. The gov't implemented the Specie Circular (only accepted gold or silver to pay for public land), the Bank of England demanded US merchants to pay in gold or silver (people weren't taking American currency because it was worth nothing), and there was an economic turndown in GB so there was less of a demand for US raw goods. Prices fell by 25%, there was a depression until 1843, and due to the internal improvement projects, states couldn't pay their debts, so measures were taken to separate the government from the economy.

Cult of Domesticity

Brought up new roles for women and said that they should stay home and work but now their work was being done in factories so it stopped them from working at home. Many people were in favor of letting men make the money. Typically for the upper and middle classes, they believed that the wife should create the ideal environment for her husband and children and to focus on being the ideal woman.

Roger B. Taney

Carries out AJ's order to remove federal funds from the Bank and put in "pet banks" so he was rewarded with the appointment as Chief Justice.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

Chief Justice John Marshall said that American Indians were wards of the federal government, not citizens (not considered as part of the American culture/political process). Georgia could not extend its legal power over the Cherokee tribe to nullify the laws it created because of this.

Frederick Douglas

Frederick Douglas was raised by his grandparents and fled Maryland on his 2nd attempt by impersonating a sailor. He was an advocate for freedom of slaves and equality for both them and women. He was a very influential speaker and published his own newspaper and influential narrative of his life. He participated in the Women's Rights Convention in 1848 (Seneca Falls). Advisor to Abe Lincoln during the civil war. He helped to influence the idea to allow slaves to fight for the union. He became the minister of Haiti and assisted slaves in escaping.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Funed the uprooting and relocation of 60,000 Cherokee, Chickasaw, Chotaw, Creek and Seminole American Indians, most of whom lived in North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi (these were agricultural, plantation societies so they needed to push the indians out of the way to gain access to land). There had been controversy over whether or not the "civilized" Indians could become part of the American society. Jefferson had a vision of assimilation that the natives could join the American society.

William Lloyd Garrison

He grew up religiously in Maine and had a major interest in journalism. He was a complete abolitionisht and wanted equal rights for both African Americans and women immediately. He was very outspoken in editorials and founded "The Liberator" paper, which had radical ideas, protest, and inspired opposition to slavery. He founded the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Nicholas Biddle

He was from Philadelphia and was the head of the bank. He believed in the federal power of the bank - that the national bank trumped the state banks (the national bank could enforce policies on state banks). He was successful in preventing local banks from issuing too much money to keep inflation down and currency worth more. He persuaded Congress to pass a bill that would extend the bank's charter before it was even up, but Jackson vetoed it.

Immigrant groups

Immigrants tended not to be very skilled nor have good jobs, so they were typically put to work as factory workers or workers building railroads, canals, and servants. The Irish came because of the Great Famine in Ireland, which wiped out their potato crop, but there was hostility towards them for being Catholics. Although America had religious freedom, there was still tension between the Protestant Society and the Irish Catholics. The Protestants feared that they would not actually be loyal to the Protestant ruler in America and instead be loyal to the pope in Rome.

Individualism

Individualism was an idea that was arising around the time of the market revolution. It was based off of the "sovereign individual" which stated that Americans should depend on no one but themselves and not going off of other people. The market revolution pushed this idea. The idea of privacy arose from this, too, because as one became more independent, they started to recognize the importance of "self" and that the government should not interfere with it. It was a reaction to the market revolution because urbanization was occurring so there was a push for more privacy.

Force Act

Jackson called for military enforcement of the Tariff of 1828; stating that the federal government has the right to use the military to enforce the tariff; it was passed as well as a compromise tariff in 1832 by Henry Clay, which helped to avert the crisis and preserve the union; shows that in the south there were sectional interests and the government was trying to infringe on those interests

Nativism

Nativism was an anti-Cathlic, anti-immigrant idea in the Americas. The Americans considered themselves the Natives and were racist towards the immigrants--the Irish specifically. They considered the Irish to be the lowest group of people in the Americas, and slaveowners put them to work like they would slaves. It was a pro-Protestant movement as well and was a major converting effort.

speculation

Panic of 1819 and Panic of 1837 - people start to buy up land becas they think that it's going to be valuable later and then people produce more paper money which eventually leads to a collapse

Effects of new technology and transportation

Prior to the introduction of the new technological innovations and advancements in transportation, the technologies in these areas were very simple and undeveloped. They introduced new and efficient ways to transport goods and communicate with other countries to aid in trading. Prior to this, shipping goods across the country by land was very expensive and slow. They allowed for the accessibility to settlement of new lands. decreased the cost to transport goods, and made the selling of one's goods much easier. It allowed for the introduction of farmers to the booming market of manufactured goods.

Angelina Grimke

She came from a white, plantation-owning family in South Carolina. She observed the brutal treatment of slaves on her father's plantation. She wanted women's rights and the abolition of slavery. Some abolitionists opposed her. She did not like any of the churches' beliefs about slavery so she and her sister based their beliefs on activism rather than organized religion. She spoke out (first woman speaker) and wrote books along with her sister and planned to vote illegally with a big group of women.

American Temperance Society

The American Temperance Society was founded in 1826 and tried to redeem anyone who consumed alcohol, both occasional drinkers and alcoholics. It caused issues in households with men as providers because they wasted their money on alcohol and didn't produce as well if they were drunk. Its efforts caused the amount of alcohol consumed per to decrease by more than half. It later offered "experience meetings" for those who used to drink to talk about their sins. This led to some conflict, though, because many believed that drinking occasionally or having fun on Sunday did not make them less of a moral person. Women and catholics have a huge problem with drinking so the Women's Christian Temperance Union was started. Its major advocates were Susan B Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

Cotton Kingdom

The Cotton Kingdom was the economic boom of slavery in the south as a result of the cotton gin. Plantation owners started to grow and sell cotton on a large scale. Cotton plantations spread and the African Slave Trade was reopened. They started to treat the slaves as livestock. 1 million slaves were shifted from the other slave states to the Deep South in slave coffees, which were groups of slaves chained to one another on forced marches. The South remained dependent on agriculture because cotton was in such high demand and was the most important export, so transportation and banking was devoted to this plantation economy.

Deep South

The Deep south had the Cotton Kingdom and lacked diversity and focused only on cotton production.

Erie Canal

The Erie Canal was a 363-mile waterway that stretched across NY and left NYC at an advantage comparison with other port cities because it was the hub of this new technological innovation and had a connection to the Old Northwest. It allowed for farmers from New England to venture out to form the cities like Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse. The creation of the Erie Canal sparked competition in other states to match the success of NY. Many went bankrupt due to the large sums of money these projects required. As a result of this, 3,000 miles of canals had been built as a result.

Independent Treasury

The Independent Treasury completely separated the federal government from the nation's banking system in 1840 (agreeing with Van Buren's anti-bank Democratic ideas - president at the time). The Whigs ended the Independent Treasury when a Whig was elected, but when another Democrat returned to power it was reinstated. This would have hurt the economy even more if gold had not been discovered in California in 1848. The Independent Treasury split the Democratic Party. Those who were business-oriented and connected to the state banks sided with the Whigs. Those who were totally against banking and paper money and the market revolution, sticking to the ideas of an agrarian society, stayed loyal to Van Buren. Those who were in favor of state sovereignty who were part of the Whigs during the nullification crisis, including Calhoun, joined Van Buren again.

Second Great Awakening

The Second Great Awakening was another religious revival that sparked a huge growth in Protestant numbers and increased Christianity in the US. This tied into the idea of individualism because people became individually responsible for their ins and their good deeds and also allowed for people to follow individual denominations.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

The Supreme Court stated that Indian nations were a separate political entity so the national government should deal with Indian relations instead of the states. It was a step forward in the right direction because the Native American tribes are independent nations, so it put them on a higher playing field but we didn't always abide by the treaties.

Upper South

The Upper South had more diversity than the deep south - subsistence farming, slave-centered industries (Second Middle Passage), and manufacturing in Baltimore, Richmond, and New Orleans.

Cotton Gin

The cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It was a machine that speeded the process of harvesting cotton and made it profitable. Cotton became the most important export. The cotton gin made the production of cotton more efficient because prior to its invention, the picking of cotton and the removing of seeds had to be done tediously by hand. It led to a dramatic expansion of slavery in the nineteenth century, which caused a boom in cotton growth. The slaves started to be treated as livestock and were treated inhumanely.

Manifest Destiny

The idea that God has ordained the continent of America for the Americans. It was the idea that the Americans had the right to own the land all the way out to the Pacific. They felt they were entitled to

Northern Participation in the slave economy

The northern merchants and manufacturers made profit from the slave trade. Because the north was so heavily involved with the new technologies of the market revolution, the north benefitted from its economic relationship in the south greatly. Money earned from the slave trade helped to finance the industrial development and internal improvements in the north. Northern ships also transported cotton, and northern bankers financed cotton plantations. Northern companies insured slave properties and northern factories turned cotton into cloth. The Lords of the Loom (NE factory owners) and the Lords of Lash (southern slaveowners) relied on each other.

rotation in office/"spoils system"

The president granted special favors those who sided with him, favoritism.

Telegraph

The telegraph was an advancement in communication invented by Samuel F. B. Morse in the 1830s. However, it was not put into official use until 1844. The telegraph used Morse Code to communicate messages through electric wires. Over the course of only 16 years, 50,000 miles of telegraph had been strung, and it helped to make communication easier and faster, as well as unify the prices throughout the country.

American System

The vision of the American System was to enhance the nation's financial, transportation, and manufacturing sectors. It stated that there needed to be a federal government involved with the System. The leading architects were Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun and wanted to protect the infant industries. With this system, manufacturing had been seen as a compliment to the agriculture, provided a connection between the two sectors. This system had been brought about by the Congressional approval of the National Road and the federal plan for the road and canal construction. These things would ultimately tie the US together but it gave the national government this power which had not been granted to them before. It called for a national bank, a tariff on imported manufactured goods, and internal improvements, but only the national bank and imported manufactured goods were approved and enacted.

Theodore Weld

Theodore Weld was a major contributor to the abolition of slavery. He spread the abolitionist message through passionate preaching, lengthy meetings, and calling out individuals to end their immoral ways. His biggest message, though, was that slavery was a sin. He felt that recognizing it as this would lead to immediate abolition. He supervised the publication of abolitionist pamphlets.

Transcendentalists

They were advocates of "self" and nature as the market revolution was developing. Cities were very dirty and they did not agree with this. they believed in pushing back to the ideas that previously existed with a simpler, cleaner life. Henry David Thoreau was one of the most significant.

Exposition and Protest

This document, drafted by Calhoun, justified South Carolina's nullification. It discussed the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions and stated that each state had the right to nullify anything within its borders that the Congress tried to enforce but exceeded the powers specifically stated in the Constitution

Trail of Tears

This was the journey made by 100,000 American Indians (mostly of the Cherokee tribe) who were relocated between 1830 and 1850. Many died on the journey due to the harsh conditions. Some were transported in chains. All of the tribes ended up in Oklahoma, and there were so many different tribes in one place, so some won't get along due to the different cultures, customs, and languages. It was not always peaceful; for example, the Second Seminole War was when the free blacks and Native Americans fought against the American government but lost and were forced westward.

Democratic Party

Wanted to lessen the gap between social classes, wanted no government intervention in the economy, no "special interests," wanted a self-regulation market, wanted a weak federal government with indiviudal and states' rights, believed individual morality was a private concern; supported by urban workers, aspiring entrepreneurs, catholics and immigrants, south and west, farmers remote from market, slaveholders

Daniel Webster

Webster spoke out against Robert Y. Hayne, who sided with Calhoun, saying that the people created the Constitution, thus making the federal government sovereign. He said that the nullification would be illegal, unconstitutional, and treasonous. Later, it was said that liberty and union were one.

Role of women in Market Revolution

Women started to work in factories, which was a major change in history. However, men believed that women should stay home and do housework and take care of the children. The lower class women worked in factories.

Whig Party

accepted the hierarchy of social classes, agreed with federal promotion of economic development, "american system," wanted a strong national government because they believed the government promotes the welfare of the people, believed that active gov't = liberty, believed that individual morality was a public concern; market-oriented farmers, large planters, establised businessmen and bankers, Northeast, evangelical protestants

How did the Second Bank of the US influence the economy and politics?

bank veto, debate over the American System

John C. Calhoun

defender of southern sectionalism, wrote "Exposition and Protest", believed that any major interest should have the power to veto something that affected it (but if every time an issue arises and a group can just choose that it shouldn't affect them, them being able to decide that they should veto it could cause trouble)

"hard money"

hard money was having specie back paper money

specie

idea that paper money was backed by something tangible, like gold or silver - trying to prevent inflation by standardizing the amount of currency

How did the Market Revolution transform the American economy and perception of labor?

it made trade and communication more efficient, initially causing an economic boom, but things became more labor-intensive

Urban development

more factories - more people working in one particular place

To what extent was Jackson a president of inconsistencies?

nullification crisis; jackson promotes personal liberty and you should be able to do what you want but at the same time he is a slave holder and has the indian removal act - promotes personal indepedence for white men

American Colonization Society

promoted the idea that we should free the african americans but ship them back to africa

Tariff of 1828

raised tariff on manufactured goods made of wool and raw materials like iron; generated a lot of opposition in the south because the south was agriculturally oriented and believed that the tariff was just hiking up the prices (favoring the north); referred to as the "tariff of abominations" because it raised the prices paid by southern consumers to benefit the north. It was seen as unfair and put them at a disadvantage, so the SC legislature threatened to nullify it.

Evaluate the relationship between state governments and the federal government throughout the antebellum period.

state governments tried to get as much control as they could, but the federal government tried taking over everything by taking over internal improvements, the bank, indian relations, etc