Unit 6, Topic 2 and Unit 7

California's rice fields are _______. A) visited by migrating waterfowl B) flooded during the summer C) a source of wild bird meat D) all of the above

a

Causes of extinction include four risk categories. Which of the following is not one of the risk categories? A) human risk B) environmental risk C) population risk D) natural catastrophe E) genetic risk

a

Hedgerows have created a new ecosystem within Britain's _______. A) farms B) cities C) forests D) industrial areas

a

A prescribed burn is _______. A) an uncontrolled fire started by humans B) a controlled fire used to manage forest ecosystems C) an uncontrolled natural fire D) a controlled natural fire

b

Biological pest control involves _______. A) eliminating pests with pesticides B) using biological mechanisms to eliminate pests C) planting a new crop every year D) destroying pests using pest-eating plants and animals

b

Fragments of rock or lava that are sent into the air in a volcanic explosion are called __________. A) fumaroles B) tephra C) aggregates D) cations E) soil peds

b

How are the benefits of wildfires in grasslands and northern forests similar? A) increased tree quantity B) increased food production for grazers C) increased amount of lichens D) all of the above

b

How can zoning laws be beneficial to a city's residents? A) They prevent new business development. B) They can prevent new development that would harm established residents. C) They limit the maximum height of buildings. D) They restrict who can live in a city.

b

How do wildfires help control plant disease? A) Wildfires are more likely to kill off plants that are likely to spread disease. B) Wildfires help control populations of fungi and insects that can lead to plant disease. C) Wildfires thin underbrush which leads to plant disease. D) All of the above

b

In which region would you find the lowest concentration of public land in the United States? A) the Pacific Northwest B) the West coast C) New England D) Texas E) the Midwest

c

Monitoring a population's age structure plays an important role in successful wildlife management. Which of the following scenarios can be an indicator of overexploitation in fish? A) fish catch not reaching older ages B) decline in fish catch C) both a and b D) none of the above

c

Reforestation projects are driven by _______. A) altruism and greed B) profit-seeking businesses C) nonprofit groups and government mandates D) logging companies planning for future harvests E) pharmaceutical companies

c

Removing a specific group of trees within a small area over a long period of time is _______. A) clearcutting B) shelterwood cutting C) group selection D) single tree selection

c

The main target when controlling the acidity of soils is ______. A) neutralizing the pH B) adding base C) replacing lost cation nutrients D) eliminating humic acids

c

The sustainable use of rainforest resources is exemplified by _______. A) lumber harvesting B) ranching C) harvesting nuts D) none of the above

c

Every year one hundred trees remove approximately _______ from the atmosphere. A) five tons of carbon dioxide B) four hundred pounds of ozone C) three hundred pounds of particulates D) all of the above

d

Harvesting timber (wood) from a forest does not harm _______. A) soil B) wildlife habitat C) animals D) none of the above

d

How do trees act as carbon sinks? A) They take in carbon during the process of photosynthesis. B) Carbon is stored in their tissue. C) They remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. D) All of the above

d

How might forest fires benefit the forest ecoystem? A) Forest fires clear dead tree limbs. B) Forest fires promote new growth. C) Forest fires enrich the soil. D) All of the above

d

Prescribed burns are used to _______. A) clear out undergrowth B) prevent larger forest fires C) manage forests D) all of the above

d

Private land is generally used for _______. A) homes B) businesses C) factories D) all of the above

d

Rainforests are not generally considered a source of _______. A) foods B) spices C) medicines D) none of the above

d

Rainforest deforestation is contributing to _______. A) a decline in global biodiversity B) the reduction of greenhouse gases C) increased soil moisture D) increased drug discoveries E) an increase in forest cover

a

Soil _______ as a result of wildfires in grasslands. A) improves B) degrades C) is unchanged D) is lost

a

What distinguishes even-aged management practices from uneven-aged management practices? A) Even-aged practices remove larger groups of trees than uneven-aged management practices. B) Even-aged practices are similar to minor natural disturbances while uneven-aged practices are similar to major natural disturbances. C) Even-aged practices leave areas with greater variance than uneven-aged practices. D) Even-aged practices cut individual trees while uneven-aged management cuts all trees at once. E) All of the above

a

What is a likely consequence of preventing prescribed burns to forest ecosystems? A) Natural wildfires will burn longer and hotter when they occur because there is more underbrush and fuel available. B) Forest ecosystems will remain healthier overall, due to retention of habitats. C) Home owners will be better protected against damage from natural wildfires. D) Natural wildfires will occur less frequently. E) Prescribed wildfires have no consequences on either natural ecosystems and habitats.

a

What is the effect of wildfires on biodiversity? A) temporary decrease, but long-term increase B) temporary increase, but long-term decrease C) increases D) decreases

a

What is the significant difference between a park and a nature reserve? A) A park is for people; a nature reserve is for resource conservation. B) A park is for animals; a nature reserve is for natural-landmark conservation. C) A park is found in a city; a nature reserve is created on undeveloped land. D) A park is considered an ecological island; a nature reserve cannot be considered an ecological island. E) A park is managed by private organizations; a nature reserve is managed by the government.

a

What was an unexpected consequence of the green revolution? A) The overuse of fertilizer led to reduced crop yields over time. B) Crop yields were increased. C) Modern agricultural techniques were implemented. D) New crop varieties were developed.

a

Which of the following best explains why clear-cutting forests is more destructive than selectively cutting down trees in forests? A) Clear-cutting eliminates all trees leaving none behind to maintain soil fertility or house native animals. B) Clear-cutting places the land at greater risk for wildfires. C) Clear-cutting makes land more attractive for human development. D) Clear-cutting causes more limited soil erosion than selective cutting. E) Clear-cutting makes the land more attractive for animals that will destroy the ecosystem.

a

Which of the following is an example of government land management? A) the Clean Air Act B) ISO 14001 C) Environmental Management Systems D) capitalism and consumer decisions

a

Which of the following is not a benefit of wildfires to ecosystems? A) habitat loss B) underbrush reduction C) new growth D) plant regeneration E) plant disease control

a

Which of the following is not a common use for public land? A) logging B) roads C) airports D) parks

a

Which of the following is not a method used to improve management of tropical rainforests? A) increased logging B) establishing special reserves for critical species C) utilize better agricultural techniques D) the use of plantations

a

Which of the following is not a reason that humans are causing animal extinctions in modern society? A) Humans try to save species in zoos, which ends up reducing numbers in the long term. B) Humans disrupt or eliminate species habitats. C) Humans introduce exotic species which competes with native species. D) Humans create pollution. E) Humans hunt or harvest in excess and often kill species that are endangered.

a

Which of the following is true concerning land management methods for corporations. A) The best strategy is a combination of government regulation and voluntary cooperation. B) The best strategy is to rely on businesses to voluntarily pursue green business practices. C) Corporations do not follow established land management strategies. D) The best strategy is to impose government regulations on land management methods.

a

Which of the following organisms is the most harmful to the tree it grows on? A) strangler fig B) orchid C) Spanish moss D) none of the above

a

Which of the following statements about wildfires in deciduous forests is not true? A) Deciduous forests are unaffected by wildfires. B) Lichen and moss growth increases in deciduous forests as a result of wildfires. C) Nutritional quality of new growth increases temporarily after a wildfire. D) The quantity of trees in deciduous forests is unaffected when it occurs less than once every five years.

a

Which of the following will allow for the greatest reduction in an individual's carbon footprint? A) replacing incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs B) bicycling instead of driving C) eating vegetarian D) none of the above

a

Why are biopharmaceuticals in high demand? A) Biopharmaceuticals are cheaper and easier to produce in mass quantities than pharmaceuticals derived from animals. B) Biopharmaceuticals treat illnesses faster and more effectively than pharmaceuticals derived from animals. C) Biopharmaceuticals do not require testing before use. D) Biopharmaceuticals can be obtained directly from trees found in nature. E) All of the above

a

Why is the time series useful as a management tool? A) It estimates the probability of extinction. B) It estimates the harvested numbers. C) It monitors a population's age structure. D) It designates wildlife refuge areas.

a

Which of the following is not conducive to new approaches to wildlife conservation and management? A) historical range of abundance B) estimation of the probability of extinction based on historical numbers C) use of age-structure information D) better fishing techniques and fishing equipment E) better use of harvests

a?

How does the relationship between flying dragons and trees compare to that of iguanas and trees? A) Flying dragons rely on trees for a food source, but not for shelter while iguanas rely on trees for both food and shelter. B) Flying dragons live exclusively in trees except to lay eggs, while iguanas will venture to the ground more frequently. C) Flying dragons use trees for shelter, but not for food, while iguanas rely on trees for food but not for shelter. D) Flying dragons and iguanas have an identical relationship with trees.

b

Rangeland is best described as land used for _______. A) farming B) grazing C) agriculture D) ranging

b

The farming methods promoted by the California Ricelands Habitat Partnership are best described as beneficial to both farmers and wetland species because _______. A) migrating waterfowl use flooded rice paddies on their travel routes B) foraging birds eat leftover rice and trample the ground making tilling unnecessary C) farmers need migrating bird guano as fertilizer D) California's wetlands are dwindling

b

The world's first national park established in 1872 was __________. A) Shenandoah B) Yellowstone C) Yosemite D) Zion E) Sequoia

b

What fraction of the fossil fuel emissions in the United States could be absorbed by converting 25% of agricultural land in the U.S. to native forests? A) approximately 10% B) approximately 20% C) approximately 30% D) approximately 40%

b

Where is the carbon taken in by plants during photosynthesis stored? A) the ground B) plant structures C) the air D) all of the above

b

Which country has the largest forest areas? A) United States B) Russia C) Canada D) China E) Argentina

b

Which of the following best describes the use of rainforest plants as anticancer drugs? A) Most rainforest plants have been tested for their cancer fighting properties. B) Twenty-five percent of the active ingredients in cancer drugs are exclusively rainforest plants. C) The most powerful anticancer drugs are not rainforest plants. D) All rainforest forest plants have important medicinal values. E) All of the above

b

Which of the following is not a residential use of private land. A) single-family house B) store C) duplexes D) apartments

b

Which of the following is not true concerning the usage of public land. A) Public land is managed by federal and state agencies. B) Unprotected lands exist inside federal parks. C) Public land can be protected or unprotected. D) Wilderness areas and state parks are protected.

b

Which of the following is true concerning rainforest deforestation? A) It enhances soil's water carrying capacity. B) It contributes to global warming. C) It reduces or eliminates flooding and erosion. D) It reduces carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.

b

Which statement describes the steps for chemical cycling in an old-growth forest? A) Trees create soil erosion, decay occurs, and trees take up soil nutrients. B) Trees shade the ground, decay is slow, and trees take up soil nutrients. C) Trees lose leaves, nutrients run off the soil, and soil erodes. D) Trees create soil erosion, nutrients evaporate, and trees give off oxygen. E) Trees take up soil nutrients, decay is slow, and trees give off oxygen.

b

Why did Canada extend its territorial waters out to 200 nautical miles in the 1970's? A) to protect and conserve Canada's cod stocks B) to ensure the cod stocks were protected for domestic exploitation C) to restrict cod fishing practices D) to protect the cod's natural food sources E) to make sure cod fish had adequate breeding grounds

b

Zoning laws establish _______. A) what types of buildings can be built in an area B) the uses an area of land can be put to C) who can live in an area D) the types of business that can occupy a building E) what kind of government offices can be built in an area

b

Products of the breakdown of an original pesticide or herbicide are called __________. A) silt B) degradates C) soil peds D) cations E) aggregates

b?

Which is a major genetically modified crop in the United States? A) cabbage B) corn C) bananas D) potatoes E) asparagus

b?

A classic example of wildlife mismanagement is the North American bison, which was brought close to extinction in the 19th century. What are the two major reasons it almost became extinct? A) Disease brought by European animals and sustained by drought almost killed the bison. B) War between settlers and tribes, and drought dwindled the numbers to almost zero. C) Bison hides had become fashionable as hats, causing a war between settlers and the tribes who were dependent on the bison for existence. D) Prairie dogs spread the plague across the Great Plains. E) none of the above

c

A forester is _______ A) a person who cuts down trees B) a park ranger C) a person who manages and supervises land used for timber production D) responsible for creating topographical maps of forests

c

Approximately how many plant made pharmaceuticals are currently under different stages of discovery? A) 100 B) 200 C) 300 D) 400

c

Carbon credits are used to _______. A) rehabilitate tropical rainforests B) reduce the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC's) C) regulate how much carbon dioxide a country can emit D) coordinate carbon sequestration activities

c

How are forest fires beneficial to conifers like Jack Pines? A) Jack pine seeds are protected by forest fires. B) Pine cones are carried on the winds produced by forest fires. C) Forest fires release the seeds stored in Jack pine cones. D) All of the above.

c

How are the benefits of wildfires in deciduous and northern forests similar? A) increased tree quantity B) increased amount of lichens C) increased nutritional value of growth D) total elimination of vital organisms from the soil E) all of the above

c

How does seed-cutting differ from shelterwood cutting? A) Shelterwood cutting removes all trees within a given area. B) Shelterwood and seed-cutting are the same. C) Seed-cutting takes place over several years. D) Seed-cutting is more damaging to the natural environment. E) Shelterwood cutting takes place over several years.

c

How does wildfire help restore soil nutrients? A) Wildfire kills off the soil organisms that consume soil nutrients. B) Wildfires restore soil nutrients by decreasing the amount of underbrush in forests that contribute to nutrient loss. C) Wildfires break down organic material faster than decomposition, thus renewing soil nutrients more quickly. D) Wildfires do not restore soil nutrients; they instead rob the soil of the nutrients. E) All of the above

c

In the 19th century, the Jamaica Bay National Wildlife Refuge was a rich source of shellfish. In 1972, Congress had declared it close for shellfishing. In what way can urbanization affect the shellfish population in this wildlife refuge? A) soil erosion B) fragmentation C) habitat loss D) flooding E) acid rain

c

What is wood harvested from Haiti's forests principally being used for? A) building homes B) making furniture C) charcoal D) making decorations E) boat building

c

When is the carbon stored in plants released? A) during cellular respiration B) during photosynthesis C) when they die D) none of the above

c

Which of the following best describes the impact of rainforest deforestation on global precipitation? A) The average global level of precipitation increases. B) The average global level of precipitation decreases. C) The pattern of global precipitation is altered. D) The pattern of global precipitation remains unchanged. E) The rainforest has no impact on global precipitation because its percentage cover is negligible compared to the earth's surface.

c

Which of the following best describes the uses of private land? A) Private land cannot be used to operate businesses. B) After initial construction, the uses of private land do not change. C) It can be used for a variety of activities and businesses. D) Subways, roadways, and airports are built on this type of land. E) None of the above.

c

Which of the following forest management practices is best for re-establishing areas of forest? A) shelterwood cutting B) even-aged management C) reforestation D) uneven-aged management

c

Which of the following is not released by trees into the atmosphere? A) oxygen B) water vapor C) ozone D) carbon dioxide E) none of the above

c

Which of the following is not true concerning rainforests? A) Twenty-five percent of western pharmaceuticals are derived from rainforest ingredients. B) Almost 50,000 rainforest species are lost every year due to deforestation. C) Half of all rainforest plants have been tested for their medicinal properties. D) Projections say rainforest deforestation could eliminate half of the world's species.

c

Which of the following is the most direct method for combating rainforest deforestation? A) ecotourism B) carbon credits C) rehabilitation D) conservation

c

Which of the following statements about human impact on trees is true? A) Human activity always has a negative impact on trees. B) All human uses of trees require destruction of the trees. C) Human activity has had both a positive and negative impact on trees. D) Cutting down trees is the only activity that has a negative impact on trees. E) Human activity does not have an impact on trees.

c

Which of the following would be more likely to utilize capitalism-based land management methods? A) city planners B) federal regulators C) corporate directors D) all of the above

c

Which statement is true about forests? A) Forests only affect local ecosystems. B) The global ecosystem is not affected by forests. C) Forests are important in local and global economies. D) Human activities cannot destabilize organismal relationships in forests. E) Forests increase soil erosion and flooding.

c

Why should fishery managers not view cod stocks as separate from other fish stocks such as capelin and mackerel? A) These fish species all form schools together and are therefore caught together. B) Capelin and mackerel both compete with cod for ocean floor habitat. C) The populations of these fish species are all related through the ocean food web. D) The populations of these fish compete for the same type of food. E) These populations of fish interbreed.

c

Zoning laws help prevent _______. A) new businesses from competing with old businesses B) new buildings from being developed C) new development from negatively impacting established businesses and residents D) new factories from being introduced in an area

c

Overgrazing is a condition of which type of land grazing? A) one that is conditional to the climatic conditions in the associated region B) one where the maximum number of species per unit area is decreased C) a type of traditional herding where practices are employed D) a type where ranchers want to increase the amount of cattle production E) one that creates a paradigm where diversity is reduced and vegetation growth slows

c?

Pesticides are toxic to _______. A) weeds B) only pest insects C) plants and animals D) food crops E) soil

c?

Which of the following statements about prescribed burns is true? A) Prescribed burns will always have detrimental effects on ecosystems, but should be used to protect homes. B) Prescribed burns are necessary for preventing natural wildfires. C) Prescribed burns can help maintain healthy ecosystems. D) Prescribed burns have no overall improvement on rangeland. E) None of the above

c?

The logistic growth curve includes which of the following ideas? A) Competition within a population acccelerates growth rate. B) At the carry capacity, the number of deaths per unit time exceeds the number of births. C) A decrease in number of individuals decreases competition and slows growth rate. D) A small population in relation to its resources can grow almost exponentially. E) The environment is assumed to be constantly changing.

d

What percent of the trees cut down are used for something other than paper? A) less than 35% B) 45% C) 55% D) 65% E) more than 75%

d

Which of the following are important products of rainforests? A) pharmaceuticals B) timber C) oxygen D) all of the above

d

Which of the following are possible consequences of logging in forests? A) habitat destruction B) deforestation C) erosion D) all of the above

d

Which of the following best explains how trees help conserve energy and reduce pollution in cities? A) Trees shade buildings which reduces the use of energy derived from fossil fuels. B) Trees remove carbon dioxide and add oxygen to the atmosphere. C) Trees particulates and polluting gases from the atmosphere. D) All of the above

d

Which of the following foods are native to rainforests? A) papayas B) mangoes C) sugarcane D) all of the above

d

Which of the following is a technology used by foresters? A) infrared photography B) aerial photography C) remote sensing D) all of the above

d

Which of the following is a way humans use trees? A) paper B) food C) wood D) all of the above

d

Which of the following is a way that trees have been negatively impacted by human use? A) deforestation B) pollution C) reduction D) all of the above

d

Which of the following is not a benefit of green revolution? A) new crop varieties B) increased crop yields C) cost effective D) new crops may require larger amonts of water than the previous ones.

d

Which of the following is not a product or use of tropical rainforests? A) food B) medicine C) tourism D) none of the above

d

Which of the following is not a zoning type? A) commercial B) residential C) agricultural D) slum

d

Which of the following is not true about plants as carbon sinks? A) photosynthesis plays a vital role in converting carbon dioxide into sugars B) carbon is stored in the form of cellulose in plants C) carbon from the atmosphere plays a role in the production of plants and plant parts D) plants do not play any role as carbon sinks

d

Which of the following species are directly impacted by deforestation? A) reptiles B) humans C) insects D) all of the above

d

Which of the following statements about extinction is true? A) Extinction is the ultimate fate of all species. B) Extinction can occur in a small area. C) Extinction can be caused by the introduction of exotic species. D) All of the above

d

Which of the following statements about forestry education is true? A) All educational facilities cover forestry to the same depth. B) Individuals can pursue doctorates in forestry in any state. C) Program focus will remain the same from state to state. D) Some states have greater access to forestry programs than others.

d

Which of the following statements about the use of prescribed fires in the Everglades is true? A) It controls the amount of moisture in the environment. B) It controls the spread of exotic organisms. C) It helps maintain plant communities. D) All of the above

d

How large does an ecological island need to be to ensure the survival of a species? A) large enough so animals can rear their young without interference B) four to five males, with the same amount of females C) enough room to roam around without fighting D) varies with the species E) all are correct

d?

The balance between the discharge and recharge for a groundwater supply is called the __________. A) restoration B) cation exchange capacity C) ecological footprint D) water budget E) Fujita scale

d?

The whooping crane has always been a rare species. Rare species require special attention to which of the following? A) area drought, status, and population changes B) migration route, babies born in the wild, and heating habits C) wetland availability, babies born in the wild, and migration routes D) migration route, population changes over time, and status E) none of the above

d?

How might environmental manipulation of a crop have unexpected consequences? A) The new crop may require more water than the original. B) The crop may harm the environment. C) The yield may be reduced. D) The new crop may require more pesticide and fertilizer than the original. E) All of the above

e

Trees and vast forests protect the ground soil from erosion by __________. A) covering and stabilizing it B) providing valuable nutrients C) maintaining the habitat D) shielding the ground from too much wind E) all of the above

e

What is the biological impact of minimum catch sizes on a population of fish? A) Older, less productive adults are removed, improving the population's health. B) It applies a selective pressure for larger, faster growing fish. C) The fish in the population produce more eggs to compensate. D) The fish in the population produce healthier eggs to compensate. E) The population comes to be dominated by smaller, slower-growing individuals.

e

What led to the collapse of the Atlantic Cod fishery? A) the lack of understanding regarding ocean food webs B) ocean floor trawling C) construction of modern fishing fleets D) consumption of fish and chips E) all of the above

e

Which of the following best describes what led to London's "killer fog" in 1952? A) Pollution from the air contaminated the water supply which is what killed people. B) Unprecedented high pollution from factories occured and killed thousands. C) Poor city design led to faulty ventilation in houses. D) Soot from forest and wildfires in the surrounding areas blew over the city. E) Millions of coal fires and stagnant air caused toxic fumes to build up in the air.

e

Which of the following factors affect the productivity of a forest?. A) soil fertility B) water supply C) human activities D) local climate E) all of the above

e

Which of the following is not a negative impact of pesticide use? A) harmful to beneficial insects and plants B) promotion of pesticide resistance in insects C) harmful to wildlife D) pollution E) toxic to insects

e

Which of the following is true about the usage of public land? A) All public land is managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). B) Only federally owned public land is considered protected. C) Business premises and commercial rental houses can be found on public land. D) State parks are considered unprotected public land. E) Public land can be protected or unprotected.

e

Which of the following would most likely employ a forester? A) state governments B) lumber businesses C) national governments D) national parks with huge forests E) all of the above

e

Why is clear cutting controversial in forest management? A) It can cause frequency of landslides. B) It can be substituted by less harmful forest management strategies. C) It can cause the soil to lose chemical elements needed for life. D) It can accelerate the process of decay. E) All of the above

e

As a result of wildfires, _______ in grasslands. A) tree growth increases B) grass growth increases C) soil quality decreases D) invertebrate variety decreases

not a (probably b)

How do trees improve water quality? A) Tree roots anchor soil in place, preventing runoff. B) Water is filtered as it passes through the root systems of trees. C) An adult tree can store nearly 250 gallons of water. D) All of the above

not d

Why are environmentalists concerned about the introduction of genetically engineered trees? A) Genetically engineered trees are not regulated. B) Genetically engineered trees have could have unexpected interactions with organisms of natural ecosystems. C) Genetically engineered trees decrease the biodiversity of natural ecosystems. D) All of the above

not d

The Newfoundland moratorium on cod fishing was unsuccessful because _______. A) fishing capacity increased after the moratorium B) political decisions were made against scientific evidence C) fishing resumed almost immediately following the moratorium D) fishing went as far as destabilizing the ecosystem E) all of the above

not e

__________ refers to the number of organisms per unit of an area. A) Genetic diversity B) Population density C) Population pyramid D) Population distribution E) Genetic variation

b

How does flooding rice fields reduce the need for herbicides and pesticides in rice farming? A) While rice has a submerged growth state, most weeds and pests do not. B) Flooding the fields causes the soil to degrade so weeds cannot take root. C) Residual herbicides and pesticides from previous seasons dissolve in the water. D) All of the above

a

How has deforestation in Haiti altered the climate? A) The loss of trees resulted in less carbon being removed from the atmosphere. B) Deforestation has resulted in widespread extinction of plants. C) Without trees' root systems to hold it in place, rains have washed away the topsoil. D) With fewer trees, there is less shade to keep the land cool. E) Deforestation has not altered Haiti's climate.

a

In North America, which of the following caused the grizzly bear to become endangered? A) hunting and habitat destruction B) hunting and drought C) drought and fires D) adaptive mating behavior

a

Livestock farming is a very expensive source of food, leading people to believe that eating lower on the food chain is a good alternative. Which of the following statements best explains why it is so expensive? A) The livestock are inefficient at converting plant food into meat. B) It is in high demand as the preferred food source in may developing countries. C) It is very rich in protein. D) A large amount of land is needed to house and feed the animals. E) It isn't expensive at all; livestock is available to everyone.

a

The decayed organic matter in in soil is called __________. A) humus B) soil tilth C) silt D) lahar E) DDT

a

The development of dangerous strains of disease organisms is a consequence of which agricultural practice? A) incorporating antibiotics into the feeding regimens of densely concentrated livestock B) using insecticidal compounds on vegetable crops C) growing crops that are genetically modified for increased yields D) including the use of biofuels in crop rotation practices E) large-scale herbicide use in farms

a

The stepwise leveling of slopes for farming is called __________. A) terrace farming B) mariculture C) contour farming D) organic farming E) crop rotation

a

The study by George Perkins Marsh published in 1864 showed that the farmlands in Vermont had more organic matter than the farmlands in Italy. Which horizon of the two farmlands soils was he comparing? A) Horizon O B) Horizon C C) Horizon B D) Horizon E

a

Vegetation affects the temperature of the atmosphere by changing the color of the surface of the earth, adding to sunlight reflection, altering water transpiration amounts, changing surface roughness, and __________. A) changing the rate at which greenhouse gases are released from Earth's surface into the atmosphere B) changing the rate at which greenhouse gases are absorbed into Earth's surface from the atmosphere C) changing the rate at which sunlight is absorbed and released into the atmosphere D) changing the rate at which sunlight is released and absorbed into Earth's surface

a

Water and rubble that flow from the slope of a volcano are called __________. A) lahar B) surface waves C) tephra D) fumaroles E) aggregates

a

What caused the shrinking of the estuary that Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge is part of? A) urbanization B) climate changes C) land shifts D) global warming

a

What is the most important forage crop in the United States? A) alfalfa B) hay C) sorghum D) corn E) oats

a

Which of the following phrases best defines the word "under-nutrition"? A) eating less than the minimum number of daily calories B) eating balanced meals C) eating too much D) suffering from poor food quality

a

Which statement is true about selective breeding and genetic engineering? A) Both genetic engineering and selective breeding aim to develop crops with desirable traits. B) In genetic engineering, only traits that are natively found in the genome of the species can be isolated and expressed. C) In selective breeding, the desired genes can be directly manipulated or inserted into the DNA of the organism. D) In selective breeding, the potential list of insertions is not limited to those natively found in the organism.

a

Plants grown during the offseason to improve soil quality and prevent soil erosion are called __________. A) cover crops B) soil peds C) windbreaks D) genetically modified crops E) cash crops

a?

Rachel Carson introduced the idea that pesticides and fertilizers are harmful to the environment. What documented investigation did her book Silent Spring discuss? A) the detrimental effects of pesticides on wildlife in the environment B) positive effects of insecticide use on African crops C) the need to ban DDT and Dasanit from the US D) the idea of food chains and trophic level productivity E) global bird migration patterns and behavior

a?

Which of the following is not a symptom of desertification? A) decrease in salt content of the soil B) lowering of the water table C) reduced surface water D) increased soil erosion E) loss of native vegetation

a?

Which type of population pyramid occurs in locations where fertility rates are high, death rates fall, and more people are middle aged with a longer life expectancy? A) expansive population pyramid B) constructive population pyramid C) stabilizing population pyramid D) directional population pyramid E) stationary population pyramid

a?

__________ is an event in which a large percentage of a population is either killed or prevented from reproducing. A) Bottlenecking B) Inbreeding C) Competitive exclusion D) The founder effect E) Sampling

a?

Geographic Earth materials modified over time by physical, chemical, and biological processes that serve many functions are considered __________. A) equatorial parent materials B) modified soil horizons C) modified atmospheric materials D) nurtured dominant structures

b

How many of Earth's plant species are used as agricultural crops? A) 1,000 B) 3,000 C) 5,000 D) 7,000 E) 9,000

b

The Red List is a list of __________. A) extinct species B) endangered species C) dangerous species D) disappearing wildlife refuge areas

b

The act of cultivating saltwater organisms only is called __________. A) aquaculture B) mariculture C) pastoralism D) contour farming E) monoculture

b

The high productivity of American agriculture is exemplified by _______. A) low crop yields per farm worker B) high crop yields per farm worker C) the small cultivated area per inhabitant D) the small cultivated area per farmer

b

What new technologies led to the exploitation of the whales? A) invention of radars B) invention of furnaces and boilers C) invention of better quality nets D) invention of night vision goggles

b

What type of agriculture is most characteristic of a third-world developing country? A) plantation agriculture B) traditional subsistence agriculture C) industrialized agriculture D) traditional intensive agriculture

b

Which of the following best explains why soil conservation is important to human agriculture? A) Erosion prevention prevents millions of dollars in damage from mudslides. B) It is easier to prevent the degradation of old soil than it is to generate new soil. C) If the soil salinity gets too high crops will not be able to grow in it. D) Soil contamination is a hazard to human health. E) Soil contamination does not affect human agriculture in any way.

b

Which of the following is not true concerning tropical plantations? A) They are generally found in humid, tropical climates. B) Wheat and corn are common products of tropical plantations. C) Most crops from tropical plantations are exported. D) Cocoa, coffee and tea are common products of tropical plantations.

b

Which of the following methods of agriculture is best suited to the use of large plowing and harvesting equipment? A) rangeland grazing B) American agriculture C) traditional rice cultivation D) Dutch agriculture E) traditional rice cultivation

b

Which of the following undercut farmers in developing countries? A) competition among local food growers B) donations from other countries C) disruptions in distributions D) transportation of food over long distances

b

Which part of agricultural soil contains relatively few organisms and organic material, but also has an accumulation of leached nutrients for plant roots? A) A horizon B) B horizon C) D horizon D) parent material

b

Which soil horizon, also known as the zone of accumulation, is enriched in clay, iron oxides, silica, carbonate, and other materials? A) A Horizon B) B Horizon C) C Horizon D) O Horizon E) E Horizon

b

Why is understanding the niche of tree species important in forest management? A) It helps determine what kind of fertilizer is needed. B) It helps determine where the trees can be best planted or cultivated. C) It helps determine the type of organisms that use it as a habitat. D) It helps determine what kind of weather will affect it.

b

__________ is a type of natural selection that favors individuals that have an extreme variation of a trait within a population. A) Inbreeding B) Disruptive selection C) The synergistic effect D) Directional selection E) Stabilizing selection

b

Which of the following would be least effective in controlling soil erosion caused by wind and water? A) planting windbreaks B) removing crop stubble from ground C) using conservation tillage D) creating agriculture water ditches E) planting cover crops

b?

Areas undisturbed by people were first regulated in 1964. What law covers these areas? A) Serengeti Heritage Act B) Wildland Project Law C) US Wilderness Act D) US Park Service Law

c

Flamingos are only one of the many species of birds that are protected in the Andalucia Donana National Park. The flamingos breed in the shallow salt marshes of the park. How might the farms surrounding the park affect these birds? A) through agricultural noise disturbing the breeding process B) through agricultural crops overtaking the park C) through agricultural pollution entering the salt marshes D) through agricultural land expansion

c

The world's food supply is influenced by social disruptions and attitudes, which directly affect which two disciplines? A) wildlife and air pollution B) the ecology of wildlife and the migration patterns of birds C) the environment and agriculture D) the environment and cultures

c

What are the three goals of integrated pest management (IPM)? A) to reduce the use of insecticides, increase consumer costs, and conserve water B) to reduce the use of insecticides, increase farmer costs, and conserve water C) to reduce the use of artificial pesticides, reduce costs, and control pests D) to reduce the use of artificial pesticides, reduce costs, and increase salinization

c

What is the purpose of crop rotation? A) To have a variety of plants for harvest B) To improve soil color C) To improve soil fertility and structure D) To increase biodiversity E) To loosen the soil for burrowing animals

c

Where would contour farming and terraces be most likely to be found? A) on flat, expansive grasslands B) in wetlands C) on hilly, mountainous farm land D) near the coast

c

Which of the following is not a step in genetic modification of organisms? A) faster and more efficient development of new hybrids B) introducing the terminator gene C) altering the genetic composition of the parent plant, changing it for ever D) genetic properties transferred from widely divergent kinds of life

c

Which of the following is not true concerning cover crops? A) they prevent soil erosion B) they can fix nitrogen in soil C) they are sold as cash crops D) they add organic matter to soil E) they prevent weed growth

c

Why are some species of insects exempt from being protected under the US Endangered Species ACT of 1973? A) because their populations have not been affected by harvesting B) because they are already protected C) because they are pests and can presents risks to humans D) because they reproduce in great numbers

c

__________ is a mixture of minerals, organic matter, liquids, and gases that can provide a medium for plant growth. A) Sand B) Clay C) Soil D) Silt E) Humus

c

The three main soil macronutrients in food production are __________. A) carbon, oxygen, and water B) copper, cadmium, and carbon C) potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen D) boron, zinc, and manganese

c?

Which of the following does not result from no-till practices? A) increased herbicide use B) decreased fuel consumption C) increased plowing time D) increased integrated pest management

c?

__________ is derived from the motion of waves and tides. A) Storm surge B) Carbon sequestration C) Hydrokinetic energy D) Surface faulting E) Pyroclastic flow

c?

__________ is the ratio of soil's weight versus its volume. A) Soil consistency B) Tolerable soil loss rate C) Bulk density D) Tolerance range E) Global hectares

c?

Which statement is true about clear-cutting? A) It increases erosion. B) It causes the soil to lose nutrients. C) It can regenerate desirable species. D) All of the above

d

Which statement is true about parks and nature preserves? A) Parks are areas set aside for use by people. B) Nature preserve's primary purpose is to conserve a resource. C) Parks can be used for scientific research. D) All of the above

d

The US Council on Environmental Quality, the World Wildlife Fund of the United States, the Ecological Society of America, the Smithsonian Institution, and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature have proposed four principles of wildlife conservation. Which of the following does not apply to wildlife conservation? A) continuous monitoring, analysis, and assessment B) ecosystem maintenance that includes wildlife C) a plan encompassing entire communities of organisms and all renewable resources D) a continued interest in harvesting populations for sport

d

The __________ was a series of acts, mostly in the 1960s, to increase agricultural yields. A) synergistic effect B) integrated pest management C) conservation tillage system D) green revolution E) genetic modification of crops

d

The process of counting a portion of a population of a species in a particular area and using that number to estimate the total population without physically interacting with the species is called __________. A) restoration B) mark/recapure C) bottlenecking D) sampling E) arcology

d

What is not considered a benefit of genetically modified food production? A) faster and more efficient methods of producing hybrids B) introduction of the terminator gene C) the transfer of genetic properties from widely divergent life forms D) the method associated with insect-free crop production

d

What is the main cause of the deforestation in Haiti? A) urban sprawl B) industrialization C) biofuel production D) poverty E) mining

d

Which of the following are some reasons for the variations in agricultural practices around the world? A) topography B) tradition C) amount of rainfall D) all of the above

d

Which of the following correctly describes the Dust Bowl of the 1930s in the United States? A) pioneer communities trying to farm in arid areas B) a reduction in the C horizon of the regional soils C) conservation tillage techniques D) an erosional disaster

d

Which of the following is an environmental concern of genetically modified foods? A) Crops that are drought resistant are introduced providing food regardless of the unpredictable weather B) Reduction cost of production for the crops C) An important ingredient may be introduced in a strain of rice for the poor who depend on rice as a primary food D) Toxic substances produced as a pesticide may be consumed by unintended species

d

Which of the following is not a method for addressing soil contamination? A) Excavate and dispose of the soil. B) Use microbes to digest the contaminants. C) Use heat to force the contaminants into the gas phase and out of the soil. D) None of the above

d

Which of the following is not an agricultural technique? A) irrigation B) selective breeding C) livestock herding D) none of the above

d

Which of the following is not true about organic farming? A) It is more like a natural ecosystem than a monoculture. B) It occupies a small fraction of U.S. farmland. C) It minimizes negative environmental impacts. D) It contributes a large amount to agricultural income. E) It produces foods that do not contain artificial compounds.

d

Which of the following is true about pastoralism? A) It uses small areas of land. B) It produces large yields. C) It is restricted to few areas. D) It is organized by the seasonal movement of herds. E) None of the above

d

Which of the following is true concerning pastoralism? A) It occurs in small areas of land with high yields. B) It occurs in forests and grasslands. C) It is a modern agricultural technique. D) It revolves around herding livestock.

d

Which of the following methods of agriculture is the most reliant upon technology and automation? A) rangeland grazing B) American agriculture C) traditional rice cultivation D) Dutch agriculture E) pastoralism

d

Which of the following processes is least affected by agricultural practices? A) nutrient buildup in freshwater sources B) sediment pollution from erosion C) recharging of aquifers D) flooding of land cleared to grow crops E) desertification

d

Which of these pose a threat to the whale population? A) whaling B) pollution C) global climate change D) all of the above

d

Why is the goal of restoring the grizzly bear population a challenging task? A) because the present grizzly bears are dangerous B) because the present grizzly bears live in areas that humans cannot reach C) because the present grizzly bears do not like cameras D) because the present grizzly bear population is unknown

d

__________ are vents in lava, or pyroclastic flow, that allow gases to escape. A) Lahars B) Tsunamis C) Tephras D) Fumaroles E) Windbreaks

d

Which of the following practices is common for organic crop production according to the US Department of Agriculture? A) using hydrogen peroxide as a fertilizer B) using chemicals known as pheromones to disrupt insect mating cycles C) using genetically modified plant variety that kill insects D) using sewage sludge to improve the fertility and structure of the soil E) using arsenic to remove unwanted insects

d?

A single unit of soil structure is called a(n) __________. A) soil tilth B) soil horizon C) aggregate D) lahar E) soil ped

e

Properties with the potential presence of pollutants or other contaminating material are called __________. A) rangelands B) global hectares C) surface faultings D) soil horizons E) brownfields

e

Satellite imaging allows scientists to observe __________. A) where deforestation has removed the trees B) where deforestation has occurred but is recovering C) where deforestation has not occurred D) the differences in deforestation between countries E) all of the above

e

Soil formation is also called __________. A) compaction B) arcology C) pedogenesis D) tillage E) sedimentation

e

The number of organisms that can be supported by a region is called the __________. A) ecological footprint B) limiting factor C) cation exchange capacity D) environmental risk E) carrying capacity

e

Which can be used to control the salinity of soil? A) terrace farming B) contour farming C) planting of cover crops D) plowing and turning of soil E) humic acids

e

Which of the following is true about victory gardens? A) They originated during World Wars I and II. B) They were gardens planted by civilians at their homes. C) They were meant to decrease pressure on the food supply. D) They gave civilians a sense that they were helping the war effort. E) All of the above

e

Which of the following would characterize the dutch system of production? A) use of greenhouses to grow plants B) regulation of temperature that the plants are exposed to C) regulation of plant growth patterns D) mechanical automation of farming E) all of the above

e

Which species have a short life span and reproduce in large numbers over a short period of time? A) threatened species B) invasive species C) k-selected species D) nonnative species E) r-selected species

e

__________ is a condition often caused by harmful agricultural practivices, deforestation, or drought that results in infertile land. A) Heat island B) Famine C) Salinization D) Urban sprawl E) Desertification

e

__________ is the study of the origins and effects of pollutants in the environment. A) Archeology B) Biology C) Biotechnology D) Ecology E) Exotoxicology

e

How could global warming impact agriculture? A) The best climates for agriculture could shift to locations further north. B) Global warming could cause an increase in water loss from soil by evaporation. C) Global warming could cause an increase in water loss from plant transpiration. D) Sources of irrigations could be harder to find and utilize. E) All of the above

e?

How does farming change the biosphere? A) It increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, contributing to the buildup of greenhouse gases. B) It induces changes in global biogeochemical cycles. C) It speeds up the decomposition of organic matter in soil. D) It contributes to the loss of competing ecosystems, the decrease of biological diversity, and the increase in endangered species. E) All of the above

e?

What can be said about farmers in highly developed countries? A) They have little or no negative impact on the environment. B) They practice subsistence agriculture. C) They are able to incorporate polyculture into their farming practices. D) They utilize organic farming techniques on a regular basis. E) They rely on large amounts of energy from fossil fuels.

e?

Genetically modified biotechnology has changed the way technology addresses food shortages. Which of the following major discoveries made this possible? A) agricultural modification techniques B) DDT C) DNA D) green farming techniques

not a or b

Why were US parks originally developed? A) to protect the land in the park B) to give Americans a place to hunt and fish C) to conserve wildlife D) all of these

not a

Why is planting a wide variety of plant species better than planting only one type? A) Diversity is best for the environment. B) A wide variety would mean less wear and tear on the soil. C) It would lead to desertification prevention. D) Combining biological and chemical controls are the conditions of a healthy farm.

not b

In which area are the natural warm deserts of Earth primarily located? A) 0-15 degrees north and south of the equator B) 15-30 degrees north and south of the equator C) 30-45 degrees north and south of the equator D) 45-60 degrees north and south of the equator

not c

To remain sustainable over a long period of time, a forest might have to __________. A) remain the same over the long term B) remain the same in the short term C) change over the long term D) change in the short term

not c

Which is a common practice for farmers to yield higher crop production? A) overplowing mixes the nutrients in the soil B) consistently plant the same crop every year C) allow later-successional growth to replace nutrients D) keep the area planted with early-successional species

not c

Agriculture is changing the environment. With increased populations, there is a greater demand for food. Which of the following is not an impact of farming? A) pesticide and fertilizer pollution B) sediment transport and deposition downstream C) increased water supply and flooding D) desertification and deforestation

not d

People who live in __________ are the most likely to be exposed to nitrate and phosphate pollution in surface and ground water. A) fishing villages B) rural farming areas C) mountainous areas with reduced oxygen levels D) urban industrial areas

not d