unit 5 AP PSYCH pretest
The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every
90 minutes
Mark's abuse of alcohol and other addictive drugs is influenced by genetic factors, by the ready availability of drugs in Mark's neighborhood, and by Mark's failure to accurately assesses the risks associated with drug usage. AN understanding of Mark's difficulties within the framework of multiple levels of analysis is most clearly provided by
A biopsychosocial approach
Daniel Kahneman and his colleagues found that the daily moods of working women were most heavily influenced by
A good night's sleep
Circadian rhythm refers to
A pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycles
Twenty-two-year-old Felicia scores high in hypnotic responsiveness as measured by the Standford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale. Research suggests that Felicia may also have
A rich fantasy life
Dissociation refers to
A state of divided consciousness
Hypnotically age-regressed people
Act as they believe children would, but outperform real children
Which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation
Activation-synthesis theory
Twenty-eight-year-old theordore has an irrational fear of dogs. His therapist hypnotizes him and asks him to mentally relieve his earliest childhood experience with a dog. The therapist is making use of
Age regression
Under hypnosis, Mrs. Mohammad is encouraged by her therapist to vividly experience and describe the details of an argument she had with her father when she was a child. The therapist is employing a technique called
Age regression
Research has shown that having an identical rather than a fraternal twin with alcohol dependece puts one at an increased risk for alcohol problems. This finding suggest that
Alcohol abuse may be significantly influenced by genetics
Why is it dangerous to combine alcohol with a sleeping pill?
Alcohol and sleeping pills are depressants; their combined action reduces nervous system activity and can lead to death
In contrast to alcohol, marijuana
Amplifies sensitivity to sounds
As a participant in a sleep-research study for the past three nights, Tim has been repeatedly disturbed during REM sleep. Tonight, when allowed to sleep undisturbed, Tim will likely experience
An increase in REM sleep
Sleeptalking may occur during
Any stage of sleep
People with sleep apnea do not recall being awake and gasping for air, then falling back to sleep. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?
Anything that happens during the 5 minutes just before we fall asleep is typically lost from memory.
Dreams often involve sudden emotional reactions and surprising changes in scene. This best serves to support the theory that dreams
Are triggered by random bursts of neural activity
Which of the following is most accurate about a typical night's sleep?
As sleep progresses, stage 3 and stage 4 sleep diminish while REM sleep increases
In one study, both hypnotized and unhypnotized subjects were told to throw acid in a researcher's face. In this experiment, hypnotized people
Behaved in the same fashion an unhypnotized individuals
Those who emphasize that mood fluctuations may be indicative of seasonal addictive disorder are highlighting the importance of
Biological rhythms
When cocaine is snorted, free-base, or injected, it produces a rush of euphoria by
Blocking the reuptake of dopamine
After 4 years of working nights, Raymond now works days. His present difficulty in getting to sleep at night is most likely due to a disruption of his normal
Circadian rhythm
After flying from California to NY, Arthur experiences a restless, sleepless night. His problem was most likely caused by a disruption of his normal
Circadian rhythm
Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the
Circadian rhythm
With the approach of night, our body temperature begins to drop. This best illustrates the dynamic of the
Circadian rhythm
Prior to age 9, children's dreams seem more like a slide show and less like an active story in which the dreamer is an actor. This best illustrates that the content of dreams reflects children's
Cognitive development
Until reading this question you were unaware that your shoes are pressing against your feet. This focusing of your conscious attention, or selective attention, illustrates that
Conscious awareness is one part of the dual processing that occurs in our two-track minds
People become unresponsive to hypnosis if told that those who are highly gullible are easily hypnotized. This fact is most consistent with the theory that hypnosis involves
Conscious role-playing
The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called
Delta waves
Sleep deprivation has been shown to
Diminish immunity to disease
Research indicates that alcohol
Disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memories
One plausible theory suggests that hypnosis relieves pain by
Distracting attention
One theory suggests that the brain activity associated with ____ is helpful for developing and preserving neural pathways in the brain
Dreaming
Which of the following is bad advice for a person trying to overcome insomnia
Drink a glass of wine 15 minutes before bedtime
The release of stored serotonin and the eventual damage of serotonin-producing neurons is most closely associated with the long-term use of
Ecstasy
Which of the following is an amphetamine derivative that acts as a mild hallucinogen?
Ecstasy
Slow-wave sleep promotes
Effective memory
Research has indicated that hypnosis
Enables some people to undergo surgery with only a local anesthesia
Like his father, Martin has been abusing alcohol for many years. Using the biopsychosocial approach in helping him understand his behavior, psychologists would
Examine additional psychological and social-cultural influences on his alcohol use
The greatest danger of viewing drug addiction as a disease is that this may lead drug addicts to
Feel powerless to overcome the addiction
Research suggests that an important factor contributing to drug by young and young adults is
Feeling that one's life is meaningless
The impact of circadian rhythms is best illustrated by
Fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a day
Bats need a lot of sleep because their high waking metabolism produces ____ that are toxic to neurons
Free radicals
Adolescents are most likely to start smoking in order to
Gain social acceptance
Adopted individuals are more susceptible to alcohol dependence if one or both biological parents have a history of it. This indicates that alcohol dependence is
Genetically influenced
Some people function well with fewer than 6 hours of sleep per night, while others need 9 hours or more. Such differences in individual sleep patterns suggest that
Genetics makes a difference in how much sleep we need and get
Which of the following typically occur(s) during REM sleep?
Genital arousal
The best predictor of an adolescent's pattern of drug usage is whether the adolescent
Has close friends who use drugs
After sleeping for about an hour and a half, Jose enters a phase of paradoxical sleep. He is likely to
Have very relaxed muscles
Hypnosis involves a state of
Heightened openness to suggestion
The occurrence of REM rebound supports the notion that
Humans, like most other mammals, need REM sleep
Ernest Hilgard suggested that participants felt little pain when their arms were lowered into ice baths because
Hypnosis dissociates the pain sensation from the emotional suffering that people expect from pain
Advocated of the social influence theory of hypnosis are likely to argue that
Hypnotized people are simply enacting the role of good hypnotic subjects
Which of the following is true of alcohol?
In large doses, it is a depressant; in small doses, it is a depressant
How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep?
In response to decreasing light, the hypothalamus' suprachiasmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep
Traffic accident rates have been found to ________ after the spring change to daylight savings time and to ______ after the fall change back to standard time
Increase; decrease
(1) Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that
Individuals who are given morphine for pain relief seldom develop the irresistible cravings of an addict
Research indicated that the percentage of total sleep spent in REM sleep is higher in ____ than in _____
Infants; adults
Researchers have demonstrated that people trained to perform tasks recall them better after a nights sleep than after several hours awake. This finding suggests that sleep
Is for making memories
What is the danger of labeling behaviors such as too much eating, shopping, exercise, sex, or gambling as addictions?
It can be used as an "all-purpose" excise to explain away the behaviors
Which of the following is true of melatonin?
It is a sleep hormone released by the pineal gland into the bloodstream
According to Freud the latent content of a dream refers to
Its underlying but censored meaning
Jason has been smoking marijuana. Which of the following best describes the effects of this psychoactive drug on Jason's behavior?
Jason will become relaxed and experience mild hallucinations, followed by memory loss
After ingesting a small dose of psychoactive drug, Laqueta experiences vivd visual hallucinations and felt as if she were separated from her own body. Laqueta most likely experienced the effects of
LSD
An altered state of consciousness in which people experience fantastic images and often feel separated from their bodies is most closely associated with the use of
LSD
An altered state of consciousness similar to that of a near-death experience is most likely to result from the use of
LSD
Which of the following is a psychedelic drug?
LSD
According to Freud the personally threatening and censored meaning of a dream is its
Latent content
Greg remembered a recent dream in which his girlfriend suddenly grabbed the wheel of his speeding car. Gregs therapist suggest that the dream might be a representation of the filfriends efforts to avoid sexual intimacy. Accoridng to Frued, the therapist was attempting to reveal the ____ of gregs dream
Latent content
The emotional ton of our dreams is especially likely to be influenced by activation of the ______ during REM sleep
Limbic system
(2) Research on the use of addictive drugs indicated that
Many people are able to stop using addictive drugs without professional help
THC, the active ingredient in ______, is classified as a _____
Marijuana; hallucinogen
When light strikes the retina, it signals the suprachiasmatic nucleus to alter ____ production by the pineal gland
Melatonin
By 1960, the study of consciousness had been revived by psychologists' renewed interest in
Mental processes
The best indication that dreaming serves a necessary biological function is provided by the fact that
Most mammals experience REM rebound
About three hours after he falls asleep, Bobby often sits up in bed screaming incoherently. His mother tries to awaken him, but with no success. His pulse races and he gasps for breath. The next morning, he remembers nothing. It appears that Bobby suffers from
Night terrors
Research indicated that memories retrieved during hypnosis are
Often a combination of fact and fiction
Near-death experiences are
Often accompanied by visions of bright lights
Morphine and heroin are
Opiates
Consciousness is
Our awareness of ourselves and environment
REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because
Our nervous system is highly active while our while our voluntary muscles hardly move
Research studies of the content of dreams indicate that
People are more likely to dream of failure than of success
Which of the following is evidence for cultural influences on sleep patterns
People in countries without electric lights generally sleep longer
The activation-synthesis theory best helps to explain why
People often experience sudden visual images during REM sleep
Psychial pain and intense cravings indicate
Physical dependence
Unpleasant withdrawal symptoms are indicative of
Physical dependence
Which of the following provides the clearest indication of a drug addiction?
Physical dependence
Deep sleep appears to play an important role in
Physical growth
Just prior to awakening Chinua from a hypnotic state. The therapist told him that during the next few days he would feel nauseous whenever he reached for a cigarette. Chinua's therapist was attempting to make use of
Posthypnotic suggestion
While Bev was hypnotized, her therapist suggested that during the next several days sge would have a strong desire to eat well-balanced meals. The therapist was apparently making use of
Posthypnotic suggestion
Alchohol, marijuana, cocaine, and a wide variety of other chemical agents that alter perceptions and moods are called
Psychoactive drugs
Although Max never experiences caffeine withdrawal symptoms, he feels that he needs coffee every morning as part of his daily routine. Max best illustrates
Psychological dependence
How did the definition of psychology change when behaviorism began to dominate the field
Psychology centered on direct observation of our actions
After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half, his heart began to beat faster, his breathing became fast and irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth. Carlos was most likely experiencing
REM sleep
At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of
REM sleep
Brain regions that are active as rats learn to navigate a maze show similar actvity patterns again as the rats later experience
REM sleep
Evidence that we consolidate our memories of recent life events through
REM sleep
Fast and jerky movements of the eyes are especially likely to be associated with
REM sleep
Genital arousal is most likely to be associated with
REM sleep
Nightmares are to ____ as night terrors are to ____
REM sleep; State 4 sleep
Paradoxical sleep is to slow-wave sleep as ____ sleep is to ____ sleep
REM; Stage 4
Drug tolerance refers to the
Reduced effect of a drug resulting from its regular usage
After drinking three cans of beer, Akiva felt less guilty about the way he mistreated his wife and children. Akiva's reduced guilt most likely resulted from the fact that his alcohol consumption has
Reduced his self-awareness
Studies of marijuana's effects indicate that
Regular users may achieve a high with less of the drug than occasional users
Which of the following is the best advice for a person concerned about occasional insomnia
Relax and drink a glass of milk before betime
Alpha waves are associated with
Relaxed but awake state
A rewarding consequence of cigarette smoking is that it reduces
Sensitivity to pain
When subjected to a painful medical procedure without the benefit of an anesthetic, a hypnotized person is most likely to
Show physiological activation of the sensory cortex
Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly Mr. Dayton suffers from
Sleep apnea
Obesity is a risk factor for developing which of the following sleep disorders?
Sleep apnea
Research on sleep patterns indicates that
Sleep patterns may be genetically influenced
The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during stage 2 sleep are called
Sleep spindles
The pituitary gland releases a growth hormone during
Slow-wave sleep
The claim that hypnotic phenomena are regulated by norma; conscious processes is associated with the theory that hypnosis reflects the power of
Social influence
Hypnotized people are no more likely to perform dangerous acts than those who are asked to simulate hypnosis. This fact is most consistent with
Social influence theory
Compared with when they were only 20-years old, 60 year-olds
Spend less time in deep sleep
The hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating are most likely to occur during which sleep stage
Stage 1
The brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to those of
Stage 1 sleep
People are particularly responsive to hypnosis if they
Strongly expect that they can be hypnotized
The circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to the
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
REM rebound involves the
Tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
What is most likely to occur when the brain is repeatedly flooded with artificial opiates?
The brain stop making dopamine
Sleep apnea is a disorder involving
The cessation of breathing during sleep
Our inability to fall asleep early as we had planned is most likely a reflection of
The circadian rhythm
Which of the following is true of "hypnotically refreshed" memories?
The combine fact and fiction
The altered state of consciousness that is most similar to a drug-induced hallucination is
The near-eath experience
After a stressful day at the office, Arthur has five or six drinks at a local bar before going home for dinner. Research suggests that Arthur's heavy drinking will have the most adverse effect on his ability to remember
The next day the names of the people he talked to and what he said while drinking
Hypnotized participants asked to lower their arm into an ice bath exhibited no pain when given that suggestion. Psychologists supporting the social influence theory would suggest that
The participant was caught up in playing the role of a "good hypnotic subject" and ignored pain
When people are experiencing vivid dreams
Their eyes are likely to move under their closed eyelids
What do methamphetamine, caffeine, and cocaine have in common?
They excite neural activity and arouse body functions
Which of the following is true of night terrors
They typically occur during Stage 4 of sleep
After suffering a trauma people commonly report an increase in
Threatening dreams
Researchers have demonstrated that hypnosis can be useful in
Treating obesity
Participants in a sexual stimulation study who mistakenly thought they had consumed alcohol were more likely to report having strong sexual fantasies and feeling guilt-free than those who thought they had not consumed alcohol. This study best illustrated the impact of
User expectations
Terry has not had a decent night of sleep in over a week. If this sleep deprivation continues, he will become increasingly susceptible to
Viral infections
Margie insists that she never dreams, but her sister feels she can prove otherwise. To prove that Margie does dream, the sister should
Wake Margie after 5 minutes of REM sleep and ask her what shes dreaming
Forty-year-old lance insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably
Would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep
Although repeated use of amphetamines has caused Aaron legal problems, which threaten his job, he continues to use the drugs. Aaron most clearly shows signs of
addiction
Compulsive craving for and use of a drugs is an indication of
addiction
Francois was dismayed t discover that some of his football teammates were using drugs to enhance their footwork and endurance on the playing field. Which of the following drugs were the players most likely using?
amphetamines
LSD and other powerful hallucinogens are chemically similar to, and therefore block the actions of, a subtype of the neurotransmitter serotonin. AT the synapse, these drugs act as a(n)
antagonists
WHich of the following is a common symptom of nicotine withdrawal?
anxiety
Sodium pentothal has sometimes been called a "truth serum" because it relaxes people and enables them to more freely disclose personally embarrassing experiences. It is most likely that sodium pentothal is a(n)
barbiturate
Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal, drugs prescribed to reduce insomnia, are
barbiturates
Which drugs are most likely to be prescribed as tranquilizers?
barbiturates
The school of thought in psychology that systematically avoided the study of consciousness during the first half of the last century was
behaviorism
To move beyond the "hypnosis is social influence" versus "hypnosis is divided consciousness" debate, today's hypnosis researchers are using a unified ____ approach
biopsychosocial
Understanding hypnosis in terms of focused attention, distinctive brain activity, and the presence of an authoritative presence in a legitimate context, requires an integrated ____ approach
biopsychosocial
Which of the following is the most widely consumed psychoactive substance?
caffeine
Which of the following psychoactive drug is most likely to impair people's ability to sleep?
caffeine
A brief 15- to 30- minute rush of euphoria followed by a crash of agitated depression is most closely associated with the use of
cocaine
Soon after taking a psychoactive drug, Zachary experiences a diminished appetite, an increased pulse rate, dilated pupils, and feelings of self-confidence and euphoria. Zachary most likely experienced the effects of
cocaine
Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memory by
decreasing REM sleep
One of the immediate effects of Ecstasy is
dehydration
Alcohol is considered a(n)
depressant
Drugs such as alcohol and opiates that calm neural activity and slow body functions are called
depressants
A split in consciousness in which some thoughts occur simultaneously with and yet separately from other thoughts is called
dissociation
Evidence that people in a posthypnotic state have no difficulty remembering everything they had learned while under hypnosis would most clearly serve to challenge
dissociation
People hypnotized for pain relief may show activity in brain areas that receive pain sensations but not in brain areas that make us consciously aware of the pain. This most directly supports the theory that hypnosis involves
dissociation
The divided-consciousness theory of hypnosis states that hypnosis involves
dissociation
Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her close lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is
dreaming
LSD is most likely to produce
hallucinations
Sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus are called
hallucinations
Soon after taking a psychoactive drug, Larisa's breathing slowed, her pupils constructed, and her feelings of anxiety were replaced by blissful pleasure. Larisa most likely experienced the effects of
heroin
Layla has difficulty going to sleep and staying asleep. Layla is most likely suffering from
insomnia
Josef a highschool student, tell shis therapist that he has had a recurring dream in which he hunts and kills a ferocious tiger. The therapist explains that the dream reflects Josefs unresolved feelings of hostility toward his father. Accoridng to Freud the therapist is revealing the possible___ content of Josephs dream
latent
As Inge recalled her dream, she was dancing with a tall dark gentleman when suddenly the music shifted to loud rock and the man disappeared. According to Freud, Inges account represents the ____ content of her dream
manifest
Freud called the remembered stormy line of a dream its _____content
manifest
Shane a straight-A student remembers dreaming that he failed an important chemistry test. According to Freud shanes account represents the ___ content of his dream
manifest
Mrs. Roberts, who suffers from AIDS, has been given an ordinarily illegal drug at the university hospital. Considering her specific medical condition, it is likely that she has received
marijuana
Regular users of ___ many achieve a high with smaller amounts of the drug than occasional users
marijuana
The British govt classifies the highly addictive crystallized form of ____ as one of the most dangerous of drugs
methamphetamine
When cocaine is injected or smoked, it produces a rush of euphoria that lasts 15 to 30 minutes. But the stimulant drug ____ can trigger 8 hours or so of heightened energy and euphoria.
methamphetamine
The lack of the neurotransmitter orexin has been linked to which of the following
narcolepsy
Which of the following sleep disorders would be the most incapacitating for a commercial bus driver?
narcolepsy
The change in brain chemistry that offsets the effects of a psychoactive drug is called
neuroadaptation
By triggering the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, ___ boosts alertness and diminishes appetite
nicotine
Which of the following drugs is classified as a stimulant?
nicotine
Chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote
obesity
If Marty doesn't drink caffeinated sodas daily, he experiences severe headaches. Marty is most clearly showing signs of
physical dependence
Some researchers sugges that the brain activity associated with REM sleep provides the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation. This fnding supports which of the following dream theories?
physiological
Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called ____ drugs
psychoactive
Alcohol consumption is LEAST likely to make people more
self-conscious
As drug users experience neuroadaptation, they demonstrate signs of
tolerance
The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of
tolerance
As oxygen deprivation just prior to death turns off the brain's inhibitory cells, neural activity increases in the
visual cortex
The discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of certain drugs is called
withdrawal
