Unit 5: Agriculture and rural land use vocabulary
westward migration on agriculture
After the War of 1812, the sharply rising prices of agricultural commodities pulled settlers westward to find more arable land and become farmers. Example: In Photo
tertiary economic activities
the part of the economy that involves services rather than goods. EX. tertiary jobs include construction, trade, finance, real estate, private services, government, and transportation.
secondary economic activities
the part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods. Grows quickly as societies industrialize >>refining petroleum into gasoline and turning metals into tools and automobiles.
vertical integration
Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution
quinary economic activities
Quinary activities are services that focus on the creation, re-arrangement and interpretation of new and existing ideas; data interpretation and the use and evaluation of new technologies. Often referred to as 'gold collar' professions, they represent another subdivision of the tertiary sector representing special and highly paid skills of senior business executives, government officials, research scientists, financial and legal consultants <<which includes the highest levels of decision making in a society or economy.>>
seed agriculture
Reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which result from sexual fertilization. >> most farmers today practice this type of agriculture.
subsistence agriculture
Self-sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not for trade or sell.
intensive subsistence agriculture
#2 A form of subsistence agriculture characteristics of Asia's major population concentrations in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.
third agricultural revolution
'Green Revolution' Rapid diffusion of new agricultural techniques between 1970's and 1980's, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers. Has caused agricultural productivity at a global scale to increase faster than population growth. Currently in progress, the Third Agricultural Revolution has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's)
environmental impacts of Modern Agriculture
- Erosion: Cleared land Forest are cleared for farming and immdediately begins to erode away by wind or running water - Changes in the organic content of soil: The more pressure there is on land to be farmed intensely, the more likely it becomes for soil to lose its fertility - Depletion of natural vegetation: this problem is especially acute when commercial agriculture expands into marginal environments; livestock herding moves into arid or semi-arid areas, natural vegetation in these areas cannot always sustain the herd. - Presence of chemicals in soil and ground water: chemicals are left in soils bc of the fertilizers, this now into recent trend to organic agriculture.
triple cropping
-Growing three crops on the same field in a given year -Farmers who practice this method hope to triple their harvest
industrial revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. IN mid-1700s
dairy farming
A form of commercial livestock production where cattle is used for the processing of milk and other dairy products. Prevalent in Northern Europe and in the Northern United States. Are usually around big urban areas
intensive subsistence
A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land. type of agriculture is practiced by the largest percentage of the world's people, bc of lack of income?
biotechnology/genetic engineering
A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes. >> this experiments began with hybrid rice initiatives in the US midwest in the 1930s.
fertile crescent
A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates >>an area of rich farmland in Southwest Asia where the first civilizations began
pampas
A grasslands region in Argentina and Uruguay
plantation farming
A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.Tropics In LDCs Owned by MDCs Cash crops
location theory
A logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated.
metes and bounds
A method of land description which involves identifying distances and directions and makes use of both the physical boundaries and measurements of the land. Approach where natural features are used to mark irregular parcels of land.
dispersed settlement pattern
A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages. >>extensive agriculture EX. most farms across the Midwestern US are large, houses are spaced far apart, and land is farmed fairly intensively by machines
food chain
A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. In Ap human geography, the food chain is probably how food is distributed across the world. Example: Some countries in Africa do not have sources of food or water.
villages
A small number of people who live in a cluster of houses in a rural area, slightly larger than a hamlet ROUND VILLAGES- This most traditional style is found in East Africa and parts of Europe, and it features houses that circle around a central corral for animals, with fields extending outside the ring of houses/to protect cattle WALLED VILLAGES- Developed in order to protect villages from attack, This villages in Europe were often surrounded by moats. GRID VILLAGES- These more modern villages are laid out in straight street patterns that run in parallel and perpendicular lines, Grids are also used in cities, and work best in areas with FLAT LAND. LINEAR VILLAGED- These modern settlements follow major roads, often one single thoroughfare lined with houses, businesses, and public buildings CLUSTER VILLAGES- More than one major road that they build along, they also may have housing that clusters around large public buildings, such as churches, temples, mosques, livestock corrals, or grain bins
primogeniture
A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.
NAFTA 1994
A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries. 1994
pastoral Nomadism
A traditional subsistence agricultural system in which practitioners depend on the seasonal movements of livestock within marginal natural environments.
grain farming
A type of commercial agriculture, is considered extensive and mechanized, that produces mainly wheat. The mass planting and harvesting of grain crops, such as, barley, and millet. >>Winter wheat: the crop in planted in the autumn Survives the winter Ripens in following summer.
nomadism
A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water.
salinization
Accumulation of salts in soil that can eventually make the soil unable to support plant growth.
capital intensive agriculture
Agriculture in which a large amount of capital is applied per unit of output. Form of agriculture that uses mechanical goods such as machinery, tools, vehicles, and facilities to produce large amounts of agricultural goods-a process requiring very little human labor.
commercial agriculture economy
All agricultural activity generated for the purpose of selling, not necessarily for local consumption. Example of a country with this type of economy is the United States, Canada, Europe, and parts of Australia.
rectangular survey system
Also called the Public Land Survey, the system was used by the US Land Office Survey to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains. The system divides land into a series of rectangular parcels.
"world breadbasket"
An agricultural area that provides large amounts of food, especially grain, to other areas. US mid west
mediterranean agriculture
An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados, olives, and a host of nuts, fruits, and vegetables comprise profitable agricultural operations.>> mostly horticulture
livestock ranching
An extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic spaces typically located in semi-arid climates like the American West.
service industry
Any kind of economic activity that produces a service rather than a product
rural land use and settlement patterns
As the variety of agricultural regions, rural land may be put to many uses, including both subsistence and commercial farming. For subsistence farming, the land and climate largely determine what crops may be grown as well as how they are cultivated. For commercial farmers rural land use is also influenced by access to markets, competition from other farmers, an government regulations and subsidies.
environmental modification
Changes in the ecosystem resulting from human activities such as the use of pesticides, soil erosion, desertification.
pesticides
Chemicals used on plants that do not harm the plants, but kill pests and have negative repercussions on other species who ingest the chemicals.
truck farming
Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities.
desertification
Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. Usually happens when a land is overused.
farm crisis
During war, higher demand farmers bought land. Then demand goes down, overproduction, no money to pay off loans. Dust Bowl.
top soil loss
Erosion of exposed top soil due to wing and water which may remove as much as 6.0- 7.6 tons per acre each year in U.S. Process is hastened by agriculture, deforestation, flooding and severe storms. Where does it go? May be carried hundreds of miles in the wind, muddy rivers and creeks are evidence of topsoil removal upstream.
seed agriculture hearths
Ethiopia, Western India, North Eastern China
sustainable agriculture
Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil- restoring crops with cash crops and reducing in-puts of fertilizer and pesticides. Example: Recycling crop waste and livestock manure, growing peanuts or alafa to enrich soil with nitrogen and producing nitrogen artificially.
double cropping
Harvesting twice a year from the same field.
mechanization
In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines.
mechanization
In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines. Among the first processes to be mechanized were the spinning of cotton thread and the weaving of cloth in late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century England.
quaternary economic activities
It includes service jobs concerned with research and development, management, and administration and processing and disseminating information. It is often seen as a subset of the tertiary sector
Von Thunen model
Market Gardening and Dairy- Nearest to town, perishable products. More expensive to deliver and need faster transportation before products spoil Forest- In Von Thunen's day, towns were still surrounded by belts of forest that provided wood for fuel and construction. Closeness to market is important because trees are bulky and heavy to transport Field Crops- Less perishable crops, usually rotated from one year to the next. Animal Grazing- The outermost ring was devoted to livestock grazing, which required lots of space. Beyond this ring, became unprofitable to farm commercially because the transportation costs became too high.
industrial agriculture
Modern farming that refers to the industrialized production of livestock, poultry, fish, and crops. Intensive farming practices involving mechanization and mass production, >> Farmers produce not for their own subsistence but for a market that is part of a complex system that includes mining, manufacturing, processing, and service activities.
20th century american agriculture
More technology and crops were available. Examples: Machines, Fertilization, Biotechnology, genetically altered crops, etc.
enclosure
One of the fenced-in or hedged-in fields created by wealthy British landowners on land that was formerly worked by village farmers.
food security
Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
feedlots
Places where livestock are concentrated in a very small area and raised on hormones and hearty grains that prepare them for slaughter at a much more rapid rate than grazing; often referred to as factory farms.
early european settlement
St. Augustine, Florida, founded in 1565, was repeatedly attacked and burned, but was the first permanent European settlement in what is now the continental United States.??????
irrigation
Supplying land with water through a network of canals
patriarchal system
System in which men hold power in the family, economy, and government.
commercial agriculture
Term used to describe large-scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology. Example: There are 7 types of commercial agriculture: Mixed crop and livestock farming, Dairy farming, Grain farming, Livestock ranching, Mediterranean Agriculture, Commercial gardening and fruit farming and Plantation farming.
milkshed
The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied. ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling
livestock fattening
The deliberate adding of weight to animals, such as cows and hogs, to increase their sale price. a commercial type of agriculture that produces fattened cattle and hogs for meat
columbian exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. Began in the late 15th and 16th centuries, when products were carried both ways across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
vegetative planting hearths
The first plants domesticated in Southeast Asia included roots such as the Taro and Yam, and Tree Crops such as the Banana and Palm. Other early hearths were in West Africa and South America
horticulture
The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.
intertillage
The growing of various types of crops where farming is done almost exclusively by hand
second agriculture revolution
The introduction of technology to agriculture resulted in increased yields for commercial sale. the Second Agriculture Revolution witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce. >>Happened before Industrial revolution.
transhumance
The movements of livestock according to seasonal patterns, generally lowland areas in the winter, and highland areas in the summer.
crop rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.Ex:Different crops take different nutrients from the soil, but commercial farmers make more intensive use of their soil that shifting agriculturalists do, with the latter leaving fields fallow for long intervals.
agribusiness
The set of economic and political relationships that organize food production for commercial purposes. It includes activities ranging from seed production, to retailing, to consumption of agricultural products.
neolithic revolution
The switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle is this revolution. the ability to settle was based almost entirely on successful cultivation of crops and domestication of animals.
shifting cultivation
The use of tropical FOREST CLEARING for crop production (by burning them down) until their FERTILITY IS LOST. Plots are then ABANDONED, and farmers move on to new sites. referred as "Slash and Burn" "Swidden
labor intensive agricultural
Type of agriculture that requires large levels of manual labor to be successful.
housing styles
WOOD- now a days wood is shipped to most corners of the world, Log House originated in Northern Europe. Not a primary building material. IN eastward from Scandinavia through Russia to the Pacific coast BRICK- Wet mud mixed with straw is used in Middle East, Northern China, SouthWestern US, and MExico STONE- Natural stone has long been used in home construction. ANdes Mountains=No mortar. MOre typically houses of natural stone are built with cement mortar WATTLE- Refers to poles and sticks woven tightly together and then covered with mud. FOUND in SOutheast Asia and the Amazonian River Basin.
animal domestication
When animals are tamed and used for food and profit. the first domesticated animals were probably dogs, pigs, and chickens.
cash crops
a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.
green revolution
a large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties. Which involved two important practices: the use of new higher-yield seeds and the expanded use of fertilizers
mixed crop
both animal and crops are farmed in the same area, it's helpful because farmers could distribute the workload more evenly through the year, these farmers do crop rotation to take advantage of the land year round
combines
agricultural machines that cut, thresh, and clean a grain crop in one operation. Example: These machines are examples of mechanization.
agricultural hearths
areas of settlement during the neolithic period, especially along major rivers, from where farming and cultivation of livestock eminates. EX.For example, the people settling along the major rivers in China did not learn to farm because they were in contact with the people in the Indus River area. Instead, people in both areas probably figured out the advantages of settled life on their own, and both served as agricultural hearths. >>Fertile Crescent, China around the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers, and Mesoamerica. >>Southeast Asia, West Africa, West South AMerica
extensive subsistence agriculture
consists of any agricultural economy in which the crops and/or animals are used nearly exclusively for local or family consumption on large areas of land and minimal labor input per acre. >>use of little labor and capital to increase agricultural productivity
cereal grains
corn, wheat, rice, and other grasses
genetically modified organisms
crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods
mercantilism
developed most effectively by the British and the Ditch, with private companies under charter from the governments carrying out the trade. The main goal of this was to BENEFIT the MOTHER COUNTRY by trading goods to accumulate precious metals to enrich the country, usually it would be sold back to the poor country.
long lot survey system
divided land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals >> This approach gives more people access to transportation and has been used in the Canadian Maritimes, Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas.
vegetative planting
earliest form of plant cultivation; reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants, such as cutting stems and dividing roots
industry
economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories.
hunters and gatherers
hunters gained skills in capturing and killing animals, and gatherer learned which plants and fruits were edible and nutritious.
subsistence agriculture economy
non-monetary economy which relies on natural resources to provide for basic needs, through hunting, gathering, and subsistence agriculture. Most basic form of Economy
wet or low land rice
planted on dry land in a nursery and then moves as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth. >> in East and South ASia
commercial gardening and fruit farming
predominant type of agriculture in the U.S. Southeast; grows many fruits and vegetables that consumers demand in MDCs such as apples, asparagus, cherries, lettuce, mushrooms, and tomatoes
commodity chains
refers to the set of economic actors and activities involved in the creation of a good or service. Each part of the process, from design through production, distribution and consumption, represents a discrete link in the chain.
nucleated settlement pattern
settlement clustered around a central point, such as a village green or church. Nucleation is fostered by defense considerations, localized water supply, the incidence of flooding, or rich soils so that farmers can easily get to their smaller, productive fields while continuing to live in the village. Relatively small surroundings fields, land use is intense, but people and animals do the work.
hamlets
smallest of urban settlements with counted population, small clusters of buildings.
primary economic activities
the part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment. The primary sector-Agriculture, raising animals, fishing, forestry, and mining >> largest in low-income, pre-industrial nations
creative destruction
the creation of new products and production methods completely destroys the market positions of firms that are wedded to existing products and older ways of doing business
agriculture
the deliberate tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber.
specialization
the growing of specialized crops because they seem to be the most profitable. Farmers must weigh in costs or production, such as machinery, fuel, fertilizer, and labor. And deal with unpredictable weather and/or disease.
