unit 5 AP PSYCH pretest

The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every

90 minutes

Mark's abuse of alcohol and other addictive drugs is influenced by genetic factors, by the ready availability of drugs in Mark's neighborhood, and by Mark's failure to accurately assesses the risks associated with drug usage. AN understanding of Mark's difficulties within the framework of multiple levels of analysis is most clearly provided by

A biopsychosocial approach

Daniel Kahneman and his colleagues found that the daily moods of working women were most heavily influenced by

A good night's sleep

Circadian rhythm refers to

A pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycles

Twenty-two-year-old Felicia scores high in hypnotic responsiveness as measured by the Standford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale. Research suggests that Felicia may also have

A rich fantasy life

Dissociation refers to

A state of divided consciousness

Hypnotically age-regressed people

Act as they believe children would, but outperform real children

Which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation

Activation-synthesis theory

Twenty-eight-year-old theordore has an irrational fear of dogs. His therapist hypnotizes him and asks him to mentally relieve his earliest childhood experience with a dog. The therapist is making use of

Age regression

Under hypnosis, Mrs. Mohammad is encouraged by her therapist to vividly experience and describe the details of an argument she had with her father when she was a child. The therapist is employing a technique called

Age regression

Research has shown that having an identical rather than a fraternal twin with alcohol dependece puts one at an increased risk for alcohol problems. This finding suggest that

Alcohol abuse may be significantly influenced by genetics

Why is it dangerous to combine alcohol with a sleeping pill?

Alcohol and sleeping pills are depressants; their combined action reduces nervous system activity and can lead to death

In contrast to alcohol, marijuana

Amplifies sensitivity to sounds

As a participant in a sleep-research study for the past three nights, Tim has been repeatedly disturbed during REM sleep. Tonight, when allowed to sleep undisturbed, Tim will likely experience

An increase in REM sleep

Sleeptalking may occur during

Any stage of sleep

People with sleep apnea do not recall being awake and gasping for air, then falling back to sleep. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

Anything that happens during the 5 minutes just before we fall asleep is typically lost from memory.

Dreams often involve sudden emotional reactions and surprising changes in scene. This best serves to support the theory that dreams

Are triggered by random bursts of neural activity

Which of the following is most accurate about a typical night's sleep?

As sleep progresses, stage 3 and stage 4 sleep diminish while REM sleep increases

In one study, both hypnotized and unhypnotized subjects were told to throw acid in a researcher's face. In this experiment, hypnotized people

Behaved in the same fashion an unhypnotized individuals

Those who emphasize that mood fluctuations may be indicative of seasonal addictive disorder are highlighting the importance of

Biological rhythms

When cocaine is snorted, free-base, or injected, it produces a rush of euphoria by

Blocking the reuptake of dopamine

After 4 years of working nights, Raymond now works days. His present difficulty in getting to sleep at night is most likely due to a disruption of his normal

Circadian rhythm

After flying from California to NY, Arthur experiences a restless, sleepless night. His problem was most likely caused by a disruption of his normal

Circadian rhythm

Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the

Circadian rhythm

With the approach of night, our body temperature begins to drop. This best illustrates the dynamic of the

Circadian rhythm

Prior to age 9, children's dreams seem more like a slide show and less like an active story in which the dreamer is an actor. This best illustrates that the content of dreams reflects children's

Cognitive development

Until reading this question you were unaware that your shoes are pressing against your feet. This focusing of your conscious attention, or selective attention, illustrates that

Conscious awareness is one part of the dual processing that occurs in our two-track minds

People become unresponsive to hypnosis if told that those who are highly gullible are easily hypnotized. This fact is most consistent with the theory that hypnosis involves

Conscious role-playing

The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called

Delta waves

Sleep deprivation has been shown to

Diminish immunity to disease

Research indicates that alcohol

Disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memories

One plausible theory suggests that hypnosis relieves pain by

Distracting attention

One theory suggests that the brain activity associated with ____ is helpful for developing and preserving neural pathways in the brain

Dreaming

Which of the following is bad advice for a person trying to overcome insomnia

Drink a glass of wine 15 minutes before bedtime

The release of stored serotonin and the eventual damage of serotonin-producing neurons is most closely associated with the long-term use of

Ecstasy

Which of the following is an amphetamine derivative that acts as a mild hallucinogen?

Ecstasy

Slow-wave sleep promotes

Effective memory

Research has indicated that hypnosis

Enables some people to undergo surgery with only a local anesthesia

Like his father, Martin has been abusing alcohol for many years. Using the biopsychosocial approach in helping him understand his behavior, psychologists would

Examine additional psychological and social-cultural influences on his alcohol use

The greatest danger of viewing drug addiction as a disease is that this may lead drug addicts to

Feel powerless to overcome the addiction

Research suggests that an important factor contributing to drug by young and young adults is

Feeling that one's life is meaningless

The impact of circadian rhythms is best illustrated by

Fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a day

Bats need a lot of sleep because their high waking metabolism produces ____ that are toxic to neurons

Free radicals

Adolescents are most likely to start smoking in order to

Gain social acceptance

Adopted individuals are more susceptible to alcohol dependence if one or both biological parents have a history of it. This indicates that alcohol dependence is

Genetically influenced

Some people function well with fewer than 6 hours of sleep per night, while others need 9 hours or more. Such differences in individual sleep patterns suggest that

Genetics makes a difference in how much sleep we need and get

Which of the following typically occur(s) during REM sleep?

Genital arousal

The best predictor of an adolescent's pattern of drug usage is whether the adolescent

Has close friends who use drugs

After sleeping for about an hour and a half, Jose enters a phase of paradoxical sleep. He is likely to

Have very relaxed muscles

Hypnosis involves a state of

Heightened openness to suggestion

The occurrence of REM rebound supports the notion that

Humans, like most other mammals, need REM sleep

Ernest Hilgard suggested that participants felt little pain when their arms were lowered into ice baths because

Hypnosis dissociates the pain sensation from the emotional suffering that people expect from pain

Advocated of the social influence theory of hypnosis are likely to argue that

Hypnotized people are simply enacting the role of good hypnotic subjects

Which of the following is true of alcohol?

In large doses, it is a depressant; in small doses, it is a depressant

How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep?

In response to decreasing light, the hypothalamus' suprachiasmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep

Traffic accident rates have been found to ________ after the spring change to daylight savings time and to ______ after the fall change back to standard time

Increase; decrease

(1) Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that

Individuals who are given morphine for pain relief seldom develop the irresistible cravings of an addict

Research indicated that the percentage of total sleep spent in REM sleep is higher in ____ than in _____

Infants; adults

Researchers have demonstrated that people trained to perform tasks recall them better after a nights sleep than after several hours awake. This finding suggests that sleep

Is for making memories

What is the danger of labeling behaviors such as too much eating, shopping, exercise, sex, or gambling as addictions?

It can be used as an "all-purpose" excise to explain away the behaviors

Which of the following is true of melatonin?

It is a sleep hormone released by the pineal gland into the bloodstream

According to Freud the latent content of a dream refers to

Its underlying but censored meaning

Jason has been smoking marijuana. Which of the following best describes the effects of this psychoactive drug on Jason's behavior?

Jason will become relaxed and experience mild hallucinations, followed by memory loss

After ingesting a small dose of psychoactive drug, Laqueta experiences vivd visual hallucinations and felt as if she were separated from her own body. Laqueta most likely experienced the effects of

LSD

An altered state of consciousness in which people experience fantastic images and often feel separated from their bodies is most closely associated with the use of

LSD

An altered state of consciousness similar to that of a near-death experience is most likely to result from the use of

LSD

Which of the following is a psychedelic drug?

LSD

According to Freud the personally threatening and censored meaning of a dream is its

Latent content

Greg remembered a recent dream in which his girlfriend suddenly grabbed the wheel of his speeding car. Gregs therapist suggest that the dream might be a representation of the filfriends efforts to avoid sexual intimacy. Accoridng to Frued, the therapist was attempting to reveal the ____ of gregs dream

Latent content

The emotional ton of our dreams is especially likely to be influenced by activation of the ______ during REM sleep

Limbic system

(2) Research on the use of addictive drugs indicated that

Many people are able to stop using addictive drugs without professional help

THC, the active ingredient in ______, is classified as a _____

Marijuana; hallucinogen

When light strikes the retina, it signals the suprachiasmatic nucleus to alter ____ production by the pineal gland

Melatonin

By 1960, the study of consciousness had been revived by psychologists' renewed interest in

Mental processes

The best indication that dreaming serves a necessary biological function is provided by the fact that

Most mammals experience REM rebound

About three hours after he falls asleep, Bobby often sits up in bed screaming incoherently. His mother tries to awaken him, but with no success. His pulse races and he gasps for breath. The next morning, he remembers nothing. It appears that Bobby suffers from

Night terrors

Research indicated that memories retrieved during hypnosis are

Often a combination of fact and fiction

Near-death experiences are

Often accompanied by visions of bright lights

Morphine and heroin are

Opiates

Consciousness is

Our awareness of ourselves and environment

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because

Our nervous system is highly active while our while our voluntary muscles hardly move

Research studies of the content of dreams indicate that

People are more likely to dream of failure than of success

Which of the following is evidence for cultural influences on sleep patterns

People in countries without electric lights generally sleep longer

The activation-synthesis theory best helps to explain why

People often experience sudden visual images during REM sleep

Psychial pain and intense cravings indicate

Physical dependence

Unpleasant withdrawal symptoms are indicative of

Physical dependence

Which of the following provides the clearest indication of a drug addiction?

Physical dependence

Deep sleep appears to play an important role in

Physical growth

Just prior to awakening Chinua from a hypnotic state. The therapist told him that during the next few days he would feel nauseous whenever he reached for a cigarette. Chinua's therapist was attempting to make use of

Posthypnotic suggestion

While Bev was hypnotized, her therapist suggested that during the next several days sge would have a strong desire to eat well-balanced meals. The therapist was apparently making use of

Posthypnotic suggestion

Alchohol, marijuana, cocaine, and a wide variety of other chemical agents that alter perceptions and moods are called

Psychoactive drugs

Although Max never experiences caffeine withdrawal symptoms, he feels that he needs coffee every morning as part of his daily routine. Max best illustrates

Psychological dependence

How did the definition of psychology change when behaviorism began to dominate the field

Psychology centered on direct observation of our actions

After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half, his heart began to beat faster, his breathing became fast and irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth. Carlos was most likely experiencing

REM sleep

At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of

REM sleep

Brain regions that are active as rats learn to navigate a maze show similar actvity patterns again as the rats later experience

REM sleep

Evidence that we consolidate our memories of recent life events through

REM sleep

Fast and jerky movements of the eyes are especially likely to be associated with

REM sleep

Genital arousal is most likely to be associated with

REM sleep

Nightmares are to ____ as night terrors are to ____

REM sleep; State 4 sleep

Paradoxical sleep is to slow-wave sleep as ____ sleep is to ____ sleep

REM; Stage 4

Drug tolerance refers to the

Reduced effect of a drug resulting from its regular usage

After drinking three cans of beer, Akiva felt less guilty about the way he mistreated his wife and children. Akiva's reduced guilt most likely resulted from the fact that his alcohol consumption has

Reduced his self-awareness

Studies of marijuana's effects indicate that

Regular users may achieve a high with less of the drug than occasional users

Which of the following is the best advice for a person concerned about occasional insomnia

Relax and drink a glass of milk before betime

Alpha waves are associated with

Relaxed but awake state

A rewarding consequence of cigarette smoking is that it reduces

Sensitivity to pain

When subjected to a painful medical procedure without the benefit of an anesthetic, a hypnotized person is most likely to

Show physiological activation of the sensory cortex

Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly Mr. Dayton suffers from

Sleep apnea

Obesity is a risk factor for developing which of the following sleep disorders?

Sleep apnea

Research on sleep patterns indicates that

Sleep patterns may be genetically influenced

The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during stage 2 sleep are called

Sleep spindles

The pituitary gland releases a growth hormone during

Slow-wave sleep

The claim that hypnotic phenomena are regulated by norma; conscious processes is associated with the theory that hypnosis reflects the power of

Social influence

Hypnotized people are no more likely to perform dangerous acts than those who are asked to simulate hypnosis. This fact is most consistent with

Social influence theory

Compared with when they were only 20-years old, 60 year-olds

Spend less time in deep sleep

The hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating are most likely to occur during which sleep stage

Stage 1

The brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to those of

Stage 1 sleep

People are particularly responsive to hypnosis if they

Strongly expect that they can be hypnotized

The circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to the

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

REM rebound involves the

Tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

What is most likely to occur when the brain is repeatedly flooded with artificial opiates?

The brain stop making dopamine

Sleep apnea is a disorder involving

The cessation of breathing during sleep

Our inability to fall asleep early as we had planned is most likely a reflection of

The circadian rhythm

Which of the following is true of "hypnotically refreshed" memories?

The combine fact and fiction

The altered state of consciousness that is most similar to a drug-induced hallucination is

The near-eath experience

After a stressful day at the office, Arthur has five or six drinks at a local bar before going home for dinner. Research suggests that Arthur's heavy drinking will have the most adverse effect on his ability to remember

The next day the names of the people he talked to and what he said while drinking

Hypnotized participants asked to lower their arm into an ice bath exhibited no pain when given that suggestion. Psychologists supporting the social influence theory would suggest that

The participant was caught up in playing the role of a "good hypnotic subject" and ignored pain

When people are experiencing vivid dreams

Their eyes are likely to move under their closed eyelids

What do methamphetamine, caffeine, and cocaine have in common?

They excite neural activity and arouse body functions

Which of the following is true of night terrors

They typically occur during Stage 4 of sleep

After suffering a trauma people commonly report an increase in

Threatening dreams

Researchers have demonstrated that hypnosis can be useful in

Treating obesity

Participants in a sexual stimulation study who mistakenly thought they had consumed alcohol were more likely to report having strong sexual fantasies and feeling guilt-free than those who thought they had not consumed alcohol. This study best illustrated the impact of

User expectations

Terry has not had a decent night of sleep in over a week. If this sleep deprivation continues, he will become increasingly susceptible to

Viral infections

Margie insists that she never dreams, but her sister feels she can prove otherwise. To prove that Margie does dream, the sister should

Wake Margie after 5 minutes of REM sleep and ask her what shes dreaming

Forty-year-old lance insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably

Would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep

Although repeated use of amphetamines has caused Aaron legal problems, which threaten his job, he continues to use the drugs. Aaron most clearly shows signs of

addiction

Compulsive craving for and use of a drugs is an indication of

addiction

Francois was dismayed t discover that some of his football teammates were using drugs to enhance their footwork and endurance on the playing field. Which of the following drugs were the players most likely using?

amphetamines

LSD and other powerful hallucinogens are chemically similar to, and therefore block the actions of, a subtype of the neurotransmitter serotonin. AT the synapse, these drugs act as a(n)

antagonists

WHich of the following is a common symptom of nicotine withdrawal?

anxiety

Sodium pentothal has sometimes been called a "truth serum" because it relaxes people and enables them to more freely disclose personally embarrassing experiences. It is most likely that sodium pentothal is a(n)

barbiturate

Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal, drugs prescribed to reduce insomnia, are

barbiturates

Which drugs are most likely to be prescribed as tranquilizers?

barbiturates

The school of thought in psychology that systematically avoided the study of consciousness during the first half of the last century was

behaviorism

To move beyond the "hypnosis is social influence" versus "hypnosis is divided consciousness" debate, today's hypnosis researchers are using a unified ____ approach

biopsychosocial

Understanding hypnosis in terms of focused attention, distinctive brain activity, and the presence of an authoritative presence in a legitimate context, requires an integrated ____ approach

biopsychosocial

Which of the following is the most widely consumed psychoactive substance?

caffeine

Which of the following psychoactive drug is most likely to impair people's ability to sleep?

caffeine

A brief 15- to 30- minute rush of euphoria followed by a crash of agitated depression is most closely associated with the use of

cocaine

Soon after taking a psychoactive drug, Zachary experiences a diminished appetite, an increased pulse rate, dilated pupils, and feelings of self-confidence and euphoria. Zachary most likely experienced the effects of

cocaine

Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memory by

decreasing REM sleep

One of the immediate effects of Ecstasy is

dehydration

Alcohol is considered a(n)

depressant

Drugs such as alcohol and opiates that calm neural activity and slow body functions are called

depressants

A split in consciousness in which some thoughts occur simultaneously with and yet separately from other thoughts is called

dissociation

Evidence that people in a posthypnotic state have no difficulty remembering everything they had learned while under hypnosis would most clearly serve to challenge

dissociation

People hypnotized for pain relief may show activity in brain areas that receive pain sensations but not in brain areas that make us consciously aware of the pain. This most directly supports the theory that hypnosis involves

dissociation

The divided-consciousness theory of hypnosis states that hypnosis involves

dissociation

Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her close lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is

dreaming

LSD is most likely to produce

hallucinations

Sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus are called

hallucinations

Soon after taking a psychoactive drug, Larisa's breathing slowed, her pupils constructed, and her feelings of anxiety were replaced by blissful pleasure. Larisa most likely experienced the effects of

heroin

Layla has difficulty going to sleep and staying asleep. Layla is most likely suffering from

insomnia

Josef a highschool student, tell shis therapist that he has had a recurring dream in which he hunts and kills a ferocious tiger. The therapist explains that the dream reflects Josefs unresolved feelings of hostility toward his father. Accoridng to Freud the therapist is revealing the possible___ content of Josephs dream

latent

As Inge recalled her dream, she was dancing with a tall dark gentleman when suddenly the music shifted to loud rock and the man disappeared. According to Freud, Inges account represents the ____ content of her dream

manifest

Freud called the remembered stormy line of a dream its _____content

manifest

Shane a straight-A student remembers dreaming that he failed an important chemistry test. According to Freud shanes account represents the ___ content of his dream

manifest

Mrs. Roberts, who suffers from AIDS, has been given an ordinarily illegal drug at the university hospital. Considering her specific medical condition, it is likely that she has received

marijuana

Regular users of ___ many achieve a high with smaller amounts of the drug than occasional users

marijuana

The British govt classifies the highly addictive crystallized form of ____ as one of the most dangerous of drugs

methamphetamine

When cocaine is injected or smoked, it produces a rush of euphoria that lasts 15 to 30 minutes. But the stimulant drug ____ can trigger 8 hours or so of heightened energy and euphoria.

methamphetamine

The lack of the neurotransmitter orexin has been linked to which of the following

narcolepsy

Which of the following sleep disorders would be the most incapacitating for a commercial bus driver?

narcolepsy

The change in brain chemistry that offsets the effects of a psychoactive drug is called

neuroadaptation

By triggering the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, ___ boosts alertness and diminishes appetite

nicotine

Which of the following drugs is classified as a stimulant?

nicotine

Chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote

obesity

If Marty doesn't drink caffeinated sodas daily, he experiences severe headaches. Marty is most clearly showing signs of

physical dependence

Some researchers sugges that the brain activity associated with REM sleep provides the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation. This fnding supports which of the following dream theories?

physiological

Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called ____ drugs

psychoactive

Alcohol consumption is LEAST likely to make people more

self-conscious

As drug users experience neuroadaptation, they demonstrate signs of

tolerance

The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of

tolerance

As oxygen deprivation just prior to death turns off the brain's inhibitory cells, neural activity increases in the

visual cortex

The discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of certain drugs is called

withdrawal