Unit 6

Response to colonialism by the Fanti "Whereas we, the undersigned kings and chiefs of Fanti, have unanimously resolved and agreed upon the articles hereinafter named. "Article 1—That we form ourselves into a Committee with the view of effecting unity of purpose and of action between the kings and chiefs of the Fanti territory. "Article 12—That the Representative Assembly of the Fanti Confederation shall have the power of preparing laws, ordinances, bills, etc." Excerpt, Constitution of the Fanti Confederation, West Africa, 1871 Which of the following best describes the excerpt above? A. A liberal nationalist response to colonialism B. A Marxist-influenced call to revolution C. An appeal to European imperial powers to end the slave trade D. A rejection of traditional religious practice as a means of industrialization Topic 6.3

A. A liberal nationalist response to colonialism

Christian missionary activity, African conversions A historian researching the effects of Christian missionaries' activities on local social structures in late-nineteenth-century Africa would probably find which of the following sources most useful? A. African accounts of converting to Christianity B. Fundraising speeches given in Europe by supporters of missionary efforts C. Data on the number of missionaries going to Africa D. Recruitment advertisements for missionaries in church newsletters in Europe Topic 6.1

A. African accounts of converting to Christianity

Map of trade patterns, Britain and cotton The trade patterns shown on the map above depict A. British imports of raw cotton and exports of finished cotton in the 1850s B. major slave trading routes in the nineteenth century C. alternate trade routes that developed as a result of the disruption caused by the Napoleonic Wars D. routes that developed in response to the building of railroads in North America E. illicit drug routes that developed in the second half of the twentieth century Topic 6.4

A. British imports of raw cotton and exports of finished cotton in the 1850s

The French educational practice shown in Image 2 The following questions refer to the images below. Image 1 GEORGE CHINNERY, BRITISH ARTIST, THE SCOTTISH PHYSICIAN DR. THOMAS COLLEDGE WITH HIS CHINESE PATIENTS, PAINTED IN CANTON [GUANGZHOU], SOUTHERN CHINA, 1835 Thomas Colledge was a surgeon serving with the British East India Company who also undertook missionary work while stationed in Guangzhou. Image 2 FÉLIX-JACQUES MOULIN, FRENCH PHOTOGRAPHER, 1856 PHOTOGRAPH OF A FRENCH SCHOOL IN ALGIERS, INCLUDED IN A FRENCH GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION SHOWING SCENES FROM COLONIAL ALGERIA, 1857 The title of the photograph is "French Arab School in Algiers Under the Supervision of the Colonial Arab Bureau; Class Taught By Monsieur Depielle." The writing on the chalkboard reads: "My children, love France, your new homeland." The French educational practice shown in Image 2 likely contributed to which of the following problems for French colonial rule? A. It helped the French colonies to develop a sense of independent nationalism. B. It antagonized France's major colonial rivals, Germany and Great Britain. C. It undermined industrial development in the French colonies. D. It encouraged calls for women's suffrage in the French colonies. Topic 6.3

A. It helped the French colonies to develop a sense of independent nationalism.

Non-European industrializing state and empire Between 1750 and 1900, which of the following industrializing states created an empire? A. Japan B. China C. Brazil D. Argentina Topic 6.2

A. Japan

Stanley on the Congo and commerce MCQ 2 "Let us take North America, for instance, and the richest portion of it—the Mississippi basin—to compare with the Congo River basin in Africa. When early explorers such as de Soto first navigated the Mississippi and the Indians were the undisputed masters of that enormous river basin, the European spirit of enterprise would have found only a few valuable products there—mainly some furs and timber. The Congo River basin is, however, much more promising at the stage of underdevelopment. The forests on the banks of the Congo are filled with precious hardwoods; among the climbing vines in the forest is the one from which rubber is produced (the best of which sells for two shillings per pound), and among its palms are some whose oil is a staple article of commerce and others whose fibers make the best cordage. But what is of far more value, the Congo River basin has over 40 million moderately industrious and workable people. It is among them that the European trader may fix his residence for years and develop commerce to his profit with very little risks involved. In dwelling over the advantages possessed by the Congo here, it has been my goal to rouse this spirit of trade. I do not wish to see the area become a place where poor migrants from Europe would settle. There are over 40 million natives here who are poor and degraded already merely because they are surrounded on all sides by hostile forces of nature and man, denying them contact with the civilizational elements that might have ameliorated the unhappiness of their condition. If you were to plant European pauperism amongst them, it would soon degenerate to the low level of native African pauperism. Instead, the man who is wanted is the enterprising merchant who receives the raw produce from the native in exchange for the finished product of the manufacturer's loom. It is the merchant who can direct and teach the African pauper what to gather in the multitude of things around him. Merchants are the missionaries of commerce adapted for nowhere so well as for the Congo River basin where there are so many idle hands and such abundant opportunities." Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh-American journalist, explorer, and agent for King Leopold of Belgium's Congo Free State, The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State, book published in 1885 The commodities listed by Stanley in the second paragraph can best be understood in the context of A. Europeans' need for resources to be used in industrial production B. raw materials that could be used in African manufacturing centers C. crops that could be cultivated on plantations and industrial farms by European settlers D. products that would be most suited for export to the Mississippi region of North America Topic 6.5

A. Europeans' need for resources to be used in industrial production Although the products that Stanley mentions in the second paragraph are raw materials, there were no centers of manufacturing in sub-Saharan Africa in the nineteenth century.

Motivations for Dutch to expand A SKETCH BY JAN BRANDES, DUTCH LUTHERAN MINISTER LIVING IN JAKARTA, INDONESIA, 1784 Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands / Bridgeman Images The sketch shows the artist's son Johnny and Flora, an enslaved Indonesian household servant. In the late nineteenth century, which of the following would most motivate the Dutch to continue to expand their presence in Indonesia? A. The acquisition of natural resources for manufacturing B. The growing competition with Spanish and Portuguese colonial empires C. The example of Japanese modernization during the Meiji Restoration D. The emergence of nationalism in Indonesia Topic 6.4

A. The acquisition of natural resources for manufacturing

Social Darwinist theory Darwin's theories were interpreted by Social Darwinists to indicate that A. select human groups would dominate those less fit B. European countries were more nationalistic C. non-White groups were better adapted to tropical climates D. imperialism went against the theory of natural selection E. education would lead to equality Topic 6.1

A. select human groups would dominate those less fit

Chakravarti on British imperialism India MCQ 2 "The misfortunes and decline of this country [Bengal, a region in eastern India] began on the day of the Muslim conquest. Just as a storm wreaks destruction and disorder upon a garden, so did the unscrupulous and tyrannical Muslims destroy the happiness and good fortune of Bengal. Ravaged by endless waves of oppression, the people of Bengal became withdrawn and timid. Hinduism, our native religion, also took distorted forms. But there are limits to everything. When the oppressions of the Muslims became intolerable, Brahma, the Lord of the Universe, provided a means of escape. The resumption of Bengal's good fortune began on the day the British flag was first planted on this land. Tell me, if Muslim rule had continued, what would the condition of this country have been today? It must be loudly declared that it is to bless us that the Lord Brahma has brought the English to this country. British rule has ended the atrocities of Muslim rule. There can be no comparison between the two: the difference seems to be greater than that between darkness and light or between misery and bliss." Bholanath Chakravarti, Bengali religious scholar, lecture at a meeting of a Hindu reformist society, Kolkata, India, 1876 The arguments expressed in the passage are significant because they help explain why A. social divisions within colonial societies often hindered the efforts of anticolonial movements to overthrow imperial rule B. syncretic religious movements frequently emerged from cultural differences in colonial societies C. nationalist movements against imperial rule often sought to bridge ethnic and religious differences by appealing to popular Enlightenment ideals D. settler colonies frequently exacerbated differences between religious groups in colonial societies Topic 6.3

A. social divisions within colonial societies often hindered the efforts of anticolonial movements to overthrow imperial rule Western imperial states were able to exploit existing social divisions in many colonial societies in Africa and Asia, cooperating with some groups in order to maintain control and economic dominance. In fact, they needed to do so because of the expense of European administrators and the need to communicate across cultures. Anticolonial movements had difficulty mobilizing entire populations against imperial rule until they were able to create enough of a sense of national identity (itself spread by Western colonialists) to bridge the social gulf between groups. Even then, national identity remained contested.

Qing request to Queen Victoria to ban opium sales "We have heard that in your own country opium is prohibited with the utmost strictness and severity — this is a strong proof that you know full well how hurtful opium is to humans. Since you do not permit it to injure your own country, you ought not to have the injurious drug transferred to another country, and above all other, not to China!" Qing government commissioner Lin Zexu to Queen Victoria of Great Britain, 1839 In the passage above, Lin Zexu is asking that the British do which of the following? A. Provide treatment for opium addicts in China B. Ban the sale of opium by British merchants in China C. Prevent all foreign trade from entering China D. End the concessions made to Britain during the Opium Wars Topic 6.5

B. Ban the sale of opium by British merchants in China

China's loss of economic independence to Europe Which of the following most accurately describes the interactions between China and Europe in the nineteenth century? A. China became isolated politically in part because of its suppression of pro-Western Chinese dissidents. B. China effectively lost its economic independence to Europe as a result of military losses to European forces. C. China became a major exporter of manufactured goods to Europe. D. China and Europe were forced into an uneasy alliance to reverse Japanese imperial expansion in northern China. Topic 6.5

B. China effectively lost its economic independence to Europe as a result of military losses to European forces.

Global migration patterns and cities Which of the following statements is true of global migration patterns during the nineteenth century? A. Most migrants rejected their culture in favor of total assimilation. B. Migrants increasingly relocated from rural areas to cities. C. Most migrants traveled seasonally as agricultural laborers. D. Migrants were primarily women seeking employment as factory workers. Topic 6.6

B. Migrants increasingly relocated from rural areas to cities.

Enlightenment and challenges to slavery A SKETCH BY JAN BRANDES, DUTCH LUTHERAN MINISTER LIVING IN JAKARTA, INDONESIA, 1784 Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands / Bridgeman Images The sketch shows the artist's son Johnny and Flora, an enslaved Indonesian household servant. Which of the following would most directly challenge the labor system portrayed in the sketch? A. Trade unionism B. The Enlightenment C. Social Darwinism D. Marxism Topic 5.4

B. The Enlightenment

Taken together, the images best demonstrate tha... The following questions refer to the images below. Image 1 GEORGE CHINNERY, BRITISH ARTIST, THE SCOTTISH PHYSICIAN DR. THOMAS COLLEDGE WITH HIS CHINESE PATIENTS, PAINTED IN CANTON [GUANGZHOU], SOUTHERN CHINA, 1835 Thomas Colledge was a surgeon serving with the British East India Company who also undertook missionary work while stationed in Guangzhou. Image 2 FÉLIX-JACQUES MOULIN, FRENCH PHOTOGRAPHER, 1856 PHOTOGRAPH OF A FRENCH SCHOOL IN ALGIERS, INCLUDED IN A FRENCH GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION SHOWING SCENES FROM COLONIAL ALGERIA, 1857 The title of the photograph is "French Arab School in Algiers Under the Supervision of the Colonial Arab Bureau; Class Taught By Monsieur Depielle." The writing on the chalkboard reads: "My children, love France, your new homeland." Taken together, the images best demonstrate that British and French imperialism shared which of the following similarities? A. They both viewed human progress through a Social Darwinist perspective. B. They both saw themselves as spreading the benefits of Enlightenment principles. C. They both attempted to limit the influence of Marxist ideas. D. They both used diplomatic efforts to expand their empires in Asia and Africa. Topics 5.1

B. They both saw themselves as spreading the benefits of Enlightenment principles.

Asian and African rulers and western weapons During the nineteenth century, Asian and African rulers usually desired transfer of which of the following western technologies most? A. Medicines B. Weapons C. Navigational instruments D. Textile manufacturing equipment E. Chemical fertilizers Topic 5.8

B. Weapons

Chinese Immigration to US MCQ 1 "When I was ten years old, I worked on my father's farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father's farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards. The man's wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father gave me some money and I went with five other boys from our village to take a steamship from Hong Kong. The engines that moved the ship were wonderful monsters, strong enough to lift mountains. When I got to San Francisco, I was half-starved because I was afraid to eat American food. But after a few days of living in the Chinese quarter, I was happy again. A man got me work as a servant with an American family and my start was the same as most of the Chinese in this country." Li Zhou, laborer from Guangzhou province in southern China, interview given to a reporter in the United States describing his journey to the United States in the 1860s On a global scale, the gender makeup of the migrants referred to in the second paragraph best helps to explain which of the following social changes in home societies in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A. Dramatic population increases leading to the adoption of new government policies to limit the birth of children B. Women taking on new roles that had been formerly occupied by men C. A greater reliance on children performing indentured labor D. An increase in workers joining labor unions to demand higher wages Topic 6.7

B. Women taking on new roles that had been formerly occupied by men Although it was fairly common for children to work in both industrial and nonindustrial jobs in Europe, Asia, and Africa, children in societies that experienced high levels of emigration did not typically engage in indentured labor and the number of children who were indentured laborers did not increase in home societies as a result of emigration.

Western imperialist expansion, late 19th century Which of the following best characterizes Western imperialist expansion in the late nineteenth century? A. Western fears of the spread of Japanese influence B. Western investment to create self-sufficient economies in the new colonies C. An unprecedented amount of territory colonized in a short period of time D. The establishment of political institutions to resolve ethnic and religious conflicts within colonies E. The decline of British and United States influence in international affairs Topic 6.2

C. An unprecedented amount of territory colonized in a short period of time

Britain Coal Reserves Non-Stim MCQ The industrialization of Great Britain's economy in the mid-eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is most directly explained by which of the following? A. Britain had large reserves of petroleum. B. British scientists were the first to discover electricity. C. Britain had large reserves of coal. D. British engineers developed new methods of producing cheaper steel. Topic 5.4

C. Britain had large reserves of coal.

Creation of European empires late 19th c. Africa Which of the following facilitated the creation of European empires in Africa during the late nineteenth century? A. Africans' unified resistance to European intervention B. Europeans' desire to develop industry in Africa C. Europeans' use of both warfare and diplomacy D. Africans' widespread acceptance of European laws Topic 6.2

C. Europeans' use of both warfare and diplomacy

Stanley on the Congo and commerce MCQ 3 "Let us take North America, for instance, and the richest portion of it—the Mississippi basin—to compare with the Congo River basin in Africa. When early explorers such as de Soto first navigated the Mississippi and the Indians were the undisputed masters of that enormous river basin, the European spirit of enterprise would have found only a few valuable products there—mainly some furs and timber. The Congo River basin is, however, much more promising at the stage of underdevelopment. The forests on the banks of the Congo are filled with precious hardwoods; among the climbing vines in the forest is the one from which rubber is produced (the best of which sells for two shillings per pound), and among its palms are some whose oil is a staple article of commerce and others whose fibers make the best cordage. But what is of far more value, the Congo River basin has over 40 million moderately industrious and workable people. It is among them that the European trader may fix his residence for years and develop commerce to his profit with very little risks involved. In dwelling over the advantages possessed by the Congo here, it has been my goal to rouse this spirit of trade. I do not wish to see the area become a place where poor migrants from Europe would settle. There are over 40 million natives here who are poor and degraded already merely because they are surrounded on all sides by hostile forces of nature and man, denying them contact with the civilizational elements that might have ameliorated the unhappiness of their condition. If you were to plant European pauperism amongst them, it would soon degenerate to the low level of native African pauperism. Instead, the man who is wanted is the enterprising merchant who receives the raw produce from the native in exchange for the finished product of the manufacturer's loom. It is the merchant who can direct and teach the African pauper what to gather in the multitude of things around him. Merchants are the missionaries of commerce adapted for nowhere so well as for the Congo River basin where there are so many idle hands and such abundant opportunities." Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh-American journalist, explorer, and agent for King Leopold of Belgium's Congo Free State, The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State, book published in 1885 Based on the third paragraph, Stanley's vision of the future of the Congo River basin can best be seen as part of which of the following late-nineteenth-century developments? A. Settler imperialism B. The view of imperialism as the "White Man's Burden" C. Economic imperialism D. The belief that imperialism should be spearheaded by religious missionaries Topic 6.5

C. Economic imperialism Stanley mentions in the third paragraph that European merchants must be responsible for the economic development of the Congo River basin and that raw materials from the Congo River basin should be exported to manufacturing centers in Europe in order to produce finished goods. This type of economic exploitation that Stanley advocates is called economic imperialism.

Japanese expansion and British East India Company Map 1 Map 2 The primary rationale for Japan's territorial acquisitions in Southeast Asia during the period 1933-1942, as reflected in Map 2, was most similar to the primary rationale for which of the following? A. The Ottoman Empire's conquest of the Middle East and North Africa B. France's conquests in central and southern Europe under Napoleon C. The British East India Company's takeover of other European states' colonial possessions in India D. The Qing dynasty's expansion into Central Asia Topic 6.2 & 7.5

C. The British East India Company's takeover of other European states' colonial possessions in India

Poem 1's Indian workers and coerced migration Poem 1 "The world calls us coolie.* Why doesn't our flag fly anywhere? How shall we survive, are we slaves forever? Why aren't we involved in politics? From the beginning we have been oppressed. Why don't we even dream of freedom? Only a handful of oppressors have taken our fields. Why has no Indian cultivator risen and protected his land? Our children cry out for want of education. Why don't we open science colleges?" *An insulting term for South or East Asian manual workers Poem 2 "Why do you sit silent in your own country You who make so much noise in foreign lands? Noise outside of India is of little avail. Pay attention to activities within India. You are quarreling and Hindu-Muslim conflict is prevalent. The jewel of India is rotting in the earth because you are fighting over the Vedas and the Koran. Go and speak with soldiers. Ask them why they are asleep, men who once held swords. Muslim, Hindu, and Sikh heroes should join together. The power of the oppressors is nothing if we unitedly attack him. Indians have been the victors in the battlefields of Burma, Egypt, China and the Sudan." Which of the following best accounts for the circumstances of Indian workers alluded to in Poem 1 ? A. The increasing migration of Indian laborers to industrialized urban areas B. The cultural divisions between Indian Muslim migrants and Indian Hindu migrants C. The coerced migration of Indian indentured servants D. The pattern of many Indian migrants returning to their homeland after their contracts ended Topic 6.6

C. The coerced migration of Indian indentured servants

Ivanov Russian colonization Crimea MCQ 3 "The Crimea!* Once a flourishing and wealthy colony of ancient Greeks, a trade hub for Venetians and Genoese, a center of sciences and the arts! In time, however, it fell to the Mongols, became a haven for robbers, and, under the crescent flag of Islam, began to be a place where Christians were persecuted. Despite being rich in natural resources and blessed by a favorable geographical location and a mild climate, the peninsula grew poor, lost its significance, and became a threatening neighbor to the Christian kingdoms of the Caucasus, to Poland, and especially to Russia. But one hundred years ago, in its forward march to the south, to its natural borders, reclaiming the right to its ancient lands, our empire took possession of the Crimea and restored it to its ancient state of enlightenment and peace. In the past one hundred years, many cities in the European style were built, ports were opened, good roads were constructed and, most importantly, numerous educational institutions were established that spread the light of knowledge and science among the Muslim Crimean Tatars who, until now, had dwelled in ignorance. In Crimea arrived the happiest of days!" *A peninsula on the northern shore of the Black Sea; the Crimea was ruled by a native Muslim dynasty subordinate to the Ottoman Empire until 1783, when it was annexed by Russia. A. Ivanov, Russian writer, A Century Since the Integration of the Crimea into Russia, book published in Russia in 1883 In its description of the condition of the Crimean Tatars, the second paragraph most directly provides evidence of the influence of which of the following? A. Laissez-faire liberalism B. The ideology of nationalism C. The concept of the civilizing mission D. The racial theory of Social Darwinism Topic 6.1

C. The concept of the civilizing mission

Similarity with Scramble for Africa, Tahiti CHARLES GUSTAVE SPITZ, FRENCH PHOTOGRAPHER, CELEBRATING BASTILLE DAY* IN TAHITI,** PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN FOR PUBLICATION IN THE FRENCH PRESS, 1889 Mark and Carolyn Blackburn Collection of Polynesian Art/Bridgeman Images *French national holiday celebrating the 1789 French Revolution **French colonial territory in Polynesia, the South Pacific Which of the following events would have been most likely to produce a cultural context similar to the one depicted in the image? A. The spread of Marxist ideas B. The Taiping Rebellion in China C. The scramble for Africa D. The unification of Germany Topic 6.2

C. The scramble for Africa

Ivanov Russian colonization Crimea MCQ 2 "The Crimea!* Once a flourishing and wealthy colony of ancient Greeks, a trade hub for Venetians and Genoese, a center of sciences and the arts! In time, however, it fell to the Mongols, became a haven for robbers, and, under the crescent flag of Islam, began to be a place where Christians were persecuted. Despite being rich in natural resources and blessed by a favorable geographical location and a mild climate, the peninsula grew poor, lost its significance, and became a threatening neighbor to the Christian kingdoms of the Caucasus, to Poland, and especially to Russia. But one hundred years ago, in its forward march to the south, to its natural borders, reclaiming the right to its ancient lands, our empire took possession of the Crimea and restored it to its ancient state of enlightenment and peace. In the past one hundred years, many cities in the European style were built, ports were opened, good roads were constructed and, most importantly, numerous educational institutions were established that spread the light of knowledge and science among the Muslim Crimean Tatars who, until now, had dwelled in ignorance. In Crimea arrived the happiest of days!" *A peninsula on the northern shore of the Black Sea; the Crimea was ruled by a native Muslim dynasty subordinate to the Ottoman Empire until 1783, when it was annexed by Russia. A. Ivanov, Russian writer, A Century Since the Integration of the Crimea into Russia, book published in Russia in 1883 The second paragraph best provides information about the way in which states in the nineteenth century A. used Enlightenment ideas to justify their attempts to convert conquered populations to Christianity B. attempted to consolidate their conquests by enrolling local populations into imperial service C. justified territorial expansion by claiming that they were bringing progress to conquered regions D. facilitated cultural exchange between different religious groups to conquer neighboring states Topic 6.1

C. justified territorial expansion by claiming that they were bringing progress to conquered regions

Chakravarti on British imperialism India MCQ 1 "The misfortunes and decline of this country [Bengal, a region in eastern India] began on the day of the Muslim conquest. Just as a storm wreaks destruction and disorder upon a garden, so did the unscrupulous and tyrannical Muslims destroy the happiness and good fortune of Bengal. Ravaged by endless waves of oppression, the people of Bengal became withdrawn and timid. Hinduism, our native religion, also took distorted forms. But there are limits to everything. When the oppressions of the Muslims became intolerable, Brahma, the Lord of the Universe, provided a means of escape. The resumption of Bengal's good fortune began on the day the British flag was first planted on this land. Tell me, if Muslim rule had continued, what would the condition of this country have been today? It must be loudly declared that it is to bless us that the Lord Brahma has brought the English to this country. British rule has ended the atrocities of Muslim rule. There can be no comparison between the two: the difference seems to be greater than that between darkness and light or between misery and bliss." Bholanath Chakravarti, Bengali religious scholar, lecture at a meeting of a Hindu reformist society, Kolkata, India, 1876 The author's political point of view can be most clearly seen in the way in which the passage A. neglects to mention that South Asian migrants were a key source of labor for Western transnational corporations B. disparages the development of contemporary Hinduism C. omits any mention of the economic exploitation and resource extraction practiced by the British in India D. attributes historical events to divine intervention Topic 6.4

C. omits any mention of the economic exploitation and resource extraction practiced by the British in India Although some South Asian migrants became a source of labor for Western transnational corporations (in Africa and the Caribbean, for example), because he was a Hindu nationalist, Chakravarti's point of view is that Muslim rule in India had oppressed the Hindu majority and that by removing Muslim rule, the British had helped the Hindu cause. The author's point of view is not directly related to the use of Asian migrant labor by Western corporations.

Based on Image 1 , the painter most likely held... The following questions refer to the images below. Image 1 GEORGE CHINNERY, BRITISH ARTIST, THE SCOTTISH PHYSICIAN DR. THOMAS COLLEDGE WITH HIS CHINESE PATIENTS, PAINTED IN CANTON [GUANGZHOU], SOUTHERN CHINA, 1835 Thomas Colledge was a surgeon serving with the British East India Company who also undertook missionary work while stationed in Guangzhou. Image 2 FÉLIX-JACQUES MOULIN, FRENCH PHOTOGRAPHER, 1856 PHOTOGRAPH OF A FRENCH SCHOOL IN ALGIERS, INCLUDED IN A FRENCH GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION SHOWING SCENES FROM COLONIAL ALGERIA, 1857 The title of the photograph is "French Arab School in Algiers Under the Supervision of the Colonial Arab Bureau; Class Taught By Monsieur Depielle." The writing on the chalkboard reads: "My children, love France, your new homeland." Based on Image 1, the painter most likely held which of the following views of China? A. It was an ancient society that Europeans should study further. B. The opium trade conducted by the East India Company was beneficial to China. C. Attempts to reform China's government and economy were likely to fail. D. China was behind Europe in cultural and scientific development. Topics 6.1

D. China was behind Europe in cultural and scientific development.

Ivanov Russian colonization Crimea MCQ 1 "The Crimea!* Once a flourishing and wealthy colony of ancient Greeks, a trade hub for Venetians and Genoese, a center of sciences and the arts! In time, however, it fell to the Mongols, became a haven for robbers, and, under the crescent flag of Islam, began to be a place where Christians were persecuted. Despite being rich in natural resources and blessed by a favorable geographical location and a mild climate, the peninsula grew poor, lost its significance, and became a threatening neighbor to the Christian kingdoms of the Caucasus, to Poland, and especially to Russia. But one hundred years ago, in its forward march to the south, to its natural borders, reclaiming the right to its ancient lands, our empire took possession of the Crimea and restored it to its ancient state of enlightenment and peace. In the past one hundred years, many cities in the European style were built, ports were opened, good roads were constructed and, most importantly, numerous educational institutions were established that spread the light of knowledge and science among the Muslim Crimean Tatars who, until now, had dwelled in ignorance. In Crimea arrived the happiest of days!" *A peninsula on the northern shore of the Black Sea; the Crimea was ruled by a native Muslim dynasty subordinate to the Ottoman Empire until 1783, when it was annexed by Russia. A. Ivanov, Russian writer, A Century Since the Integration of the Crimea into Russia, book published in Russia in 1883 The expansion of the Russian Empire in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is primarily explained in the context of which of the following global developments? A. European states using their control over maritime trade routes to impoverish non-European societies B. European states using joint-stock companies to expand their economic and political dominance over non-European societies C. European states taking advantage of religious conflicts in non-European societies to expand their influence D. European states acquiring growing technological and military advantages over non-European societies to expand their power Topic 6.2

D. European states acquiring growing technological and military advantages over non-European societies to expand their power

Which of the following best explains the motiva... The following questions refer to the passage below. "It is not too much to hope that, with the building of a branch railway to this region, European piece goods might be imported so as to undersell the native cloth. And the effect would be that not only would a larger supply of the raw material be obtained—for the cotton that is now spun into yarn in Berar would be exported—but also the large local population now employed in spinning and weaving would be made available for agricultural labor, and thus the jungle land might be broken up and the cultivation extended." Harry Rivett-Carnac, British cotton commissioner for Berar province, India, annual report, 1869 Which of the following best explains the motivation behind the policy outlined in the passage? A. Shortages of food in Great Britain led to the need for more grain imports. B. The British wanted to expand the labor force available for factory work in India. C. British officials wished to expand textile manufacturing in India. D. The British wished to extract more raw materials for their domestic industry. Topic 5.4

D. The British wished to extract more raw materials for their domestic industry.

Chinese Immigration to US MCQ 3 "When I was ten years old, I worked on my father's farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father's farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards. The man's wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father gave me some money and I went with five other boys from our village to take a steamship from Hong Kong. The engines that moved the ship were wonderful monsters, strong enough to lift mountains. When I got to San Francisco, I was half-starved because I was afraid to eat American food. But after a few days of living in the Chinese quarter, I was happy again. A man got me work as a servant with an American family and my start was the same as most of the Chinese in this country." Li Zhou, laborer from Guangzhou province in southern China, interview given to a reporter in the United States describing his journey to the United States in the 1860s Long-distance immigration to the Americas in the late nineteenth century most often contributed to which of the following processes? A. The worsening of gender imbalances in receiving societies, as the great majority of migrants were men B. Restrictions on migrants performing industrial labor in factories in the receiving societies C. Reverse migration, whereby most migrants returned to their countries of origin after becoming financially secure D. Growing rates of urbanization as migrants predominantly settled in cities in the receiving societies Topic 6.6

D. Growing rates of urbanization as migrants predominantly settled in cities in the receiving societies Although some migrants became financially secure enough to return to their homelands relatively quickly, that was not a common experience for most migrants to the Americas.

European involvement in Africa and China In the late nineteenth century, European involvement in both Africa and China was characterized primarily by A. the encouragement of slavery B. extensive intermarriage with local peoples C. small military enclaves along coastlines D. competition among imperialist powers Topic 6.2

D. competition among imperialist powers

Poem 1 and failure of mass education in India Poem 1 "The world calls us coolie.* Why doesn't our flag fly anywhere? How shall we survive, are we slaves forever? Why aren't we involved in politics? From the beginning we have been oppressed. Why don't we even dream of freedom? Only a handful of oppressors have taken our fields. Why has no Indian cultivator risen and protected his land? Our children cry out for want of education. Why don't we open science colleges?" *An insulting term for South or East Asian manual workers Poem 2 "Why do you sit silent in your own country You who make so much noise in foreign lands? Noise outside of India is of little avail. Pay attention to activities within India. You are quarreling and Hindu-Muslim conflict is prevalent. The jewel of India is rotting in the earth because you are fighting over the Vedas and the Koran. Go and speak with soldiers. Ask them why they are asleep, men who once held swords. Muslim, Hindu, and Sikh heroes should join together. The power of the oppressors is nothing if we unitedly attack him. Indians have been the victors in the battlefields of Burma, Egypt, China and the Sudan." In Poem 1, the sentiments regarding education and politics are best understood in the context of which of the following? A. The persistence of slavery in spite of the abolitionist movement in the British Empire B. The growth of women's movements pushing for greater education and domestic rights C. The British failure to provide mass education in India, for fear that doing so would encourage resistance against imperial rule D. The revival of traditional Hindu and Muslim religious beliefs in India Topic 6.3

C. The British failure to provide mass education in India, for fear that doing so would encourage resistance against imperial rule

Connection between Haitian and French Revolutions Which of the following European developments is most closely associated with the revolution in Haiti? A. The Protestant Reformation B. The Russian Revolution C. The French Revolution D. The Industrial Revolution Topic 5.2

C. The French Revolution

Similarity between Russian and U.S. expansion Map 1 Map 2 During the nineteenth century, which of the following engaged in a territorial expansion most similar to the one depicted in Map 1 ? A. Qajar Iran B. The Ottoman Empire C. The United States D. The Holy Roman Empire Topic 6.2

C. The United States

Stanley on the Congo and commerce MCQ 1 "Let us take North America, for instance, and the richest portion of it—the Mississippi basin—to compare with the Congo River basin in Africa. When early explorers such as de Soto first navigated the Mississippi and the Indians were the undisputed masters of that enormous river basin, the European spirit of enterprise would have found only a few valuable products there—mainly some furs and timber. The Congo River basin is, however, much more promising at the stage of underdevelopment. The forests on the banks of the Congo are filled with precious hardwoods; among the climbing vines in the forest is the one from which rubber is produced (the best of which sells for two shillings per pound), and among its palms are some whose oil is a staple article of commerce and others whose fibers make the best cordage. But what is of far more value, the Congo River basin has over 40 million moderately industrious and workable people. It is among them that the European trader may fix his residence for years and develop commerce to his profit with very little risks involved. In dwelling over the advantages possessed by the Congo here, it has been my goal to rouse this spirit of trade. I do not wish to see the area become a place where poor migrants from Europe would settle. There are over 40 million natives here who are poor and degraded already merely because they are surrounded on all sides by hostile forces of nature and man, denying them contact with the civilizational elements that might have ameliorated the unhappiness of their condition. If you were to plant European pauperism amongst them, it would soon degenerate to the low level of native African pauperism. Instead, the man who is wanted is the enterprising merchant who receives the raw produce from the native in exchange for the finished product of the manufacturer's loom. It is the merchant who can direct and teach the African pauper what to gather in the multitude of things around him. Merchants are the missionaries of commerce adapted for nowhere so well as for the Congo River basin where there are so many idle hands and such abundant opportunities." Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh-American journalist, explorer, and agent for King Leopold of Belgium's Congo Free State, The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State, book published in 1885 Stanley's description of the riches of the Congo in the first two paragraphs can best be seen as an attempt to A. place European expansion in the Congo in the context of earlier imperial ventures that had ended in disaster for the native population of the colonized country B. place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other instances in which inter-European rivalries had prevented the successful economic exploitation of colonial territories C. place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other imperial ventures that had seemed difficult at first but have subsequently turned out to be highly valuable D. place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other instances in which British imperial policies had been proven to be more successful than the policies of other European countries Topic 6.5

C. place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other imperial ventures that had seemed difficult at first but have subsequently turned out to be highly valuable Although there were instances in which inter-European rivalries had limited or delayed European economic exploitation of colonial territories (for example, along the western coast of North America) between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, the first and second paragraphs do not indicate that the economic exploitation of the Mississippi River basin had been prevented by inter-European rivalries or that the economic exploitation of the Congo River basin was being prevented by such rivalries.