unit 4 quizzes

which of the following is correctly matched? indirect contact airborn -- measles, coronavirus, tuberculosis indirect contact vector -- malaria, zika virus, lyme disease indirect contact fomite -- hepatitis from needles

all are correctly matched

which of the following is an example of a portal of entry that contains mucous membranes? - respiratory tract - urogenital tract - gastrointestinal tract

all of the above

which of the following antibiotics method of action is target the cell wall? - vancomycin - bacitracin - cephalosporin - penicillin

all of the choices are correct

which of the following for chlorine is correct? - targets proteins and nucleic acids - is disinfectant - an example is bleach - halogen

all of the choices are correct

the least numerous of all white blood cells that release histamine during inflammation and allergic reactions are ________.

basophils

antimicrobials effective against a wide variety of microbial types are termed _________.

broad-spectrum drugs

an antimicrobial drug that is effective against a very diverse array of bacteria is described as _________ spectrum, whereas a drug that is very selective for just a few different types of bacteria is described as __________ spectrum.

broad; narrow

a relationship in which one partner benefits and the other is unaffected is termed

commensalism

an infectious disease which is transmitted from one person to another, such as influenze, is specifically referred to as a ____________ infectious disease

communicable

which of the following is not a part of the second line of defense? - antibody production - complement proteins - phagocytosis - inflammation - fever

complement proteins

the use of a physical or chemical process to destroy vegetative pathogens on inanimate objects is _______.

disinfection

which of the following is/are the most resistant to destruction by typical disinfection methods?

endospores of Bacillus and Clostridium

a phagocyte is a cell that

engulfs other cells and debris

the study of the frequency and distribution of a disease in a defined population is _________.

epidemiology

penicillin was discovered by

fleming

sulfa drugs work on

folic acid biosynthesis

on a blood agar plate, if alpha hemolysins are present _________ is seen.

green/brown around colonies

the chemical agent that is an oxidizing agent that mainly targets proteins and nucleic acids; used on soft contact lenses, fabrics, and ventilators; used on wounds

hydrogen peroxide

type of anitmicrobial substance that is produced by mast cells adn basophils that causes vasodilation and helps in attachement of phagocyte to pathogen

leukotriene

________ are large phagocytic, pathogen-destroying cells in body tissues

macrophages

the skin and mucous membranes can be considered as a ____________, a part of innate immunity.

mechanical barrier

leukocidins and hemolysins are examples of:

membrane-disruption toxins

tetanus is a ____________ infectious disease

noncommunicable

the microorganisms that are regularly found in or on the body, yet do no apparent harm are called

normal microbiota

what are the four cardinal signs of local inflammation?

redness heat swelling pain

the greatest number of pathogens enter the body through the _________.

respiratory system

the body region where a ciliary escalator helps to sweep microbes trapped in mucus away from that body site is the ________.

respiratory tract

__________ solution was introduced in the late 19th century for preventing gonococcal infections in a newborn's eyes after exposure to the mother's infected birth canal

silver nitrate

Clostridium tetani, Rabies virus, and Staphylococcus aureus portal of entry is:

skin

which body region is protected by stratified squamous epithelium, low moisture content, and a tough cell barrier with its own normal biota?

skin

on the blood agar plate, if the agar remains unchanged the colonies are white, then this bacterium is present:

staphylococcus epidermidis

the process that destroys or removes all microorganisms and microbial forms, including bacterial endospores, on inanimate objects is ___________.

sterilization

anitmicrobials that kill microorganisms have the suffix

-cidal

which of the following is the correct order in phagocytosis? 1 - chemotaxis 2 - ingestion 3 - adherence 4 - digestion

1,3,2,4

typical conditions used for sterilization are

121 degrees C at 15 psi for 15 minutes

which infection has these facts? - can be found in 1-2% of the population - is a type of health-care associated/aquired infection - is resistant to many antibiotics

MRSA

the shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified temperature is the thermal death ____________ whereas the lowest temperature required to kill all microbes in a sample within 10 minutes is the thermal death ___________.

time; point

which of the following are most readily removed by handwashing? - transient organisms - pathogenic microorganisms - resident normal biota

transient microorganisms

adhesive pili, exotoxins, and capsules are all microbial factors that help them establish infections. These are examples of _____.

virulence factors