unit 4 quizzes
which of the following is correctly matched? indirect contact airborn -- measles, coronavirus, tuberculosis indirect contact vector -- malaria, zika virus, lyme disease indirect contact fomite -- hepatitis from needles
all are correctly matched
which of the following is an example of a portal of entry that contains mucous membranes? - respiratory tract - urogenital tract - gastrointestinal tract
all of the above
which of the following antibiotics method of action is target the cell wall? - vancomycin - bacitracin - cephalosporin - penicillin
all of the choices are correct
which of the following for chlorine is correct? - targets proteins and nucleic acids - is disinfectant - an example is bleach - halogen
all of the choices are correct
the least numerous of all white blood cells that release histamine during inflammation and allergic reactions are ________.
basophils
antimicrobials effective against a wide variety of microbial types are termed _________.
broad-spectrum drugs
an antimicrobial drug that is effective against a very diverse array of bacteria is described as _________ spectrum, whereas a drug that is very selective for just a few different types of bacteria is described as __________ spectrum.
broad; narrow
a relationship in which one partner benefits and the other is unaffected is termed
commensalism
an infectious disease which is transmitted from one person to another, such as influenze, is specifically referred to as a ____________ infectious disease
communicable
which of the following is not a part of the second line of defense? - antibody production - complement proteins - phagocytosis - inflammation - fever
complement proteins
the use of a physical or chemical process to destroy vegetative pathogens on inanimate objects is _______.
disinfection
which of the following is/are the most resistant to destruction by typical disinfection methods?
endospores of Bacillus and Clostridium
a phagocyte is a cell that
engulfs other cells and debris
the study of the frequency and distribution of a disease in a defined population is _________.
epidemiology
penicillin was discovered by
fleming
sulfa drugs work on
folic acid biosynthesis
on a blood agar plate, if alpha hemolysins are present _________ is seen.
green/brown around colonies
the chemical agent that is an oxidizing agent that mainly targets proteins and nucleic acids; used on soft contact lenses, fabrics, and ventilators; used on wounds
hydrogen peroxide
type of anitmicrobial substance that is produced by mast cells adn basophils that causes vasodilation and helps in attachement of phagocyte to pathogen
leukotriene
________ are large phagocytic, pathogen-destroying cells in body tissues
macrophages
the skin and mucous membranes can be considered as a ____________, a part of innate immunity.
mechanical barrier
leukocidins and hemolysins are examples of:
membrane-disruption toxins
tetanus is a ____________ infectious disease
noncommunicable
the microorganisms that are regularly found in or on the body, yet do no apparent harm are called
normal microbiota
what are the four cardinal signs of local inflammation?
redness heat swelling pain
the greatest number of pathogens enter the body through the _________.
respiratory system
the body region where a ciliary escalator helps to sweep microbes trapped in mucus away from that body site is the ________.
respiratory tract
__________ solution was introduced in the late 19th century for preventing gonococcal infections in a newborn's eyes after exposure to the mother's infected birth canal
silver nitrate
Clostridium tetani, Rabies virus, and Staphylococcus aureus portal of entry is:
skin
which body region is protected by stratified squamous epithelium, low moisture content, and a tough cell barrier with its own normal biota?
skin
on the blood agar plate, if the agar remains unchanged the colonies are white, then this bacterium is present:
staphylococcus epidermidis
the process that destroys or removes all microorganisms and microbial forms, including bacterial endospores, on inanimate objects is ___________.
sterilization
anitmicrobials that kill microorganisms have the suffix
-cidal
which of the following is the correct order in phagocytosis? 1 - chemotaxis 2 - ingestion 3 - adherence 4 - digestion
1,3,2,4
typical conditions used for sterilization are
121 degrees C at 15 psi for 15 minutes
which infection has these facts? - can be found in 1-2% of the population - is a type of health-care associated/aquired infection - is resistant to many antibiotics
MRSA
the shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified temperature is the thermal death ____________ whereas the lowest temperature required to kill all microbes in a sample within 10 minutes is the thermal death ___________.
time; point
which of the following are most readily removed by handwashing? - transient organisms - pathogenic microorganisms - resident normal biota
transient microorganisms
adhesive pili, exotoxins, and capsules are all microbial factors that help them establish infections. These are examples of _____.
virulence factors