Unit 7 - Motivation, Emotion, and Personality

The Big Five personality factors are based in which psychological perspective?

Trait psychology

Amanda experienced discomfort in class. She put on a sweater when she realized her discomfort was caused by the cold. Her behavior was motivated by

a drive

Which of the following findings about emotions is well supported by research?

There are several universal emotions.

John is completing a lengthy test in which he must indicate whether various written statements are true or false about himself. He is most likely taking which of the following?

A personality inventory

Based only on the variable described for each of the following pairs of individuals, which individuals are most likely to show different facial expressions when experiencing the same emotion?

Two individuals who are from different cultures that have different display rules for the emotion

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is based on the hypothesis that when a person interprets an ambiguous picture, that person is

projecting an internal psychological state onto an external stimulus

The mutual influence of external stimuli and cognitive processes in regulating behavior is known as

reciprocal determinism

Adrian loves to do dangerous activities like surfing and skydiving because of the thrill he gets. Which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains Adrian's desire to do dangerous activities?

Arousal

Carl Jung believed in a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from a person's ancestral past. Which of the following psychological terms refers to that storehouse?

Collective unconscious

After school, George and his friends complain of intense hunger. They go to George's home and immediately open his refrigerator to look for a snack. Which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains their behavior?

Drive reduction

Which of the following relates most to the lowest level of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Drive reduction

Which of the following argues that physiological needs create aroused psychological states that cause us to try to satisfy those needs?

Drive theory

Which of the following theories suggests that a physiological need creates a state of tension that motivates an organism to satisfy the need?

Drive-reduction

Homeostasis is most closely associated with which motivation theory?

Drive-reduction theory

Which theory of motivation is most likely to suggest that a younger woman would be attracted to an older man because of his greater ability to provide for her?

Evolutionary

A psychologist who classifies an individual's personality according to the person's manifestations of traits such as neuroticism, openness, and extraversion probably believes in which model of personality?

Five-factor

The self-actualizing tendency is most associated with which of the following personality perspectives?

Humanistic

Isaac's father offers to give him five dollars for every good grade he earns on his report card. Which of the following is a type of motivation being used by Isaac's father?

Incentive

Which of the following theories proposes that motivational states are controlled by external stimuli?

Incentive

According to the five-factor model of personality, which of the following is true?

Most personality traits can be derived from the five major traits of the theory.

Which of the following correctly lists Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs from bottom to top?

Physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization

The Rorschach inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are two popular forms of which of the following types of tests?

Projective

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is an example of which of the following types of tests?

Projective

Which of the following Freudian constructs is believed to protect the organism from anxiety by making memories inaccessible?

Repression

The psychoanalytic concept of repression suggests a difficulty in the functioning of which aspect of memory?

Retrieval

Which of the following assessment tools explores individuals' personalities by asking them to examine a series of inkblots and describe what they see in the inkblot?

Rorschach Test

Which of the following individuals would be most intrinsically motivated to write?

Savitri, who has several interesting stories that she wants to write

Melinda went skydiving. As soon as she landed, a handsome man helped her gather her parachute. Melinda's heart was beating quickly and her hands were perspiring. Melinda inferred that she must be attracted to him. Which of the following is a theory of emotion that would best explain the relationship between Melinda's physiological state and her apparent attraction to the man that helped her?

Schachter two-factor

When given a drug that produced general arousal, research participants placed in a room with a happy confederate described their emotional state as happy, while those placed in a room with an angry confederate described their emotional state as angry. Which theory of emotion best explains these results?

Schachter-Singer

Which of the following is true of a child with high self-efficacy regarding her ability to play soccer?

She feels confident that she can play well enough to score a goal.

In Freudian theory, which of the following components of personality most resembles a conscience or censor?

Superego

In general, trait theories emphasize which of the following?

The lasting nature of personal characteristics

According to Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer's theory of emotion, which of the following is true?

The same physiological response can produce different emotions, depending on the context within which the response occurs and a person's interpretation of that context.

Paul Ekman found that when Japanese students watched films of surgery, they masked their expressions of disgust with a smile when an authority figure entered the room but not when alone. American students maintained their expressions of disgust both alone and in the presence of an authority figure. Ekman's findings illustrate what he calls

display rules

Shaniqua is a fourth grader who loves to read whenever she has free time. To encourage Shaniqua to continue to read, her parents would best be advised to

do nothing additional

Incentive theories of motivation explain the desire of people to achieve goals in terms of

external stimuli that have the capacity to affect behavior

Although he finds it to be difficult and not much fun, Tomas puts in long hours practicing field hockey in the hope of getting an athletic scholarship to college. This best illustrates the idea of

extrinsic motivation

Pam works hard in school because her parents give her ten dollars for every A she receives. Pam's parents are attempting to influence her academic efforts by capitalizing on

extrinsic motivation

Freud sexual or aggressive instincts located in

id

Rosemary wants to make the track team because she enjoys running. Her reason for wanting to make the track team is an example of

intrinsic motivation

Sandy's father's behavior gives her the impression that he will love her only if she gets very good grades. Carl Rogers would probably say that Sandy

is getting conditional positive regard

When a projective technique is used, a person could be asked to

look at some pictures and tell a story about each of them

Individuals who exhibit a strong moral sense, accept themselves as they are, are deeply democratic in nature, and are willing to act independently of social and cultural pressures would be described by Abraham Maslow as

self-actualized

Karl goes to see Dr. Norton to help him overcome his fear of cats. Karl's fear began in childhood when he petted a cat and someone slammed a door. Every time Karl petted the cat, the door slammed. Now whenever Karl sees a cat, he becomes very anxious. Karl may have been reluctant to try therapy to change his fear because he believes that his efforts to change are ineffective. This would indicate that Karl has low

self-efficacy

Most tests of personality are in the form of

self-report inventories

According to Sigmund Freud, the personality structure that reflects moral values is called the

superego

All of the following are projective assessment techniques EXCEPT

the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

In response to a set of ambiguous pictures, Rita writes several stories in which the main characters desire to compete with some standard of excellence and surpass their own previous performances. Psychologists in the tradition of Henry Murray, David McClelland, and Christiana Morgan would be likely to characterize Rita as rating high in

the need for achievement

The Barnum effect in psychological assessment refers to

the tendency of individuals to accept vague personality descriptions as accurate

Research studies indicate that people who are intrinsically motivated as compared to people who are extrinsically motivated tend to

work harder and enjoy their work more