Unit 6 AP Classroom

"The Kamaishi iron deposit consists of several clusters of oxidized iron ore on volcanic rock. It is quite different from the clayed iron ores layered upon coal beds that are commonly found in Britain. The quality of the Kamaishi ore can be categorized as magnetic iron ore of the highest rank. It contains 70% iron, while clayed ore contains only 20-30%. Therefore, in order to produce high quality iron, it was necessary for the government to build a charcoal blast furnace and to order a furnace from Britain. As British engineers were informed that the Kamaishi deposit was rich and the surrounding woods were abundant, they designed a huge charcoal furnace. However, the operation was interrupted within only ninety days. Recently I had a chance to investigate the situation at Kamaishi. After the investigation, I found that despite the claim that Kamaishi is a rich deposit, first of all, the real estimation of the exposed deposit is only about 130 thousand tons. Moreover, because of its mountainous location, it is very difficult to mine and transport. Even if we were able to do so, it would not be commercially successful. Furthermore, within two years the entire woods surrounding Kamaishi will be depleted as a source material for charcoal." Ito Yajiro, Japanese government inspector, report issued to the Meiji government following the failure of the state-owned Kamaishi Iron Works, 1882 The industrialization of Japan in the nineteenth century most directly led to Japan's adoption of which of the following foreign policies? A A policy of isolation that sought to limit foreign cultural, economic, and political influences B A policy of mediation that sought to prevent conflict among rival states C A policy of promoting regional prosperity through the negotiation of free-trade agreements with Western and Asian states D A policy of imperial expansion that sought to take advantage of the political and military weakness of neighboring Asian states

a policy of imperial expansion that sought to take advantage of the political and military weakness of neighboring asian states

The Meiji reforms in Japan resulted in A the strengthening of the power of regional lords at the expense of the emperor B a shift of power away from regional lords and to the emperor C the Tokugawa shogunate's adoption of a unified civil code D the overthrow of the imperial system for a democratic republic

a shift of power away from regional lords and to the emperor

"All the world knows that since the first days of the Ottoman state, the lofty principles of the Qur'an and the rules of the Shari'a were always perfectly preserved. Our mighty sultanate reached the highest degree of strength and power, and all its subjects reached the highest degree of ease and prosperity. But in the last one hundred and fifty years, because of a succession of difficult and diverse causes, the sacred Shari'a was not obeyed nor were the beneficent regulations followed; consequently, the empire's former strength and prosperity have changed into weakness and poverty. It is evident that countries not governed by the Shari'a cannot survive. Full of confidence in the help of the God, and certain of the support of our Prophet, we deem it necessary and important from now on to introduce new legislation in order to achieve effective administration of the Ottoman government and provinces." Mustafa Reshid Pasha, Ottoman Foreign Minister, imperial decree announcing the Tanzimat reforms, 1839 A historian interpreting the decree would best understand the purpose of the "new legislation" referred to in the second paragraph as an attempt to A establish the Ottoman Empire as a European power by conquering territory in southern Europe B establish Ottoman colonies in sub-Saharan Africa to extract natural resources for factories C allow the Ottoman government to reconquer territories lost to the Safavid and Mughal empires D allow the Ottoman government to compete against industrializing European powers

allow the ottoman government to compete against industrializing european powers

"The Kamaishi iron deposit consists of several clusters of oxidized iron ore on volcanic rock. It is quite different from the clayed iron ores layered upon coal beds that are commonly found in Britain. The quality of the Kamaishi ore can be categorized as magnetic iron ore of the highest rank. It contains 70% iron, while clayed ore contains only 20-30%. Therefore, in order to produce high quality iron, it was necessary for the government to build a charcoal blast furnace and to order a furnace from Britain. As British engineers were informed that the Kamaishi deposit was rich and the surrounding woods were abundant, they designed a huge charcoal furnace. However, the operation was interrupted within only ninety days. Recently I had a chance to investigate the situation at Kamaishi. After the investigation, I found that despite the claim that Kamaishi is a rich deposit, first of all, the real estimation of the exposed deposit is only about 130 thousand tons. Moreover, because of its mountainous location, it is very difficult to mine and transport. Even if we were able to do so, it would not be commercially successful. Furthermore, within two years the entire woods surrounding Kamaishi will be depleted as a source material for charcoal." Ito Yajiro, Japanese government inspector, report issued to the Meiji government following the failure of the state-owned Kamaishi Iron Works, 1882 Which of the following is an accurate comparison between the economic development of Japan and the economic development of Russia in the nineteenth century? A Both countries industrialized, with the state playing an important role in the process. B Both countries remained dependent on the West for their economic development. C Japan's economy remained predominantly agrarian, while Russia became a major industrial power. D Russia's industrialization occurred in the early 1800s, while Japan's industrialization occurred in the late 1800s.

both countries industrialized, with the state playing an important role in the process

The table indicates that Indian labor migration to Trinidad in the mid- to late nineteenth century shared which of the following patterns with global migration processes in the same period? A Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general involved mostly coerced or semicoerced labor. B Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general resulted in migrants establishing ethnic enclaves in increasingly cosmopolitan cities. C Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general involved migrants who were mostly male. D Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general resulted in receiving societies' governments passing discriminatory anti-immigrant legislation.

both indian migration to trinidad and global migration in general involved migrants who were mostly male

"The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal." Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900 Based on the passage, the author would most likely have agreed with which of the following statements? A Britain's founding of Australia followed God's command to convert non-Whites. B All peoples of the world have the right to determine their own government. C Britain had contributed to human progress by taking over new colonies in Africa. D Nations go to war with each other mainly to gain precious metals.

britain had contributed to human progress by taking over new colonies in africa

The trade patterns shown on the map above depict A British imports of raw materials and exports of finished goods during the nineteenth century B major slave trading routes in the nineteenth century C British trade routes that developed as a result of the disruption caused by the First World War D illicit drug routes that developed in the second half of the twentieth century

british imports of raw materials and exports of finished good during the nineteenth century

"We often see articles in our [Brazilian] newspapers trying to convince the reader that slavery among us is a very mild and pleasant condition for the slave—so often, in fact, that one may almost begin to believe that, if slaves were asked, they would prefer slavery to freedom. This only proves that newspaper articles are not written by slaves. . . . The legal position of slaves in Brazil can be summed up in these words: the Constitution does not apply to them. Our [1824] Constitution is full of lofty ideas [such as]: 'No citizen can be forced to do anything except as required by law;' 'The law shall apply equally to every person;' 'Whipping, torture, and all other cruel punishments are abolished,' etc. Yet, in this ostensibly free nation . . . we must have, on a daily basis, judges, police, and, if need be, the army and navy employed to force enslaved men, women, and children to work night and day without any compensation. To admit this in the highest law of the land would reduce the list of Brazilian freedoms to a transparent fraud. For this reason the Constitution does not even mention slaves or attempt to regulate their status." Joaquim Nabuco, Brazilian writer and political activist, Abolitionism, book published 1883 As illustrated by the passage, which of the following best explains the persistence of slavery in some parts of the Americas into the late nineteenth century? A Urban middle-class families increasingly relied on the labor of slaves as more women joined the workforce. B Cash-crop plantation agriculture remained an important part of some nations' economies. C Constitutions in the Americas continued to expressly deny citizens the legal rights that had long been established in Europe. D Railroads, steamships, and other technologies greatly facilitated new migration to the Americas.

cash-crop plantation agriculture remained an important part of some nations' economies

Before 1870, the European presence in Africa was characterized primarily by A military conquests of large territories administered as military states B intense colonization and settlement of large areas C active international interaction through trade and diplomacy D coastal enclaves for trade and a few settlements E frequent coastal raids along with racial segregation imposed on conquered peoples

coastal enclaves for trade and a few settlements

The photograph best supports which of the following inferences about French colonial rule in Tahiti in the 1880? A Colonial authorities attempted to impart a sense of French national identity to native Tahitians. B Tahiti provided France with valuable sources of raw materials as well as with markets for French manufactured goods. C The spread of Enlightenment ideas and anticolonial movements led many Tahitians to demand independence from France. D French control of Tahiti was under threat from expanding rival colonial empires in the Pacific, such as Great Britain, Japan, and the United States.

colonial authorities attempted to impart a sense of French national identify to native Tahitians

The revenues section of the table can best be used to illustrate which of the following continuities between pre-1900 and post-1900 European imperialism? A Competition between European colonial powers encouraged imperial expansion. B Some African peoples successfully resisted colonial economic exploitation. C Colonial powers directly subsidized most of the expenditures needed to maintain their colonies. D Colonial powers sought to extract wealth and economic resources from the colonized peoples.

colonial powers sought to extract wealth and economic resources from the colonized peoples

In the late nineteenth century, European involvement in both Africa and China was characterized primarily by A the encouragement of slavery B extensive intermarriage with local peoples C small military enclaves along coastlines D competition among imperialist powers

competition among imperialist powers

The division of islands such as Borneo, New Guinea, and Timor on both maps best reflects which of the following? A Borders established by early Southeast Asian kingdoms and empires B Natural physical boundaries such as rivers and mountains C Significant linguistic, ethnic, or cultural divisions between the inhabitants D Conquest by and competition between colonial empires

conquest by and competition between colonial empires

The image from Japan during the Meiji Restoration best exemplifies which of the following processes? A Attempts by conservative members of society to maintain indigenous traditions B Cultural changes accompanying greater contact with the United States C Greater freedom for women resulting from democratization D Increased emphasis on international cooperation as a result of the lowering of trade barriers

cultural changes accompanying greater contact with the united staes

Which of the following was the primary Ottoman response to the processes depicted in Map 2 ? A Attempts to convert the empire's non-Muslim population to Islam B Efforts to transform the empire into a parliamentary democracy C Attempts to reconcile Islamic law with Marxist ideals D Efforts to reform the government despite considerable internal opposition

efforts to reform the government despite considerable internal opposition

"Every denial of justice, every beating by the police, every demand of [colonial] workers that is drowned in blood, every scandal that is hushed up, every punitive expedition . . . brings home to us the value of our old societies. They were communal societies, never societies of the many for the few. They were societies that were not only pre-capitalist, but also anti-capitalist. They were democratic societies, always. They were cooperative societies, fraternal societies. I make a systematic defense of the societies destroyed by imperialism." Aimé Césaire, Afro-Caribbean intellectual, Discourse on Colonialism, 1953 Césaire's statement above was most likely made in response to A the growing superpower influence in Africa and Asia during the Cold War B the success of the Indian independence movement C European colonizers' claim that their rule had improved life in the colonies D leaders of the decolonization movement arguing for the adoption of parliamentary democracy after achieving independence

european colonizers' claim that their rule had improved life in the colonies

The photograph best illustrates which of the following aspects of European colonial policies in nineteenth-century Africa? A European states attempting to encourage colonial populations to emigrate B European states attempting to spread Christianity among colonial populations C European states imposing democratic systems of government in order to prepare colonial populations for self-rule D European states imposing their culture in an attempt to spread their values among colonial populations

european states imposing their culture in an attempt to spread their values among colonial populations

"The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal." Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900 In the late 1800s, attitudes such as the one expressed in the passage had contributed most directly to which of the following? A European states' competition to acquire overseas colonies B The abolitionist movement to end slavery C The creation of industrialized economies in Europe D Efforts by European missionaries to convert non-Europeans to Christianity for their spiritual salvation

european states' competition to acquire overseas colonies

Which of the following facilitated the creation of European empires in Africa during the late nineteenth century? A Africans' unified resistance to European intervention B Europeans' desire to develop industry in Africa C Europeans' use of both warfare and diplomacy D Africans' widespread acceptance of European laws

europeans' use of both warfare and diplomacy

Which of the following pieces of data from the table most directly contradicts the claims of European imperial powers that colonies existed for the benefit of the colonized? A Colonized peoples were expected to pay taxes to support the colonial government. B Expenditures on administrative salaries were far greater than what was spent on public works and infrastructure. C The colonial government received income from the postal system and from telegraph services. D A significant portion of the colonial budget was provided by the French government.

expenditures on administrative salaries were far greater than what was spent on public works and infrastructure

The developments depicted in Map 2 most directly emerged from which of the following developments in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A European economic imperialism in Qing China B Government-sponsored industrialization as part of the Meiji reforms C American and European influence over Tokugawa Japan D Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism

government-sponsored industrialization as part of the meiji reforms

"When I was ten years old, I worked on my father's farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father's farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards. The man's wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father gave me some money and I went with five other boys from our village to take a steamship from Hong Kong. The engines that moved the ship were wonderful monsters, strong enough to lift mountains. When I got to San Francisco, I was half-starved because I was afraid to eat American food. But after a few days of living in the Chinese quarter, I was happy again. A man got me work as a servant with an American family and my start was the same as most of the Chinese in this country." Li Zhou, laborer from Guangzhou province in southern China, interview given to a reporter in the United States describing his journey to the United States in the 1860s Long-distance immigration to the Americas in the late nineteenth century most often contributed to which of the following processes? A The worsening of gender imbalances in receiving societies, as the great majority of migrants were men B Restrictions on migrants performing industrial labor in factories in the receiving societies C Reverse migration, whereby most migrants returned to their countries of origin after becoming financially secure D Growing rates of urbanization as migrants predominantly settled in cities in the receiving societies

growing rates of urbanization as migrants predominantly settled in cities in the receiving societies

"Italy has 108 inhabitants per square kilometer. In proportion to its territory, only three countries in Europe surpass Italy in population density: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Great Britain. Every year, 100,000 farmers and agricultural laborers emigrate from Italy. Italy witnesses its place in the family of civilized nations growing smaller and smaller as it looks on with fear for its political and economic future. In fact, during the last eighty years the English-speaking population throughout the world has risen from 22 to 90 million; the Russian-speaking population from 50 to 70; and so forth, down to the Spanish population who were 18 million and are now 39. On the other hand, the Italian-speaking population has only increased from 20 to 31 million. At first, our emigrants were spreading Italy's language in foreign countries, but since then, their sons and grandsons ended up forgetting the language of their fathers and forefathers. Realizing that our mistakes have cost us so much in the past and continue to cost us today, I believe that it is less secure and more expensive for our people to continue to try to eke out a living from barren land in Italy than to establish a large and prosperous agricultural colony in Eritrea.*" *an Italian colonial territory in northeast Africa Ferdinando Martini, governor of the Italian colony of Eritrea, Concerning Africa, 1897 The author's statement that descendants of Italian emigrants "ended up forgetting the language of their fathers and forefathers" most directly refers to which of the following aspects of nineteenth-century migration? A Some receiving societies attempted to limit the flow of immigrants. B Some colonial states applied theories of Social Darwinism to establish racial preferences. C Immigrants often adopted the dominant culture of the state in receiving societies. D Immigrants often maintained some aspects of their religion within ethnic enclaves.

immigrants often adopted the dominant culture of the state in receiving societies

In the Japanese print above of the war between China and Japan (1894-1895), the artist suggests that the A Chinese were brave and honorable opponents B Japanese fought by using time-honored samurai tactics and weapons C Japanese showed their mastery of Western technology, dress and military bearing D Chinese actively sought foreign help against the Japanese

japanese showed their mastery of western technology, dress and military bearing

The numbers in Column B are most likely a reflection of which trend that affected many migrants in the late nineteenth century? A Migrants often lacked opportunities for economic and social advancement as a result of anti-immigrant prejudice and racism in the receiving societies. B Migrants were often able to maintain cultural and religious connections to their home country through letters and newspapers. C Migrants often wanted to assimilate quickly into the dominant linguistic and cultural environment of their receiving societies. D Migrants often returned, either periodically or permanently, to their home societies after saving enough money to start a new life there.

migrants often lacked opportunities for economic and social advancement as a result of anti-immigrant prejudice and racism in the receiving societies

"In the past, at the end of the Han, Tang, Yuan, and Ming dynasties, bands of rebels were innumerable, all because of foolish rulers and misgovernment, so that none of these rebellions could be stamped out. But today [the emperor] is deeply concerned and examines his character in order to reform himself, worships Heaven, and is sympathetic to the people. He has not increased the land tax, nor has he conscripted soldiers from households. . . . It does not require any great wisdom to see that sooner or later the [Taiping] bandits will all be destroyed." Zeng Guofan, Qing dynasty Chinese official, proclamation against the Taiping rebels, 1854 In the passage above, Zeng Guofan's purpose in listing the policies of the current Qing emperor is most likely to A demonstrate the similarity between the damage done by the Taiping rebellion to the Qing Empire and the damage done by earlier rebellions to other Chinese dynasties B mobilize popular support by showing that the Taiping rebellion does not represent a legitimate challenge to Qing rule C warn that the Qing policies of keeping taxes low and avoiding conscription might come to an end if the Taiping rebellion succeeds D argue that the emperor's personal piety and benevolent rule prove that he accepts the validity of the Taiping rebels' grievances

mobilize popular support by showing that the taiping rebellion does not represent a legitmate challenge to qing rule

"The misfortunes and decline of this country [Bengal, a region in eastern India] began on the day of the Muslim conquest. Just as a storm wreaks destruction and disorder upon a garden, so did the unscrupulous and tyrannical Muslims destroy the happiness and good fortune of Bengal. Ravaged by endless waves of oppression, the people of Bengal became withdrawn and timid. Hinduism, our native religion, also took distorted forms. But there are limits to everything. When the oppressions of the Muslims became intolerable, Brahma, the Lord of the Universe, provided a means of escape. The resumption of Bengal's good fortune began on the day the British flag was first planted on this land. Tell me, if Muslim rule had continued, what would the condition of this country have been today? It must be loudly declared that it is to bless us that the Lord Brahma has brought the English to this country. British rule has ended the atrocities of Muslim rule. There can be no comparison between the two: the difference seems to be greater than that between darkness and light or between misery and bliss." Bholanath Chakravarti, Bengali religious scholar, lecture at a meeting of a Hindu reformist society, Kolkata, India, 1876 The author's political point of view can be most clearly seen in the way in which the passage A neglects to mention that South Asian migrants were a key source of labor for Western transnational corporations B disparages the development of contemporary Hinduism C omits any mention of the economic exploitation and resource extraction practiced by the British in India D attributes historical events to divine intervention

omits any mention of the economic exploration and resource extraction practiced by the British in India

The rapid expansion of European empires in Africa in the late nineteenth century is best explained in the context of which of the following? A Economic competition between European states fostering the creation of transnational business that sought to exchange raw materials from Europe for finished goods from colonies B Political rivalries between European states encouraging diplomatic agreements that reserved colonies for European powers C Rapid population increases in European colonies in Asia encouraging European states to create new colonies for migrants to settle D Revolutions in Europe leading European states to seek troops from colonial populations

political rivalries between european states encouraging diplomatic agreements that reserved colonies for european powers

Which of the following was the main factor leading to the fall of Japan's Tokugawa shogunate and the rise of the Meiji government? A Pressure from an increasingly powerful China B Large-scale radical peasant rebellion C Economic instability and hyperinflation D Pressure from Western powers

pressure from western powers

Which of the following distinguishes the Meiji period from earlier periods in Japanese history? A Militarism and feudalism B Isolation and lack of foreign trade C Reform and industrialization D Democratization and manorial privilege

reform and industrialization

"Italy has 108 inhabitants per square kilometer. In proportion to its territory, only three countries in Europe surpass Italy in population density: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Great Britain. Every year, 100,000 farmers and agricultural laborers emigrate from Italy. Italy witnesses its place in the family of civilized nations growing smaller and smaller as it looks on with fear for its political and economic future. In fact, during the last eighty years the English-speaking population throughout the world has risen from 22 to 90 million; the Russian-speaking population from 50 to 70; and so forth, down to the Spanish population who were 18 million and are now 39. On the other hand, the Italian-speaking population has only increased from 20 to 31 million. At first, our emigrants were spreading Italy's language in foreign countries, but since then, their sons and grandsons ended up forgetting the language of their fathers and forefathers. Realizing that our mistakes have cost us so much in the past and continue to cost us today, I believe that it is less secure and more expensive for our people to continue to try to eke out a living from barren land in Italy than to establish a large and prosperous agricultural colony in Eritrea.*" *an Italian colonial territory in northeast Africa Ferdinando Martini, governor of the Italian colony of Eritrea, Concerning Africa, 1897 Martini's argument in the second paragraph most clearly refers to the late-nineteenth-century belief that imperialism was a useful way to A relieve overcrowding and land shortages in European countries B secure raw materials for European factories C promote scientific and technological progress D "civilize" native populations through social change

relive overcrowding and land shortages in european countries

Which of the following is an accurate description of relations between European states and the Ottoman Empire in the period 1815 to 1914 ? A The Ottomans were expanding at the expense of Russia, England, and France. B Russian, English, and French expansion came at the expense of the Ottomans. C The Ottomans, in alliance with the Russians, English, and French, sought to impede German unification. D The Ottomans supported nationalism in the Balkans to destabilize Europe. E The Ottomans and the French cooperated in colonizing North Africa.

russian, english, and french expansion came at the expense of the ottomans

"The Australian nation is another case of a great civilization supplanting a lower race unable to make full use of the land and its resources. The struggle means suffering, intense suffering, while it is in progress; but that struggle and that suffering have been the stages by which the White man has reached his present stage of development, and they account for the fact that he no longer lives in caves and feeds on roots and nuts. This dependence of progress on the survival of the fitter race, terribly harsh as it may seem to some of you, gives the struggle for existence its redeeming features; it is the fiery crucible out of which comes the finer metal." Karl Pearson, British mathematics professor, National Life from the Standpoint of Science, 1900 Pearson's argument in the passage is most clearly representative of which of the following ideologies? A Free-market capitalism B Marxism C Mercantilism D Social Darwinism

social darwinism

"The yellow and white races which are to be found on the globe have been endowed by nature with intelligence and fighting capacity. They are fundamentally incapable of giving way to each other. Hence, glowering and poised for a fight, they have engaged in battle in the world of evolution, the great arena where strength and intelligence have clashed since earliest times, the great theater where for so long natural selection and progress have been played out." The quotation above by an early-twentieth-century Chinese revolutionary illustrates the influence of A Social Darwinism B communism C National Socialism D anarchism

social darwinism

"All the world knows that since the first days of the Ottoman state, the lofty principles of the Qur'an and the rules of the Shari'a were always perfectly preserved. Our mighty sultanate reached the highest degree of strength and power, and all its subjects reached the highest degree of ease and prosperity. But in the last one hundred and fifty years, because of a succession of difficult and diverse causes, the sacred Shari'a was not obeyed nor were the beneficent regulations followed; consequently, the empire's former strength and prosperity have changed into weakness and poverty. It is evident that countries not governed by the Shari'a cannot survive. Full of confidence in the help of the God, and certain of the support of our Prophet, we deem it necessary and important from now on to introduce new legislation in order to achieve effective administration of the Ottoman government and provinces." Mustafa Reshid Pasha, Ottoman Foreign Minister, imperial decree announcing the Tanzimat reforms, 1839 The decree's references to following the rules of Shari'a would best be interpreted as an attempt to appeal to A members of the Ottoman military establishment who supported the dissolution of elite units such as the Janissaries B Christian and Jewish merchants within Ottoman society who sought to benefit from economic liberalization C Sunni religious elites within the Ottoman government who opposed modernization D Shi'a communities in the Ottoman Empire that wanted a democratic Islamic republic

sunni religious elites within the ottoman government who opposed modernization

Which of the following processes in the nineteenth century most directly created the economic needs filled by Indian indentured servants in the Caribbean? A The growth of Great Britain's textile manufacturing sector as part of the first Industrial Revolution B The shift from East India Company rule to direct British imperial rule in India C The abolition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and of slavery in British colonies D The success of the Latin American revolutions in establishing independent republics in former Spanish American colonies

the abolition of the trans-atlantic slave trade and of slavery in British colonies

In the late nineteenth century, which of the following would most motivate the Dutch to continue to expand their presence in Indonesia? A The acquisition of natural resources for manufacturing B The growing competition with Spanish and Portuguese colonial empires C The example of Japanese modernization during the Meiji Restoration D The emergence of nationalism in Indonesia

the acquisition of natural resources for manufacturing

1. Scientists have reached general agreement in recognizing that mankind is one: that all men belong to the same species, Homo sapiens. . . . 10. The scientific material available to us at present does not justify the conclusion that inherited genetic differences are a major factor in producing differences between the cultures and cultural achievements of different peoples or groups. . . . 14. The biological fact of race and the myth of "race" should be distinguished. For all practical social purposes "race" is not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth. The myth of "race" has created an enormous amount of human and social damage. In recent years it has taken a heavy toll in human lives and caused untold suffering. A. According to present knowledge there is no proof that the groups of mankind differ in their innate mental characteristics, whether in respect of intelligence or temperament. B. There is no evidence that race mixture as such produces bad results from the biological point of view. C. All normal human beings are capable of learning to share in common life, to understand the nature of mutual service and reciprocity, and to respect social obligations and contracts. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), statement about the "science of race," 1949 The declaration can best be understood as a rejection of which of the following ideals? A The belief that some groups of people are inherently superior to others B The belief that all cultures have intrinsic value C The belief that race is a social construction D The belief that the concept of race has had a major impact on human interactions

the belief that some groups of people are inherently superior to others

"The [Qing] government sponsored a number of projects designed to bolster the navy. The idea was to adopt Western technology but not the values and philosophies that produced it—China would learn from the West, equal it, and then surpass it." Haiwang Yuan, editor, historian, This is China: The First 5,000 Years, 2010 The philosophy behind the late-nineteenth-century Chinese policy mentioned above was part of which of the following? A The increase in millenarian movements in the nineteenth century B The Chinese government's embrace of procolonial policies C The Chinese government's attempt to reform the economy through self-strengthening D The increasing popularity of Communist thought in China

the chinese government's attempt to reform the economy through self-strengthening

Source 1: "Any attempt on our part to improve nutrition in Gambia by increased cultivation of foodstuffs will no doubt have to come at the expense of the cultivation of cash crops and would therefore have the adverse economic consequence, in the early stages, of reducing the revenue of the colony. It is hoped, however, that this would be offset by an improvement in the health of the people, leading in time to increased strength and activity which might encourage Gambian farmers to cultivate both more extensively and more intensively than they do at present, resulting ultimately in greater production of cash crops." Letter from the British governor of the West African colony of Gambia to the British Committee on Nutrition in the Colonial Empire, 1936 Source 2: "Improvements in nutrition in Kenya must, as a matter of greatest importance, involve efforts to educate African women, to whom falls the care of the home and children. The African housewife is no less a creature of domestic habits and prejudices than her European counterpart, and her support has to be enlisted if progress is to be made in any of the activities surrounding nutrition. She plays a predominant part in such matters, being in most cases the cultivator as well as the cook." Letter from a Kenyan medical officer to the British Committee on Nutrition in the Colonial Empire, 1937 The two passages best represent which of the following justifications for European imperialism? A The idea that the colonies would provide opportunities for the settlement of European farmers B The nationalist competition among European states over colonial territory C The concept of the European mission to civilize colonized peoples D The acquisition of new markets and territories

the concept if the european mission to civilize colonized peoples

"In the past, at the end of the Han, Tang, Yuan, and Ming dynasties, bands of rebels were innumerable, all because of foolish rulers and misgovernment, so that none of these rebellions could be stamped out. But today [the emperor] is deeply concerned and examines his character in order to reform himself, worships Heaven, and is sympathetic to the people. He has not increased the land tax, nor has he conscripted soldiers from households. . . . It does not require any great wisdom to see that sooner or later the [Taiping] bandits will all be destroyed." Zeng Guofan, Qing dynasty Chinese official, proclamation against the Taiping rebels, 1854 Zeng Guofan's analysis of the situation in China in 1854 was likely influenced by which of the following? A The Daoist notion of being in harmony with nature B The absolutist notion of the divine right of kings C The Buddhist notion of avoiding violence against any living thing D The Confucian notion of the dynastic cycle

the confucian notion of the dynastic cycle

During the nineteenth century, which of the following most directly motivated the major expansion of imperial territories in Southeast Asia as shown in Map 1 ? A The influence of Christian missionary groups B The desire to extract resources and raw materials C Profits from the global trade in spices and textiles D Threats by Asian states to European transoceanic trade

the desire to extract resources and raw materials

"When I was ten years old, I worked on my father's farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father's farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards. The man's wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father gave me some money and I went with five other boys from our village to take a steamship from Hong Kong. The engines that moved the ship were wonderful monsters, strong enough to lift mountains. When I got to San Francisco, I was half-starved because I was afraid to eat American food. But after a few days of living in the Chinese quarter, I was happy again. A man got me work as a servant with an American family and my start was the same as most of the Chinese in this country." Li Zhou, laborer from Guangzhou province in southern China, interview given to a reporter in the United States describing his journey to the United States in the 1860s Late-nineteenth-century transoceanic labor migrations were most directly facilitated by which of the following developments? A The restructuring of traditional social hierarchies B The development of new, more affordable methods of transportation C The growing popularity of free-trade economic policies D The emergence of transnational businesses

the development of new, more affordable methods of transportation

Which of the following developments facilitated the family situation portrayed in Brandes' sketch? A The recruitment of new bureaucratic elites by Muslim states in Southeast Asia B The expansion of European colonial empires in Southeast Asia C The changes in family demographic structure resulting from the trans-Atlantic slave trade D The creation of new gender hierarchies in emerging maritime empires

the expansion of european colonial empires in southeast asia

"[Nineteenth-century] Indian liberal ideas, I argue, were foundational to all forms of Indian nationalism and the country's modern politics. Yet Indian liberalism was both wider in scope, and more specific in its remedies, than what is commonly called nationalism. To put it in its most positive light, Indian liberalism represented a broad range of thought and practice directed to the pursuit of political and social liberty. Its common features were a desire to re-empower India's people with personal freedom in the face of a despotic government of foreigners, entrenched traditional authority, and supposedly corrupt domestic or religious practices. Indian liberals sought representation in government service, on grand juries and, later, on elective bodies. They demanded a free press, freedom of assembly and public comment. Liberals broadly accepted the principle of individual property rights, subject to various degrees of protection for the masses against economic exploitation. Liberals emphasized education, particularly women's education. Educated women would help to abolish domestic tyranny, reinstate the ancient Hindu ideal of companionate marriage and improve the race. But a fine line was to be drawn between instructing women and permitting excessive license in gender relations, which was seen as a Western corruption." Christopher Bayly, British historian, Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire, 2012 The spread of the liberal ideas discussed in the passage was most directly a result of which of the following? A The influence of European political and educational institutions facilitated by British imperial policies in India B The revival of traditional Hindu social structures as a reaction against British influence in India C The example of American revolutions influenced by Enlightenment principles D The return of overseas migrants from plantations in the Pacific and Caribbean

the influence of european political and educational institutions facilitated by British imperial policies in india

Which of the following societies successfully resisted foreign penetration and domination from 1650 to 1850? A The Japanese B The Indians C The South Africans D The Latin Americans E The Chinese

the japanese

Based on an analysis of the Japanese currency used during the Meiji period (1868—1912) shown above, which of the following is the primary message conveyed by the engraving? A The Japanese government considered its geographical proximity to China to be of primary importance. B The Japanese government focused its expansionist policy on Australia and New Zealand. C The Japanese government saw itself as a major Pacific power. D The Japanese government was eager to develop trade ties with the United States.

the japanese government saw itself as a major pacific power

"The Kamaishi iron deposit consists of several clusters of oxidized iron ore on volcanic rock. It is quite different from the clayed iron ores layered upon coal beds that are commonly found in Britain. The quality of the Kamaishi ore can be categorized as magnetic iron ore of the highest rank. It contains 70% iron, while clayed ore contains only 20-30%. Therefore, in order to produce high quality iron, it was necessary for the government to build a charcoal blast furnace and to order a furnace from Britain. As British engineers were informed that the Kamaishi deposit was rich and the surrounding woods were abundant, they designed a huge charcoal furnace. However, the operation was interrupted within only ninety days. Recently I had a chance to investigate the situation at Kamaishi. After the investigation, I found that despite the claim that Kamaishi is a rich deposit, first of all, the real estimation of the exposed deposit is only about 130 thousand tons. Moreover, because of its mountainous location, it is very difficult to mine and transport. Even if we were able to do so, it would not be commercially successful. Furthermore, within two years the entire woods surrounding Kamaishi will be depleted as a source material for charcoal." Ito Yajiro, Japanese government inspector, report issued to the Meiji government following the failure of the state-owned Kamaishi Iron Works, 1882 The Meiji Restoration of the nineteenth century involved internal reforms that included which of the following? A The establishment of direct parliamentary rule B The strengthening of the samurai class C The modernization of Japan's military D The abolition of private property rights

the modernization of japan's military

"The essence of education, our traditional national aim, is to promote benevolence, justice, loyalty, filial piety, and knowledge and skill. But recently, people have been going to extremes by embracing a foreign civilization whose only values are fact-gathering and technical-skill. These values bring harm to our customary ways. We try to incorporate the best features of foreigners in order to achieve the lofty goals that the Meiji emperor desires. We have tried to abandon the undesirable practices of the past and learn from the outside world. But these policies have had a serious defect. They have reduced benevolence, justice, loyalty, and filial piety to secondary goals. If we indiscriminately imitate foreign ways, our people will forget the great principles governing the relations between ruler and subject and the relations between father and son." Motoday Nagazane, adviser to the Meiji emperor, treatise written following a tour of Japanese schools with the emperor, 1879 Which of the following states in the nineteenth century experienced social tensions resulting from the introduction of foreign cultural influences in a way most similar to that described in the passage? A The Ottoman Empire B Russia C Australia D The United States

the ottoman empire

The policies of the Meiji reformers brought about which of the following in Japan? A An improvement in the economic condition of the peasants B The collapse of the industrial sector of the economy C An increase in isolationism among government leaders D A reduction in military expenditures E The promotion of rapid industrialization

the promotion of rapid industrialization

"All the world knows that since the first days of the Ottoman state, the lofty principles of the Qur'an and the rules of the Shari'a were always perfectly preserved. Our mighty sultanate reached the highest degree of strength and power, and all its subjects reached the highest degree of ease and prosperity. But in the last one hundred and fifty years, because of a succession of difficult and diverse causes, the sacred Shari'a was not obeyed nor were the beneficent regulations followed; consequently, the empire's former strength and prosperity have changed into weakness and poverty. It is evident that countries not governed by the Shari'a cannot survive. Full of confidence in the help of the God, and certain of the support of our Prophet, we deem it necessary and important from now on to introduce new legislation in order to achieve effective administration of the Ottoman government and provinces." Mustafa Reshid Pasha, Ottoman Foreign Minister, imperial decree announcing the Tanzimat reforms, 1839 The decree's statement regarding the change in the situation of the Ottoman Empire, as described in the first paragraph, is a viewpoint that would most likely have been shared by members of which of the following governments in the nineteenth century? A The Russian Empire in the aftermath of its victory in the Napoleonic War B The Qing Empire in the aftermath of the signing of the unequal treaties C The Japanese Empire in the immediate aftermath of the Sino-Japanese War D The Mughal Empire in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion against the British

the qing empire in the aftermath of the signing of the unequal treaties

Which of the following events would have been most likely to produce a cultural context similar to the one depicted in the image? A The spread of Marxist ideas B The Taiping Rebellion in China C The scramble for Africa D The unification of Germany

the scramble for africa

Which of the following best explains why Japan was more successful than China in resisting imperialist encroachments in the nineteenth century? A Japan's manipulaiton of the rivalries among western governments B The introduction of democracy by the Meiji Restoration C The willingness of Japan's elite to sponsor reform D Lack of interest in Japanese markets E Abundant natural resources

the willingness of japans elite to sponsor reform

"The essence of education, our traditional national aim, is to promote benevolence, justice, loyalty, filial piety, and knowledge and skill. But recently, people have been going to extremes by embracing a foreign civilization whose only values are fact-gathering and technical-skill. These values bring harm to our customary ways. We try to incorporate the best features of foreigners in order to achieve the lofty goals that the Meiji emperor desires. We have tried to abandon the undesirable practices of the past and learn from the outside world. But these policies have had a serious defect. They have reduced benevolence, justice, loyalty, and filial piety to secondary goals. If we indiscriminately imitate foreign ways, our people will forget the great principles governing the relations between ruler and subject and the relations between father and son." Motoday Nagazane, adviser to the Meiji emperor, treatise written following a tour of Japanese schools with the emperor, 1879 The Meiji government's "emulation of foreign ways" was most directly a response to which of the following nineteenth-century developments? A The Qing Empire forcing Japan to accept tributary relations B Western states forcing Japan to open itself to trade C The Qing Empire requiring Japan to make territorial concessions following the Sino-Japanese War D Western states requiring Japan to accept Western advisers at the imperial court following the Opium Wars

western states forcing japan to open itself to trade

"When I was ten years old, I worked on my father's farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father's farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards. The man's wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father gave me some money and I went with five other boys from our village to take a steamship from Hong Kong. The engines that moved the ship were wonderful monsters, strong enough to lift mountains. When I got to San Francisco, I was half-starved because I was afraid to eat American food. But after a few days of living in the Chinese quarter, I was happy again. A man got me work as a servant with an American family and my start was the same as most of the Chinese in this country." Li Zhou, laborer from Guangzhou province in southern China, interview given to a reporter in the United States describing his journey to the United States in the 1860s On a global scale, the gender makeup of the migrants referred to in the second paragraph best helps to explain which of the following social changes in home societies in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A Dramatic population increases leading to the adoption of new government policies to limit the birth of children B Women taking on new roles that had been formerly occupied by men C A greater reliance on children performing indentured labor D An increase in workers joining labor unions to demand higher wages

women taking on new roles that had been formerly occupied by men