Hydration of 1-Hexene

Where should glassware be stored after it is cleaned?

In a drying oven, or designated locations such as drawers or buret racks

Markovnikov's rule

According to Markovnikov's rule of the electrophilic addition to an alkene, the electrophile, usually a proton, is more likely to add to the less-substituted carbon in a double bond. This arrangement places the intermediate carbocation on the more-substituted carbon, which stabilizes it with the presence of more substituents. In the major product of a reaction following Markovnikov's rule, the nucleophile will then end up on the more-substituted carbon in a double bond.

Complete each statement on safety precautions when using round bottom flasks.

Before using the flask, inspect it for cracks or imperfections. Use a clamp for stability when suspending the flask on a ring stand. Never heat a flask that is closed.

Identify items that can be used to control the boiling when heating liquid in a round bottom flask.

Boiling chips or stones A stir bar and stir plate

Identify tools that are ideal for cleaning glassware.

Brushes Detergent and water

Identify the strong acids.

HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3 (nitric acid), H2SO4 (sulfuric acid), HClO3(chloric acid), and HClO4(perchloric acid)

Which procedure cannot be performed on a hot plate, requiring a Bunsen burner instead?

Heating a crucible to remove water from a hydrate.

Heating mantle

In order to heat a round bottom flask in a heating mantle, plug the heating mantle into a Variac or Powermite. Turn the heat up gradually, and do not exceed 50-60% of the maximum output of the device.

What should you do every time you are about to heat glassware on a hot plate?

Inspect the hot plate for frayed cords. Check that there are no cracks in the glassware. Ensure that the glassware is designed for heating

When is the best time to clean glassware during the lab session?

It is best to clean glassware as soon as practical after use. This helps address any chemical residue on the glassware while it can be most easily removed. Additionally, cleaning the glassware throughout the experiment helps eliminate clutter from unwashed items.

While setting up a beaker to boil a solution on a hot plate, you notice that the stirring is erratic and unstable. What should you do to stabilize the stirring solution?

Move the beaker to the center of the hot plate. Turn down the stirring speed.

In general, what are the possible products of an acid-catalyzed hydration of an alkene?

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary alcohol

What is meant by the term bumping?

Sudden and uncontrolled boiling of liquid

Steps in the mechanism of acid-catalyzed hydration of propene.

The acid-catalyzed hydration starts with the electrons in the double bond attacking the proton of the acid, adding it to one of the carbons and creating a carbocation. Then, the oxygen of a water molecule attacks the carbocation. Finally, the conjugate base of the acid deprotonates the added water, leaving a hydroxyl attached to the hydrocarbon.

What is the purpose of stirring a solution while it is being heated?

To help evenly distribute heat throughout the solution.

What is the best technique for removing a round bottom flask from an oil bath?

Wearing heat-resistant gloves, raise the clamp to lift the flask out of the oil bath. Allow the flask to cool for a while, then use a paper towel to wipe any oil from the bottom of the flask.

Cleaning buret

When cleaning a buret, begin by coating the inside with detergent solution. Empty most of it out, then drain the rest by opening the stopcock. Rinse with deionized water, then hang upside-down on a buret rack.

Heating a solution to boiling

When heating a solution to boiling on a hot plate, start by starting and stabilizing the stir function. Then, turn the heat to a medium heat setting to start. If necessary, turn up the heat setting after waiting about ten minutes without seeing boiling.