Unit 5:Agriculture:Primary Economic Activities
Appellation
A name, title, or designation.Ex;Images
Renewable Resource
A natural resource that can be replaced at the same rate at which the resource is consumed.Ex:Images
Commodity Prices
A physical substance, such as food, grains, and metals, which is interchangeable with another product of the same type, and which investors buy or sell, usually through futures contracts. The price of the commodity is subject to supply and demand. Risk is actually the reason exchange trading of the basic agricultural products began. Ex:A farmer risks the cost of producing a product ready for market at sometime in the future because he doesn't know what the selling price will be.
Plantation Farming
A plantation is a large farm that specializes in one or two crops, and is found today in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Almost all crops are raised for export to high-consumption developed countries, and are called cash crops because they are raised to make money for their owners. Plantations are colonial legacies that persist in poorer, primarily tropical, countries along with subsistence farming. Cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber, and tobacco are usually grown on plantations in sparsely settled locations where owners import workers and provide them with food and housing. Until the 19th century, slave labor was employed, but today the workers are paid, although their room and board constitutes a large part of their salaries. Plantation agriculture predominated in the Southeastern United States until slavery was outlawed in the 1860s, when the land was subdivided and either sold to individual farmers or worked by tenant farmers. Today many plantations in former colonies are still owned by Western individuals or corporations.
Incentives
A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.Ex:Images
Tractors
A powerful motor vehicle with large rear wheels, used chiefly on farms for hauling equipment and trailers.Ex:Images
Irrigation Pumps
A pump used for providing water to a section of land. Maybe used on a farm, where a family's livelihood depends on irrigation.Can be purchased at low cost to move water to dryland farming regions.Ex;Images
Cultivars
A race or variety of a plant that has been created or selected intentionally and maintained through cultivation.Ex:Images
Food Chain
A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. Ex:Images
Conservation Agriculture
A set of soil management practices that minimize the disruption of the soils structure, composition, and natural biodiversity.A new way of farming based on optimizing crop yields and profits without depleting soil, encouraging erosion, and harming the environment.Ex:Images
Pesticides
Any one of various substances used to kill harmful insects (insecticide), fungi (fungicide), vermin, or other living organisms that destroy or inhibit plant growth, carry disease, or are otherwise harmful. Substances used for destroying things that are harmful to growing plants. Pesticides = Insect Resistant Herbicides = Weed resistant
Highlands
An area of high or mountainous land.Temperature and precipitation vary with latitude and elevation.Ex:Images
Global Patterns of Rural Land Use
An event which takes place across the earth in a similar fashion. But with land.
Labor Intensive
An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.Ex;Images
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
An organism produced by copying genes from a species with a desirable trait and inserting them into another species. Ex:Images
Labor-Intensive Animals
Animals that require constant tending, includes dairy cow and poultry for eggs.Ex:images
Farm Crisis
Any disaster or occurrence that interrupts a farming season and hurts the farms profits for that time.Ex:During war, higher demand farmers bought land. Then demand goes down, overproduction, no money to pay off loans.Dust Bowl.
Primary Economy
Any economic activity pertaining to the collecting, harvesting, and obtaining of raw material.Ex:It includes timber ,fisheries,and mineral and energy resources.
Crop
Any plant gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season.Ex:Images
Chemical Fertilizers
Any substance used to enhance the soil for growing purposes, especially a commercial or chemical manure.Ex:Images
Third World Countries
Are all the other countries, today often used to roughly describe the developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America.Ex:The term Third World includes as well capitalist (e.g., Venezuela) and communist (e.g., North Korea) countries, as very rich (e.g., Saudi Arabia) and very poor (e.g., Mali) countries.
Winter Wheat Area
Area in Kansas, Colorado, and Oklahoma, where the crop is planted in the autumn, survives the winter, and ripens the following summer.Ex:Images
Spring Wheat Area
Area in the Dakotas and Montana, where winters are too severe for winter wheat; and the Palouse region of Washington State.Ex:Images
Dispersed Settlement Pattern
Areas of extensive agricultural practices demonstrate a _______ _____ _____, with individual farmhouses lying quite far apart._____ ___ _____ may also exist in areas where machinery makes intensive cultivation over large areas possible.Ex: Most farms across the Midwestern U.S. are large, houses are spaced far apart, and land is farmed fairly intensively by machines.
4 crop Hearths
Southwest Asia: barley wheat lentil olive, East Asia Rice, Sub-Saharan Africa:Sorghum yams milet, Latin America Squash,Pepper,Cassava ,Lima Bean ,Maize. Ex:Image
Subsistence Agriculture vs Commercial Agriculture
Subsistence Agriculture: Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family; countries are paying farmers not to be nomads anymore.Almost half are farmers in developing countries. Commercial Agriculture: Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.Found in developed countries and it is usually a single crop.Few tractors for a big plot of land. % of people in subsistence agriculture-44% % of people in commercial agriculture-Only 2% of workers are farmers in the US.We are able to create enough food for the country as well as other countries with just that 2% of people.Ex:image
Patriarchal System
System in which men hold power in the family, economy, and government.Ex: Images
Mixed Crop
System of sowing two or three crops together on the same land, one being the main crop and the others the subsidiaries. Ex:Images
Third Agricultural Revolution
The Third Agricultural Revolution began in the mid20th century and is still going on today in the form of industrial agriculture, modern farming that refers to the industrialized production of livestock, poultry, fish, and crops.It is based on new, higher-yielding varieties of crops developed in laboratories and plant nurseries through biotechnology, the use of genetically altered crops in agriculture and DNA manipulation in livestock in order to increase production.
Winter Wheat
Wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the early summer.It is grown in more southern areas of the Great Plains,where ground freezing is less likely. Kansas, Oklahoma,and Colorado make up for most of the ___ ____ production in the U.S. Ex:Images
Spring Wheat
Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer.it is grown in northern areas such as Minnesota,the Dakotas,Alberta,and Saskatchewan. Ex:images
Human Ecology
A area of study used to describe human interactions with nature.Earlier geographic research in the 1940`s and 1950`s focused primarily on the ''man to land relationship'' specific to farming.
Staple Grains
A basic food grain that is used frequently and in large amounts.Ex:Images
Fresh Milk
Pasteurized and homogenized pure cow's milk.Ex:images
Salinization
Accumulation of salts in soil that can eventually make the soil unable to support plant growth.Ex:Images
Soil Salinization
In arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind.Ex:Fertile crescent, southwestern US
Employment
The number of people currently employed in the economy.Ex:Images
Neolithic Revolution
(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source.This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization. First of all, it happened in different parts of the world at different times, but settled communities had developed in many places by 8000 B.C.E. These drastic changes in human life are known collectively as the____ ___ that almost certainly happened independently in different places over a large span of time (independent invention).Ex: Images
The Communist Manifesto
(1848) peasants staged uprisings in Eastern Europe that called for not only a rejection of aristocracy and landlords,but of the whole capitalist system.A socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views. Explains emergence of capitalism while predicting it's future.Ex:Images
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
(United States, Canada and Mexico) __________ keeps prices low by facilitating the importation of goods from Mexico, where they can be made at a relatively low cost.It also opens markets to companies in all three countries.Some (organized labor unions) contested that the agreement would cost U.S. workers their jobs.Ex:Image
Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming
- This is the most common form of commercial agriculture in the United States west of the Appalachian Mountains and in much of Europe from France to Russia. As the name implies, farmers grow crops and raise livestock on the same land spread, with most of the crops fed to animals rather than to people. Most income comes from the sale of animal products, such as beef, milk, and eggs. Mixed crop and livestock farming permits farmers to distribute the workload more evenly through the year, with fields requiring attention in the spring when crops are planted, and in the fall, when they are harvested. Livestock require yearlong attention, but unlike crop produce, livestock produce can be sold in the wintertime, too. Most farmers practice crop rotation, where each field is planted on a planned cycle. Different crops take different nutrients from the soil, but commercial farmers make more intensive use of their soil that shifting agriculturalists do, with the latter leaving fields fallow for long intervals. At any given time, commercial agriculturalists will have almost all of their fields planted, but with different crops from those of previous years. For example, one cycle might focus on cereal grains, such as oats, wheat, rye, or barley; a second cycle might feature a root crop, such as turnips; a third cycle would be a "rest" crop, such as clover, that helps to restore the field, but may be eaten by cattle. Then the farmer can start over with a cereal grain. In the United States today corn is most commonly raised,with soybeans (used as an ingredient in processed food) the second most important crop in mixed commercial farming regions.
Drug Crops
-High Demand in MDC's = High price -Proximity to MDC's Cocaine: Columbia, Bolivia; most consumers in North America. Heroin: Afghanistan, Myanmar, Laos; most consumers in Western Europe. Marijuana: Mexico; most consumers in US.
Food Prices
-Poor weather -Higher demand -Smaller growth in productivity -Use of crops as biofuels instead of food
Challenges for Farmers in Developing Countries
-Subsistence farmers must feed an increasing number of people because of rapid population growth in developing countries. *Food supply increased through intensification of production via new farming methods and leaving land fallow for shorter periods of time. -Subsistence farmers must grow food for export instead of for direct consumption due to the adoption of the international trade approach to development. *Consumers in developed countries are willing to pay high prices for fruits and vegetables that would otherwise be out of season locally. -Overproduction in Commercial Farming *Commercial farmers suffer from low incomes, because they are capable of producing more food than is demanded by consumers in developed countries.Demand is stagnant in developed countries because of low population growth.Ex:images
Cluster villages
-These settlements may have more than one major road that they build along, and they also may have housing that clusters around large public buildings, such as churches, temples, mosques, livestock corrals, or grain bins.Ex:Images
Von Thunen Model
-Von Thünen's model assumed a flat terrain with uniform soils and no significant barriers to transportation to market. He did acknowledge that the spatial arrangement could vary according to topography. For example, towns located on rivers or on hilly terrain had to arrange their rings accordingly. Von Thünen published his model in 1826 in a book called The Isolated State, the first effort to analyze the spatial character of economic activity. Despite the fact that soil quality, terrain, and climate changes may alter the model significantly, von Thünen identified the interplay of transportation costs and value of the products on rural land use, a formula that is still at the heart of location theory, the general but logical attempt to explain how an economic activity is related to the land space where goods are produced. -A German farmer, Johann Heinrich von Thünen, developed a famous model for rural land use in the early 19th century. Von Thünen studied the spatial layout of farming around the town of Rostock in northeast Germany, where he noticed that within the landscape one crop gave way to another without any visible change in the soil, climate, or terrain. As he mapped this pattern, he discovered that each town was a market center surrounded by a set of roughly concentric rings that featured different crops. • Market gardening and dairy - Nearest the town, farmers raised perishable products, such as garden vegetables and milk. These products are expensive to deliver and must reach the market quickly because they spoil rather quickly, so it makes sense that these farmers needed to choose locations close to town. • Forest - In von Thünen's day, towns were still surrounded by belts of forest that provided wood for fuel and construction. Closeness to market is important because trees are bulky and heavy to transport. • Field crops - The next ring was used for crops that were less perishable, such as wheat and other grains. Usually the crops were rotated from one year to the next. • Animal grazing - The outermost ring was devoted to livestock grazing, which required lots of space.Beyond this ring, it generally became unprofitable to farm commercially because the transportation costs became too high.
King Corn
-government involvement and farmers profits: The government provides money to farmers based on how many acres they have. The more acres, more subsides, a bigger profit. -the link between gov subsidies, agriculture industry, food industry, and American diet The government gives subsides to farmers so that they can grow crops, such as corn, wheat, etc.. Then those crops are later turned into different things like animal feed, and for our consumption. -how do our US farm subsidies affect LDC farmers who live halfway around the world?
% of people in LDC's (Developing) that are farmers
44% Most of them grow just enough food for themselves and not much more. In contrast, just 2% of the US population are farmers. Ex:High technology allows us to farm more food with less people.
Whittlesey`s 11 Main Agricultural Regions
5 DEVELOPING 1.) pastoral nomadism 2.) shifting cultivation 3.) intensive subsistence, wet rice dominant 4.) intensive subsistence, crops other than wet rice dominant 5.) plantation 6 DEVELOPED 1.) mixed crop and livestock 2.) dairying 3.) grain 4.) ranching 5.) mediterranean 6.) commercial gardening. Ex:Images
% of people in MDC's that are famers
97%.
Job Specialization
:Other occupations than farming developed, since fewer people were needed to produce food. Some early specialized jobs include priests, traders, and builders.Ex:Images
Johann Henrich Von Thunen
A German Farmer,____ ___ ____ ____,developed a famous model for rural landscape in the early 19 th century.He studied the spatial layout of farming around the town of Rockstock in northeast Germany,where he noticed that within the landscape one crop gave wat to another without any visible change in the soil,climate,or terrain.As he mapped this pattern,he discovered that each town was a market center surrounded by a set of roughly concentric rings that featured different crops.Ex:He published his model in 1826 in a book called The Isolated State.
Von Thunen's Model
A German farmer, Johann Heinrich von Thünen, developed a famous model for rural land use in the early 19th century. Von Thünen studied the spatial layout of farming around the town of Rostock in northeast Germany, where he noticed that within the landscape one crop gave way to another without any visible change in the soil, climate, or terrain. As he mapped this pattern, he discovered that each town was a market center surrounded by a set of roughly concentric rings that featured different crops. Ex:Images
Service Industry
A business that does work for a customer, and occasionally provides goods, but is not involved in manufacturing.Ex:Imges
Desertification
A deterioration of land to a desertlike condition by overgrazing and over-planting.Ex:With the Sahara Desert continuing to claim more and more land space. Soil erosion has become a problem, with the limited number of trees cut for wood and charcoal for urban cooking and heating.
Biodiesel
A diesel-equivalent, processed fuel derived from biological sources (such as vegetable oils), that can be used in unmodified diesel-engine vehicles.Ex:Images
Animal Domestication
A domesticated animal is one that is bred in captivity for purposes of economic profit to a human community that maintains mastery over breeding, territory, and food supply.Ex:Images
Champagne
A drink made of grapes that are made in the Champagne district of France.Ex:Images
Textile
A fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing.Ex:images
Staple Crop
A food that is regularly consumed in large quantities as to form the basis of a traditional diet and which serves as a major source of energy and nutrients.Ex:Grains staple crops,like wheat also dried on the stalk and could be preserved.
Industrial Agriculture
A form of agriculture that uses large scale mechanization and fossil fuel combustion, enabling farmers to replace horses and oxen with faster and more powerful methods of farming.Ex: Methods of ______ ______include innovation in agricultural machinery and methods, genetic technology, techniques for achieving economies of scale in production, the creation of new markets for consumption, and global trade.These methods are widespread in developed nations and increasingly prevalent worldwide. Most of the meat, dairy, eggs, fruits, and vegetables available in supermarkets are produced using these methods of ____ ____.
Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone (rBGH)
A genetically engineered growth hormone used in beef herds to produce more muscle tissue and less fat and to increase milk output in dairy cows. Ex:Images
Growing Areas
A geographic or economic area in which there is noticeable growth.Ex:Images
Fertile Crescent
A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates.An area of rich farmland in Southwest Asia where the first civilizations began.Ex:Images
Export
A good or service produced in the home country and sold in another country. Ex:images
Cereal Grains
A grass that yields corn, wheat, rice,other grasses,millet, barley,and rye.Ex:For example, one cycle might focus on cereal grains, such as oats, wheat, rye, or barley; a second cycle might feature a root crop, such as turnips; a third cycle would be a "rest" crop, such as clover, that helps to restore the field, but may be eaten by cattle. Then the farmer can start over with a cereal grain
Cereal Grain
A grass yielding grain for food. Ex: Wheat: Europe and North America; Central and Southeast Asia Rice: East, South, and Southeast Asia Maize: leading crop in the world (mainly in sub-Saharan Africa)
Location Theory
A logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of economic activities & the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated.Ex:Images
Land-Rent Curve
A mathematical function that shows the change in rent prices across the model. Also shows that the further away from the market you are the cheaper property prices are vs. the high cost of living just outside the market.Ex:Images
Organic Farming
A method of farming that does not use artificial means such as synthetic pesticides and herbicides, antibiotics, and bioengineering.Ex:Images
Metes and Bounds
A method of land`s natural features are used to mark irregular parcels of land.Ex:This approach has been used along the eastern seaboard of the United States.
Rectangular Survey System
A system used to divide public domain lands in the United States in which land is divided into 6-mile square townships and subdivided into sections, portions of sections, or irregular lots. Also referred to as Public Land Survey System.The section lines were drawn in grids, often without reference to the terrain, that determined where people settled. The straight section lines often became the places where roads were built, shaping the landscape into familiar grid-like patterns still found across the U.S. today.Ex:Images
Genetic Engineering
A technology that includes the process of manipulating or altering the genetic material of a cell resulting in desirable functions or outcomes that would not occur naturally.Ex:Images
Central Place Model
A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.Ex:Images
Shifting Cultivation
A type of subsistence agriculture practiced in tropical regions with relatively high temperatures and abundant rainfall Farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris (slash and burn) Farmers grow crops on a cleared field for only a few years, until soil nutrients are depleted, and then leave it fallow (nothing planted) for many years so the soil can recover Swidden: cleared area Crops include rice (SE Asia), maize (SA), manioc (S.America), millet and sorghum (Africa) Land area occupied decreases 0.2% per year Declining because of its connection to global warming Declining due to- Ranching and logging being more profitable. Commercial Ag. Being more profitable Growing population and less land in a specific area/region of the world. Government policies and regulations Technological advancements. Ex:images
Vegetative Planting Hearths
According to Sauer, the earliest vegetative agriculture appeared in Southeast Asia, and probably involved root vegetables like taro and yams, and perhaps tree crops like bananas.Vegetative agriculture then diffused throughout Asia and eventually to the Near East and Europe. Other, perhaps independent inventions took place in Africa (oil palm, yam) and South America (manioc, arrowroot).Ex: Images
Core Countries
According to world systems theory, the most advanced industrial countries, which take the lion's share of profits in the world economic system. Ex:Images
Chemical Pesticides
Agent/chemical to kills pests.Ex:Weed, insects, fungus, rodents, etc.
Green Revolution
Agricultural revolution that increased production through improved seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation.Ex:New miracle seeds diffused rapidly around the world, with many countries recording dramatic productivity increases. Biotechnologists don't just cross two varieties of plants or animals, hoping for the best. Instead, they identify the particular genes on the DNA molecules that produce the desirable characteristic and splice the gene directly into the chromosomes of the other plant or animal. During the 19th century scientists identified the critical elements in natural fertilizers (manure, bones, and ashes) as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Today these three elements form the basis for fertilizers that have boosted crop productivity even further. The ___ ____ has resulted in agricultural production outpacing population growth by the late 20th century.
Pastoralism
Agriculture based on the seasonal movement of animals from winter to summer pastures and back again.Ex:Images
Ethanol
Alcohol that can supplement gasoline and make it burn cleaner.Ex:In the last few years,demands fow wholly alternative vehicle fuels have opened markets for corn-based E85 _____ fuel to replace gasoline and be used in ''flex-fuel'' vehicles.
Primogeniture
All land passes to the eldest son, resulting in large land parcels that are tended individually.Ex:This form of property distribution is found in northern Europe, the Americas, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.
Cash Crops
Almost all crops are raised for export to high-consumption developed countries,and are called _________ because they are raised to make money for their owners. Ex:Crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton
Housing Styles(Brick)
Although builders in the U.S. define bricks as oven-baked blocks of cement, bricks in other areas of the world are made from different materials. Wet mud mixed with straw is used in the Middle East, northern China, the southwestern United States, and Mexico. This mixture is sun-dried rather than oven-baked. Today brick is a major element of modern construction across the world.Ex:Images
World`s Breadbasket
An agricultural area that provides large amounts of food, especially grain, to other areas.(Prairies of North America).Ex:Images
Extensive Agriculture
An agricultural system characterized by low of labor per unit land area.Harvested crops are exchanged for currency, goods, or credit.EX:Images
Agricultural Hearths
Areas of settlement during the neolithic period, especially along major rivers, from where farming and cultivation of livestock originated.Ex:The people settling along the major rivers in China did not learn to farm because they were in contact with the people in the Indus River area. Instead, people in both areas probably figured out the advantages of settled life on their own, and both served as ___________ _____________.
Rural Land Use and Settlement Patterns
As the variety of agricultural regions reflects, rural land may be put to many uses, including both subsistence and commercial farming. For subsistence farmers, the land and climate largely determine what crops may be grown as well as how they are cultivated. For commercial farmers rural land use is also influenced by access to markets, competition from other farmers, and government regulations and subsidies. Ex:Images
Sustainable Agriculture
Attempts to integrate plant and animal production practices that will protect the ecosystem over the long term. It promotes the idea that human needs can be met without sacrificing environmental quality and depleting natural resources.____ _____ emphasizes human intervention in terms of soil quality and water.Ex:Suggested techniques for soil conservation include recycling crop waste and livestock manure, growing peanuts or alfalfa to enrich soil with nitrogen, and producing nitrogen artificially. Another option is long term crop rotations that return to natural cycles that annually flood cultivated lands.
Downer Cattle
Beef cows that appear ill or are lame and cannot be used for human consumption, but can wind up in pet food or animal feed instead.Ex:Images
Second Agricultural Revolution
Began in Western Europe during the 1600s, which intensified agriculture by promoting higher yields per acre and per farmer. This agricultural revolution preceded the Industrial Revolution, making it possible to feed the rapidly growing cities. Some innovations included increased use of fertilizers and improved collars for draft animals to pull heavier plows.Ex:Images
Cost-to-Distance Relationship
Can be described as an inverse relationship between the value of labor and the distance from the center of the model.The higher the total labor costs,the closer it is to the center,and the lower the labor costs,the farther it is from the center. Ex:Images
Environmental Modification
Changes made to the environment.Ex:The use of pesticides to grow crops and the effects it has on the soil and environment; soil erosion and desertification caused by changes made to the environment.
Agribusiness or Corporate Agriculture
Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.Ex:This ______ is now spreading to developing countries where small-size farmers are linking with foreign sources for advice, seeds, fertilizers, machinery, and profitable markets at stable prices. Contract farming in poorer countries has been criticized as exploitative of small farmers who receive too little money for their products. Farmers in wealthier countries are also concerned that competition from farmers in less developed countries will drive down market prices. As a result, some governments have placed controversial tariffs on foreign produce in order to protect their own farmers.
Livestock Farming
Commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area.Economic activity that obtains different products (meat, milk, wool, eggs) from farm animals (cows, sheeps...).Ex:Images
Extensive Subsistence Agriculture
Consists of any agricultural economy in which the crops and/or animals are used nearly exclusively for local or family consumption on large areas of land and minimal labor input per acre.Ex:Both shifting cultivation and pastoral nomadism are referred to as _____ ____ _______ because they involve large areas of land and minimal labor per land unit. Both product per land unit and population densities are low.
Post-Industrial Societies
Countries where most people are no longer employed in industry.Ex:___ ____exists in Europe, Japan, and the United States, and the U.S. was the first country with more than 50 percent of its workers employed in service sector jobs.
Organic Agriculture
Crops are grown without fertilizers and pesticides, ensuring that the consumer will not suffer adverse health effects from them.EX:Sales of organic food in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan have soared in recent years, benefiting farmers in those areas, but not those in other parts of the world.
Specialized Crops
Crops grown for immediate consumption as well as preservation.Ex.:Cabbages spiced with red pepper and soaked in vinegar were buried in clay storage jars to make kimchi in Korea starting 8,000 years ago.
Alternative Energy Crops
Crops that can be used as a source for energy. Generally seen in late stage 3 and stage 4. Ex:images
Commercial Crops
Crops transported, sold at other markets, and finally preserved/processed into other goods for sale.Ex:Images
What influences the choice of crops in developing countries?
Culture, religion, climate, economic development, technology.
Combines
Cutting, threshing, and cleaning machines used in farming.Ex:Images
Milkshed
Dairy farms must be closer to their market than other products because milk spoils quickly, so a ring of milk production called a _____ surrounds a major city.Ex:Today refrigerated rail cars and trucks have extended the reach of the _______, so that nearly every farm in the U.S. Northeast and Northwest Europe is within the milkshed of at least one urban area.
Carl Sauer
Defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis.He believed that vegative planting probably originated in the diverse climates and topography of Southeast Asia,where a wide variety of plants existed that were suitable for dividing and transplanting.
Monoculture
Dependence on a single agricultural commodity.Farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year.Ex:Images
Primary source of Protein
Developed:Meat Developing:Cereal grains. Ex:Image
Sustainable
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.Ex;Images
Undernourishment
Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity. EX:870 million people worldwide with majority in developing countries.Mostly in India and China
Income Disparity
Difference in earnings between the rich and poor.Ex:In the late 1700`s both the American and French Revolution rejected this system that had created a large ____ _____ between the rich and the poor.
Grain Farming
Distinguished from mixed crop and livestock farming, because crops are grown primarily for human consumption. Farms sell their output to manufacturers of food products, such as breakfast cereals and bread. Characteristics of a Typical Grain Farm;Heavily mechanized, farms large in areal extent, oriented to consumer preferences.
Long-Lot Survey System
Divides land into narrow parcels that extend from rivers, roads, or canals.Ex:This approach gives more people access to transportation,and has been used in the Canadian Maritimes, Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas.
South West Asia and Animal Hearths
Domestication of dogs in Southwest Asia,East Asia and Europe.Possible 12,00 years ago. Domestication of horses in Central Asia.May have been spread associated with the spread of the INdo-European language. Domestication of goats, sheep,pigs and cattle in Southwest Asia.Ex:Image
Antibiotics
Drugs or compounds that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria. Ex:Images
Industry
Economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories. Ex:Images
Planned economy
Economy that relies on a centralized government to control all or most factors of production and to make all or most production and allocation decisions. Ex:Images
Capital-intensive Economy
Form of agriculture that uses mechanical goods such as machinery, tools, vehicles and facilities to produce large amounts of agricultural goods; a process requiring very little human labor.Ex:Images
Top Soil Loss
Erosion of exposed top soil due to wing and water which may remove as much as 6.0- 7.6 tons per acre each year in U.S. Process is hastened by agriculture, deforestation, flooding and severe storms. Ex:Where does it go? May be carried hundreds of miles in the wind, muddy rivers and creeks are evidence of topsoil removal upstream.
Environmental Impacts of Modern Agriculture
Erosion, changes in the organic content of soil, depletion of natural vegetation, presence of chemicals in soils and ground water.Ex:Plots of earth have been cleared so that more desirable/ profitable crops can be grown; ag lands erode quickly, organic content of soil changes, and natural vegetation, and chemicals are found in soil due to fertilizers.
Quotas
Established limits by governments on the number of immigrants who can enter a country each year. Ex:images
Mediterranean Agriculture
Every site practicing this form of agriculture borders a sea, and most are on west coasts of continents. -Prevailing sea winds provide moisture and moderate the winter temperatures. Farmers derive a smaller percentage of income from animal products. Most crops are grown for human consumption. -Horticulture, which is the growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers, and tree crops form the commercial base. Along the Mediterranean Sea, olives and grapes are two most important cash crops. -Approximately half of the land here is used to grow cereals. Where: areas surrounding the Mediterranean, California, Oregon, Chile, South Africa, Australia Climate has summer dry season. Landscape is mountainous. Crops: olives, grapes, nuts, fruits and vegetables; winter wheat California: high quality land is being lost to suburbanization; initially offset by irrigation
Exponentially
Extremely rapid increase.Ex;images
Natural Food Products
Families change their farm to operate organic/non GMO due to the increased demand and profitability.Or because of many opposing artificial hormones in agriculture, a large market for so-called natural food products has emerged, and many small family farms have restructured their operations to meet the rapidly increasing, demand for such products.Ex:Images
Suitcase Farmers
Farm owners who have city jobs but still own land in rural areas.Ex:Images
Sustainable Agriculture
Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil- restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides.
Dairy Farming
Farms close to market because the product will spoil easily; disadvantages: expense of feeding cows in the winter; farmers must purchase all feed; labor intensive.Ex:Images
Genetic Modified (GM) crops and characteristics
Gene Revolution - Giving hormones and antibiotics to animals. Genetically Modified (GM) livestock - more for developed countries, but really just the US. Many countries will not accept our livestock. Foods that are mostly products or organisms that have their genes altered in a laboratory for specific purposes, such as disease resistance, increased productivity, or nutritional value allowing growers greater control, predictability, and efficiency.
Pampas
Grassy, treeless plains of southern South America.Ex:In South America, large portion of the ________ (prairie)of Argentina, southern Brazil, and Uruguay are devoted to grazing cattle and sheep.
Overgrazing
Graze (grassland) so heavily that the vegetation is damaged and the ground becomes liable to erosion.Or destruction of vegetation caused by too many grazing animals consuming the plants in a particular area so they cannot recover.Ex;Images
Early European Setttlements
Greeks - Philosophy, drama, Olympics, democracy (city-state), complex polytheistic religion based on myth, forms of mathematics, architectural styles, and many other contributions. Important Greek scholars: Archimedes, Euclid, Eratosthenes, and Aristarchus. Poets: Homer, Sappho. Philosophers: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle. Politics: Pericles. Dramatists: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes. Mathematician: Pythagoras. Medicine: Hippocrates. Romans- administrative system, military, arch, dome, waterworks
Plantation Agriculture
Growing specialized crops such as bananas, coffee, and cacao in tropical developing countries, primarily for sale to developed countries.Ex:images
Multi-Cropping
Growing two or more crops in the same space during a single growing season.Ex:Images
Triple-Cropping
Harvesting 3 times in one year. Employ crop rotation.-Farmers who practice this method hope to triple their harvest. Ex:Images
Double-Cropping
Harvesting twice a year from the same field. To grow two crops on the same land.Ex:Images
Sustainable Yield
Highest rate at which a renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its available supply.Ex:Images
Hamlets or Villages
Houses are grouped together in _______, or small clusters of buildings, or in slightly larger settlements called __________.Ex: These arrangements reflect the historical need to band together for protection, but even though this need has changed in modern day, the patterns were established long ago and still persist. In Canada, the official definition limits a village to 1000 people; in the United States villages may have up to 2500 people. The numbers go way up in densely-populated areas, such as Japan and India. Another way to define a _____ is by the occupations of its inhabitants. In a village, most people work in the primary economic sector as farmers, herders, or fishers, and relatively few people have narrow,specialized jobs. Some villagers provide services to those who farm, herd, or fish, but the social organization is relatively simple.
Do you believe government subsidies for agriculture are positive or negative policies? Explain.
I think they are mostly negative,because the government mostly destroying habitats,water,soil and air quality.
Similarities and differences among commercial and subsistence agriculture.
In Commercial Agriculture there are low inputs of human labor or extensive.Comer. agriculture has machinery /mechanization,and it has high technology inputs.The whole point of agriculture is for profit/ agribusiness,trade,and large scale markets(reg./nat.global).The size of the farm is large.In commercial agriculture it is common(but not limited to) MDC`s/developed.The farmer has high levels financial/capital investment,loans.The inputs put here is higher levels of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.The countries have lower percent of labor force in agriculture.A small percent of farm workers are female. In Subsistence Agriculture there are high inputs of human labor or intensive.Sub. agriculture has hand tools/limited mechanization,and it has low technology inputs.The whole point of agriculture is for family or communal,for household reasons,and it is to surplus local markets.The size of the farm is small.In subsistence agriculture it is predominant in LDCs/less developed countries..The farmer has low levels financial/capital investment.The inputs put here is lower use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.The countries have higher percent of labor force in agriculture.A large percent of farm workers are female.
Relocation Diffusion
In this process of diffusion, individuals or populations migrating from the source areas physically carry the innovation or idea to new areas. Ex:Christian Europeans carried their faith to the Americas, where they often actively set about converting natives to Christianity, especially in Latin America. As a result, Christianity spread rapidly throughout the Western Hemisphere, ensuring its status as a major world religion.
Von Thunen's Model(Forest)
In von Thünen's day, towns were still surrounded by belts of forest that provided wood for fuel and construction. Closeness to market is important because trees are bulky and heavy to transport. Ex:Images
4 strategies being employed to distribute food around the world
Increasing exports from countries with surpluses. Expanding the land area used for agriculture. Expanding fishing. Increasing the productivity of land now used for agriculture.
Food Preservation
Increasing the shelf life of foods by preventing the growth and activities of microorganisms.Via drying, pickling, cooking,and storage jars has been a necessity for survival for thousands of years.It has also led to many cultural variations in food consumption.Ex:Images
Animal Feed
Industrial crop. Parts of animals that are not eaten are utilized to make products like leather (animal skins), soaps(from fats and bone meal), and organic fertilizers (fish parts).Ex:Images
Intensive vs Extensive
Intensive - grown closer together, more productive with each unit of land.Intensive This can be farming or even raising livestock. Extensive - more space because these are more spread out.Ex:Images
BT Corn
Is a genetically modified crop (GMO) that is engineered to be resistant to pests.Corn that has been genetically modified to produce the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin, which controls insect damage to the corn.Ex:Images
Nomadic Herding
Is a way of life where families move along with their herds according to the seasons and rely on their animals for food, shelter and clothing. They can tend to cattle, camels, goats, horses, reindeer, or sheep.In this practice whole communities would drive their herds from one seasonal grazing area to another following an annual cycle that was repeated over centuries.Ex:images
Dietary Energy Consumption
Is the amount of food that an individual consumes.Ex:Image
Agriculture
Is the deliberate tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber. Ex: The ways that land is distributed to individuals and used for food production are determined by culture, as are the functions of livestock,and the consumption of food from crops and animals. For example, Hindus do not eat beef, and Muslims do not eat pork, and so the two religions greatly impact the nature of agriculture in lands where they have many adherents.
Commercial Agriculture
Is the production of food surpluses, with most crops destined for sale to people outside the farmer's family.Ex:Practiced mainly in more developed countries, farmers in commercial agriculture generally do not sell produce directly to consumers but to food-processing companies. Big companies sign contracts with commercial farmers to buy their grain, cattle, pigs, chickens, and other products that they in turn package to sell through food outlets (such as grocery stores) to consumers. The system of commercial farming found in more developed countries is called agribusiness, because farming is integrated into a large food-production industry.
Industrial Revolution
It brought major improvements in technology that created an unprecedent amount of wealth.This happened in 1750 when England spread to other parts of Europe and North America during the 19th century.Ex:Image
Arable Land
Land that can be used to grow crops.Ex:Images
Plantation
Large commercial farm in a developing country that specializes in one or two crops; tropical and subtropical regions; cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber, tobacco.Ex:images
Processed Dairy
Like cheese and yogurt production has continually moved westward over the last 150 years. Wider availability of cheap land in Americas "Dairyland"(Wisconsin) Most of the milk in Wisconsin is processed, whereas most of the milk in New England today ends up in jugs and cartons to be sold at stores nearby urban areas.Ex:Images
Animal Welfare
Line of thinking that proposed that animals should be treated well and that their comfort and well-being should be considered in their production. Ex:Images
Seed Drill (Jethro Tull)
Machine that sowed seeds in rows and covered up the seeds in rows and a new invention that improved the way seeds were planted from scattering it on top of the ground to a machine that sowed seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths. This allowed the seeds to take root producing a larger crop.
20th Century American on Agriculture
Mainly done by slaves on plantations.Ex:Images
Cottage Industry
Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.Ex:images
Sustainability
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.Ex:Images
Mixed Farming
Mixed crops and livestock farming integration of crops and livestock on the same farm.Ex:Images
Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming
Most distinctive characteristic is the integration of crops and livestock. -Most of the crops are fed to animals instead of humans. Typical example devotes nearly all land area to growing crops but derives more than ¾ of its income from the sale of animal products. e.g. beef and eggs Permits farmers to distribute the workload more evenly through the year, because crops require less attention, aside from planting and harvesting them. Typically involves crop rotation, practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil. Where: Ohio to Dakotas, centered on Iowa; much of Europe from France to Russia Crops: corn (most common), soybeans In U.S. 80% of product fed to pigs and cattle
Dairy Farming
Most important type of commercial agriculture in the first ring outside the large cities because of transportation factors. Ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied is known as the milkshed. -Advancements in modes of transportation have increased the radius of milksheds to 500 km. (300 mi.) Where: NE US, SE Canada, NW Europe Process:Dairy farmers typically sell their milk to wholesalers who later distribute it to retailers.Retailers then sell it to consumers in shops or at home.
Subsistence Agriculture
Most prevalent in LDCs, is the production of only enough food to feed the farmer's family, with no surpluses to sell. Some surplus may be sold to the government or to companies,but the surplus is not the farmer's primary purpose.- Logically, in countries that practice subsistence farming a high percentage of people are engaged in farming. With no surplus to sell, all people must produce their own food in order to survive.Ex: Images
General Farming
Multiple crops and animals exist on a single farm to provide diverse nutritional intake and non-food items such as bone for tools and leather for different materials such as saddles,rope,or coats. Ex:Images
Housing Styles(Stone)
Natural stone has long been used in home construction. A distinctive feature of buildings in the Andes Mountains is that many have no mortar, but are stacked in puzzle-like pieces that have stood in some cases for centuries. More typically, houses of natural stone are built with cement mortar, usually in areas where building stone is plentiful.Ex:Images
Von Thunen's Model(Market Gardening and Dairy)
Nearest the town, farmers raised perishable products, such as garden vegetables and milk. These products are expensive to deliver and must reach the market quickly because they spoil rather quickly, so it makes sense that these farmers needed to choose locations close to town. Ex:Images
Food Web
Network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem. Ex:Images
Westward Migration on Agriculture
New settlers were claiming the land in the west, native americans were to move to reservations. Ex:Images
Organic
Of, relating to, or derived from living matter.Ex:Images
Hybrids
Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits.Ex:The liger a cross between a tiger and a lion.
Commercial Gardening
Predominant type of farming in southeastern U.S. Commonly referred to as truck farming from the Middle English word, truck, meaning "bartering" or "exchange of commodities." Grow many of the following fruits and vegetables that consumers in developed countries demand:Apples, Asparagus, Cherries,Lettuce,Mushrooms,Potatoes. Some of the fruits and vegetables are sold fresh to consumers, but most are sold to large processors for canning or freezing. Truck farms are highly efficient large-scale operations that take full advantage of machines at all stages of the growing process. Labor costs are kept down by hiring migrant farm workers. Specialization in a few crops is common. -Where: U.S. Southeast, New England, near cities around the world. -Crops: high profit vegetables and fruits demanded by wealthy urban populations: apples, asparagus, cherries, lettuce, tomatoes, etc. -Distribution: situated near urban markets.
Shifting Cultivation (Swidden Agriculture)
Often referred to as "slash and burn" or swidden agriculture, this farming method exists primarily in rain forest zones of Central and South America, West Africa, eastern and central Asia, and much of southern China and Southeast Asia. The obvious destruction to the environment is worsened by the frequency of the farmers' movements. As an extensive type of subsistence farming, by its very nature ___ ____agriculture still consumes a large percentage of arable land on the planet. At first, the soil in the burnt areas is very fertile, but when soil nutrients are depleted, farmers move on to slash and burn another piece of jungle. People who practice ___ ____ generally live in small villages and grow food on the surrounding land, which the village controls. Intertillage - or the growing of various types of crops - is common.The village chief or council assigns a plot of land to each family and allows them to keep what they raise. Farming is done almost exclusively by hand, and plows and animals are not generally used.The main fertilizer is potash from burning the debris when the site is cleared. When the nutrients are depleted after a few years, the villagers identify another site and begin clearing it. They allow the old site to return to its natural vegetation, although they don't entirely abandon it because they will return after a few years to resume their farming.
Enclosure
One of the fenced-in or hedged-in fields created by wealthy British landowners on land that was formerly worked by village farmers.Ex:Images
2nd Agricultural Revolution
Period of technological change from the 1600s to mid-1900s beginning in Western Europe with industrial innovations to replace human labor with machines and to supplement natural fertilizers and pesticides with chemical ones. Improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce. Industrial Revolution Mechanization Fertilizers Selective breeding practices for plans and animals.Ex:Image
Food Security
Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.Ex:Images
Feedlots
Places where livestock are concentrated in a very small area and raised on hormones and hearty grains that prepare them for slaughter at a much more rapid rate than grazing; often referred to as factory farms.Ex:Images
Medicinal Crops
Plants - herbs - grown for medicinal purposes, as opposed to growing them for culinary or ornamental purposes.Ex:images
Fallow
Plowed but not seeded; inactive; reddish-yellow; land left unseeded; to plow but not seed. Ex:Images
Vertical Integration
Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution.Ex:Images
Mercantilism
Private companies under charter from the governments carrying out the trade.The main goal of mercantilism was to benefit the mother country by trading goods to accumulate precious metals to enrich the country.Ex:Major products included cotton grown in Egypt, Sudan, and India; tobacco and cotton in the American colonies; and sugar from plantations in the Caribbean and Brazil.These goods were marketed mainly in Europe, but sometimes they were manufactured in European factories and sold back to the colonists.
Domestic Consumption
Products and services that are bought and used in the country that makes or offers them.Ex:Images
Conservation
Protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment.Ex:images
Livestock Ranching
Ranching is the commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area. Well suited for semiarid or arid land Practiced in developed countries where vegetation is too sparse and soil too poor to support crops. Historically, ranchers sought to move their cattle from Texas to Chicago, because the cattle were worth more money farther north. Today, ranching has become part of the meat-processing industry where new methods of breeding and sources of water and feed are embraced. Where: arid or semi-arid areas of western U.S., Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Spain and Portugal. History:Initially open range, now sedentary with transportation changes. Environmental effects: 1) overgrazing has damaged much of the world's arid grasslands (< 1% of U.S. remain!) 2) destruction of the rainforest is motivated by Brazilian desires for fashionable cattle ranches
Domestication of Plants
Refers to the initial stage of human mastery of wild animals and plants. The fundamental distinction of domesticated animals and plants from their wild ancestors is that they are created by human labour to meet specific requirements or whims and are adapted to the conditions of continuous care and solicitude people maintain for them. Required that people stay in one place -Early farming societies formed settlements that eventually led to more complex economies -Very few - big three = wheat, corn, rice, seed gathering efforts originally selected domesticated speciesEx:Images
Overfishing
Removing more fish from the oceans than can be naturally produced. Ex:images
Intensive Subsistence agriculture
Requires farmers to work intensely to subsist on a parcel of land. East, South, and Southeast Asia. Farms are large and waste no land.Ex:Images
Wet Rice
Rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth. Double cropping is used in warm winter areas of S. China and Taiwan.Ex:Images
Seed Agriculture Hearths
Seed-based agriculture began in at least three places according to Sauer: Western India ,Northern China,Ethiopia. It diffused quickly from India to the Near East, then to Europe.Seed-based agriculture also developed independently in Mexico and Northern Peru.
Commodity Chains
Series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market.Ex:Images
Hunting and Gathering Societies
Societies whose mode of subsistence is gained from hunting animals, fishing, and gathering edible plants.The earliest forms of agri. emerged from ______ in prehistoric times.These people travelled the land,making seasonal migrations to areas where food and water were periodically abundant. Ex:Images
Mineral Salts
Sodium chloride, potassium, calcium, and phosphate.Ex:Images
Ultra High Temperature Pasteurization
Some food is heat-treated at very high temperatures to kill microorganisms.The fluid is held at 138° C for a fraction of a second and then allowed to cool.Ex:images
Secondary Sector
The ___ ____ (industry) is the part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods. This sector grows quickly as societies industrialize, and includes such operations as refining petroleum into gasoline and turning metals into tools and automobiles.Ex:Images
Primary Sector
The ____ ____ (agriculture) is the part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment. The ____ ____ - agriculture, raising animals, fishing, forestry, and mining - is largest in low-income, pre-industrial nations.Ex:Images
Quaternary Sector
The ____ ____ is often seen as a subset of the tertiary sector. It includes service jobs concerned with research and development, management and administration, and processing and disseminating information.Ex:Images
Tertiary Sector
The _____ ____(services) is the part of the economy that involves services rather than goods. The ____ ____ grows with industrialization and comes to dominate post-industrial societies, or countries where most people are no longer employed in industry. EX:Of ____ jobs include construction, trade, finance, real estate, private services, government, and transportation.
Horticulture
The art or practice of garden cultivation and management.Growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers - and tree crops.Ex: In the areas around the Mediterranean Sea, the most important cash crops are olives and grapes, with two-thirds of the world's wine produced there. Olives are an important source of cooking oil. California also produces grapes (and wine), and provides much of the citrus fruits and tree nuts for the United States market. California produces a wider variety of crops than other Mediterranean climate areas because of the extensive use of irrigation.
Animal Husbandry
The breeding, care, and use of domesticated herding animals such as cattle, camels, goats, horses, llamas, reindeer, and yaks.Ex:Images
Interillage
The clearing of rows in the field through the use of hoes, rakes, and other manual equipment. Ex:Images
Livestock Fattening
The deliberate adding of weight to animals, such as cows and hogs, to increase their sale price. Ex:Images
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.Ex:This began in the late 15th and 16th centuries, when products were carried both ways across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In some cases a crop grown in one area, like the potato that originated in the Andes Mountain areas of South America, became a mainstay in another area (Ireland). However,beans, squash, and corn are still more commonly consumed in the Americas, and rice is still more basic to Asian cultures than to other areas of the world.
Specialization
The growing of specialized crops because they seem to be the most profitable. Farmers must weigh in costs of production - such as machinery, fuel,fertilizer, and labor - and deal with unpredictable weather and/or disease. Also, market conditions may change by the time the crops are harvested, contributing to the risks.Ex:To minimize their risks, farmers in the 1950s in the United States began signing agreements with buyer-processors, who specified exact times and weights of products to be delivered, including chickens, cattle, wheat, potatoes, and other basic foods.
Creative Destruction
The hypothesis that the creation of new products and production methods simultaneously destroys the market power of existing monopolies.Ex:Images
Parmigiano-Reggiano
The king of Italian cheeses, aged longer than Parmesan, resulting in a complex flavor and extremely granular texture that melts in the mouth.Made exclusively in the Parma region of Italy; primarily used for grating, it has a rich, spicy and sharp flavor.Ex:Images
Periphery Countries
The least developed and least powerful nations; often exploited by the core countries as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets. Ex:Images
Quinary Economic Activities
The most advanced form of Quaternary activities consisting of high-level decision making for large corporations or high-level scientific research.Ex: It also includes intellectual activities and services as research and development (R&D), media, culture, and information and communications technology (ICT). The workforce who is readily involved in this sector is typically well-educated, and people are often seen earning well through their participation in this industry.
Round Villages
The most traditional style of village, found in East Africa and parts of Europe. It features houses that circle around a central corral for animals, with fields extending outside the ring of houses.Ex:Images
Von Thunen's Model(Field Crops)
The next ring was used for crops that were less perishable, such as wheat and other grains. Usually the crops were rotated from one year to the next. Ex:Images
Physiological Density
The number of people per square unit of farm land is known as____________.It can also be seen as a more practical tool in understanding the sustainability of a population of a certain region or country.Also,it is especially important in understanding the geography of countries where the amount of arable land (land used for farming)is limited. Ex:Limits to ________________can include overcrowding on farms or a lack of abundant farming regions due to geography.For example,Iraq, Egypt, Uzbekistan,and Pakistan are all arid countries that have narrow farming regions around the river systems and deltas.
Cash-Cropping
The opposite of intensive subsistence farming is _____ _____ to sell farm goods at market.Ex:Images
Von Thunen's Model(Animal Grazing)
The outermost ring was devoted to livestock grazing, which required lots of space.Beyond this ring, it generally became unprofitable to farm commercially because the transportation costs became too high. Ex:Images
Nomadism
The practice of moving frequently from one place to the other, is dictated by the need for pasture for the animals.Ex: This life style first developed across the grassy plains of central Eurasia and nearby desert areas of the Arabian Peninsula and the Sudan, and formerly included reindeer herding in northernmost Scandinavia and along the Arctic fringe of Russia, where it is still sometimes practiced. The animals involved must be hardy and mobile, most commonly including sheep, goals, and camels, and sometimes cattle, horses, and yaks.
Crop Rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.Ex:Different crops take different nutrients from the soil, but commercial farmers make more intensive use of their soil that shifting agriculturalists do, with the latter leaving fields fallow for long intervals. At any given time, commercial agriculturalists will have almost all of their fields planted, but with different crops from those of previous years. For example, one cycle might focus on cereal grains, such as oats, wheat, rye, or barley; a second cycle might feature a root crop, such as turnips; a third cycle would be a "rest" crop, such as clover, that helps to restore the field, but may be eaten by cattle. Then the farmer can start over with a cereal grain.
Erosion
The process of eroding or being eroded by wind, water, or other natural agents.Ex:Lands cleared for agriculture almost immediately begins to erode away, usually by wind or running water. The surface material removed is transported by rivers, and changes valley contours, extending areas subject to flooding, and clogging irrigation and drainage channels.
Irrigation
The process of supplying water to areas of land to make them suitable for growing crops.Ex:Images
Urban Sprawl
The process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and developing over fertile agricultural land.Ex:Images
Seed Agriculture
The production of plants through annual planting of seeds.Ex:Most farmers today practice seed agriculture.
Expanded Food Production
The rapidly growing populations in the post-World War II developing world would have led to disastrous global food shortages, as opposed to the periodic regional famines that occurs within some countries, often initiated by drought or civil war.Ex:images
Growing Season
The season in which crops grow best. Growing season can vary by location, societies rely on their growing season to which crops they can or can't grow at their latitude.Ex:Images
Transhumance
The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.Where groups moved seasonally not only to avoid harsh climates,but to follow animal herds and walk to areas where native plants were in fruit.Ex:Images
Extensive Pastoralism
The shifting of animal herds between grazing pastures.It has remained popular in several arid parts of the world,especially Africa,the Middle East,and Central Asia,where dry grassland is the common land cover.Ex:Images
Market Gardens
The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers. Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually.Ex;Images
Population Pressure
The sum of factors within a population that reduce the ability of an environment to support the population, therefore resulting in migration or population decline.Ex:Images
Wattle
The term _____ refers to poles and sticks woven tightly together and then covered with mud. Ex:Many African houses are constructed with wattle and a thick thatched roof. Other regions where wattle building is common also have plenty of bamboo, sticks, bark, and leaves for building, such as Southeast Asia and the Amazonian River Basin.
Housing Style(Wattle)
The term wattle refers to poles and sticks woven tightly together and then covered with mud. Many African houses are constructed with wattle and a thick thatched roof.Ex: Other regions where wattle building is common also have plenty of bamboo, sticks, bark, and leaves for building, such as Southeast Asia and the Amazonian River Basin.
1st Agricultural Revolution
The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.Geographer believe this was the reason for sudden population increase. Occurred around the year 8000 B.C. Around the same time population started to increase rapidly.Possibly because humans were growing plants and raising animals which were larger and more stable sources of food causing more people to survive. Could have originated for two reasons: 1. Environmental factors 2. Cultural factors
Biotechnology
The use of genetically altered crops in agriculture and DNA manipulation in livestock in order to increase production.Ex:The experiments began with hybrid rice initiatives in the U.S. Midwest in the 1930s, eventually leading to the development of "IR8," a cross developed in the Philippines between a dwarf Chinese variety of rice and an Indonesian variety. This led to other hybrids, so that by the 1980s "IR36" was developed, with the qualities of larger grains, a shorter growing cycle, and more resistance to pests. By the early 1990s IR36 was the most widely grown crop on earth. Meanwhile, a "miracle wheat seed" was developed that was shorter and stiffer, hardier, and faster-maturing than traditional varieties. More recently, scientists have developed new high-yield variations of corn.
Housing Styles(Wood)
The use of wood in houses is still linked to the distribution of forests,but wood is now shipped to most corners of the globe.The log house probably originated in North Europe where forests were plentiful,and its use spread to North America where Europeans fist settled there.In those areas today wood is not usually the primary building material,but still is used for farming and trimming.Houses made primarily of wood are still found in a zone that extends eastward from Scandinavia through Russia to the Pacific coast.Ex:Images
Linear villages
These modern settlements follow major roads, often one single thoroughfare lined with houses, businesses, and public buildings.Ex:Images
Grid villages
These more modern villages are laid out in straight street patterns that run in parallel and perpendicular lines. Grids are also used in cities, and work best in areas with flat land.Ex:Images
Demographic Transition Theory
These variations follow an overall global pattern.The theory states that population patterns vary according to different levels of technological development,but all countries go through the same 4 stages. Ex:There is 4 stages,Stage 1:Low Growth,Stage 2:High Growth,Stage 3 :Moderate Growth,Stage 4:Low Growth.
Pastoral Nomadism
This alternative to sedentary agriculture is characterized by following the herds, just as the earlier hunters and gatherers did. A great deal of the earth's surface today is still devoted to pastoral nomadism. However, the herds are domesticated, and consists of sheep, goats, cows, reindeer, camels, and/or horses. Nomadism, or the practice of moving frequently from one place to the other, is dictated by the need for pasture for the animals.This life style first developed across the grassy plains of central Eurasia and nearby desert areas of the Arabian Peninsula and the Sudan, and formerly included reindeer herding in northernmost Scandinavia and along the Arctic fringe of Russia, where it is still sometimes practiced. The animals involved must be hardy and mobile, most commonly including sheep, goals, and camels, and sometimes cattle, horses, and yaks. For the herders, the animals provide their primary subsistence with milk, cheese, and meat for food, and hair, wool, and skins for clothing and shelter. Extended stays in one location are neither desirable nor possible because the herds follow seasonal availability of pasture.Ex:Images
Intensive Agriculture
This labor intensive agriculture employs large numbers of people and requires relatively little money to produce food.This also focuses on a small plot of land.Ex:Images
Mediterranean Agriculture
This type of agriculture exists not only in the lands that border the Mediterranean Sea, but also in California, central Chile, the southwestern part of South Africa, and southwestern Australia.These areas share a similar physical environment: they border seas, and are on the west coasts of continents, with moisture provided by prevailing sea winds and moderate winter temperatures. Summers are hot and dry, with hilly lands and mountains that plunge directly to the sea, leaving narrow strips of flat land along the coast.Some livestock is raised, but most effort is put into crop production for human consumption rather than for animal feed.Horticulture - the growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers - and tree crops form the commercial base of Mediterranean farming.Major crop are olives, grapes, fruits, and vegetables.The hilly landscape encourages farmers to plant a variety of crops within one farming area.In the areas around the Mediterranean Sea, the most important cash crops are olives and grapes, with two-thirds of the world's wine produced there. Olives are an important source of cooking oil. California also produces grapes (and wine), and provides much of the citrus fruits and tree nuts for the United States market. California produces a wider variety of crops than other Mediterranean climate areas because of the extensive use of irrigation. During the winter months, many fruits and vegetables consumed in the United States are imported from Chile.
Truck Farming
This type of agriculture predominates in the U.S. Southeast, a region with a long growing season and humid climate and accessibility to the large markets of the Northeast. It is often referred to as ___ _____, because "_____" originally meant "bartering" in the English language. Products include apples, asparagus, cherries,lettuce, mushrooms, and tomatoes, with some sold fresh to consumers, but most sold to large processors for canning or freezing.____ ____ usually rely heavily on machinery and fertilizers, and labor costs are controlled by hiring migrant farm workers who work for very low wages.
Mechanization
Using machines to do work; people began inventing machines to help.Ex:The sewing machine, reaper, washing machine, and blender are all examples of -
Nucleated Settlement Pattern
Villages located quite close together with relatively small surrounding fields.Land use is intense, but people and animals do the work. ____ ___ is the most common worldwide pattern of agricultural settlement.Ex:Rural areas in Indonesia.
Commercial Farming and Fruit Farming
This type of agriculture predominates in the U.S. Southeast, a region with a long growing season and humid climate and accessibility to the large markets of the Northeast. It is often referred to as truck farming, because "truck" originally meant "bartering" in the English language. Products include apples, asparagus, cherries, lettuce,mushrooms, and tomatoes, with some sold fresh to consumers, but most sold to large processors for canning or freezing. Truck farms usually rely heavily on machinery and fertilizers, and labor costs are controlled by hiring migrant farm workers who work for very low wages .Ex:Images
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
This type of agriculture yields a large amount of output per acre through concentrated farming, but still only provides a subsistence living for farmers.Sometimes they may sell a little to others, but usually they raise crops for their own consumption.Ex:____ ___ ___ is found in the large population concentrations of East and South Asia, with wet, or lowland, rice dominant in many areas.
Labor Intensive Agriculture
This type of agriculture yields a large amount of output per acre through concentrated farming, but still only provides a subsistence living for farmers.Sometimes they may sell a little to others, but usually they raise crops for their own consumption.Ex:____ ___ ___ is found in the large population concentrations of East and South Asia, with wet, or lowland, rice dominant in many areas.
Walled Villages
This type of village developed in ancient days in order to protect villagers from attack. In Europe the villages were often surrounded by moats as well. Today remnants of these walls still exist, and in some cases walls are still intact.Ex:The remains of the wall and an old city gate that led to the city of Die in France. The wall provided protection from attack, and the gate was heavily fortified.
Gross Domestic Product (GPD)
Total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year.Ex:Images
Wet Rice Not Dominant
Used where summer precipitation levels are too low and winters are too harsh. Wheat and barley. Most other characteristics are same as wet rice dominant.Ex:images
Specialized Farm Products
When you specialize in a certain type of product. Ex:Are raising Christmas trees, mushrooms, and products such as these. Organic farming can be specialized farming as well. _____ ______ is also commercial agriculture, but with a specialized market.
Brahman Cattle
Which is a hybrid of European cattle and the Zebu cattle of India. This beef cow produces far more meat than other tropical cows.Ex:Images
Vegetative Planting
Which new plants are produced by direct cloning from existing plants, such as cutting stems and dividing roots. Ex: People first learned to farm by deliberately dividing and transplanting plants already growing wild.
Wet (Lowland)Rice
_____ ____ is planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth. The crop requires a great deal of time and attention, but under ideal conditions it can provide large amounts of food per unit of land.Ex: Intensive subsistence farming is found in the large population concentrations of East and South Asia, with ____ ____ ____ dominant in many areas.
Dwarf Varieties
_____ _______ were an important plant hybrid innovation. Shorter breed of both wheat and rice were found to be hardier and more productive because the plant spent less time and energy growing a stalk, resulting in more and larger grains in each head.Ex:images
Aquaculture or Aquafarming
________ or __________is the cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions, whereas fishing is the capture of wild fish and other seafood. Human consumption of fish and seas has increased from 27 million metric tons in 1960 to 110 million metric tons in 2010. Global fish production has increased from approximately 36 to 145 million metric tons. -Only 2/3 of fish caught from the ocean is consumed directly by humans.Ex:images
Hunters and Gatherers
_________ gained skills in capturing and killing animals, and _______learned which plants and fruits were edible and nutritious.EX:The first humans probably emerged in eastern Africa, due to a happy confluence of availability of food, domesticable animals, and favorable climate.
Factory Farming
a system of large-scale industrialized and intensive agriculture that is focused on profit with animals kept indoors and restricted in mobility.Or a system of rearing livestock using intensive methods, by which poultry, pigs, or cattle are confined indoors under strictly controlled conditions.Ex: Images