Unit 7A

Which of the following questions about the word depressed would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow that you had seen the word on today's test?

how well does this word describe you?

The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. His experience best illustrates ________ memory.

iconic

Visualizing an object and actually seeing that object activate similar brain areas. This most clearly contributes to

imagination inflation

People should avoid back-to-back study times for learning Spanish and French vocabulary in order to minimize

interference

After hearing stories of things they both had and had not actually experienced with "Mr. Science," preschool children spontaneously recalled him doing things that were only mentioned in the stories. This best illustrates

source amnesia.

Group 1 is asked to write down the names of the seven dwarfs. Group 2 is asked to look at a list of possible names of the dwarfs and circle the correct seven. Why might Group 2 be more likely to recall more names?

Group 2's list provides more retrieval cues, making this recognition task easier for them.

Every day as she walks to school, Mamie passes a mural painted on the side of a building. However, when asked, she says she does not remember ever seeing it. Which of the following is the best explanation for this occurrence?

Mamie has not paid attention to the incoming information so it was not encoded into long-term memory.

While in a context similar to one you've been in before, you see a stranger who looks and walks like one of your friends. These circumstances are likely to trigger the experience of

déjà vu.

Which pioneering researcher made extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory?

ebbinghaus

Sounds and words that are not immediately attended to can still be recalled a couple of seconds later because of our ________ memory.

echoic

In one study, children were periodically asked whether they remembered going to the hospital with a mousetrap on their finger. This experiment best illustrated the dynamics of

memory construction.

Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's telephone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates

proactive interference.

After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of

retroactive interference.

Elaine's memory of her Paris vacation is more positive today than it was last year just after she went. This best illustrates

rosy retrospection.

Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of

encoding failure.

Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates

motivated forgetting

When first introduced to someone, Marcel effectively remembers the person's name by repeating it to himself several times. Marcel makes use of a strategy called

rehearsal

In describing what he calls the seven sins of memory, Daniel Schacter suggests that encoding failure results from the sin of

absent-mindedness.

Using the mnemonic ROY G. BIV to remember the colors of the rainbow in the order of wavelength illustrates the use of

an acronym

After having a stroke resulting from a blockage of blood to the medial temporal lobe, Gerald could not remember new information, such as the books he had just read, new songs he had just heard, or the faces of new people he had just met. Gerald was experiencing dissociative amnesia

anterograde amnesia

Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inns by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY. She is using a memory aid known as

chunking

Effortful processing can occur only with

conscious attention.

Automatic processing occurs without

conscious awareness

Lars was feeling depressed at the time he read a chapter of his history textbook. Lars is likely to recall best the contents of that chapter when he is

depressed

The process of getting information into memory is called

encoding

it is surprisingly easy to lead people to construct false memories.

encoding

The famous Ebbinghaus forgetting curve indicates that how well we remember information depends on

how long ago we learned that information

Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that one can do so best illustrates ________ memory.

implicit

Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory.

implicit;explicit

As we retrieve memories from our memory bank, we often alter them based on past experiences and our current expectations. This best illustrates

memory construction.

Researchers asked university students to imagine certain childhood events, including a false event such as breaking a window with their hand. They discovered that

it is surprisingly easy to lead people to construct false memories.

A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory.

long-term

Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited capacity?

long-term memory

By shrinking the hippocampus, prolonged stress is most likely to inhibit the process of

long-term memory formation.

The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as

long-term potentiation

Semantic encoding is to visual encoding as ________ is to ________.

meaning; imagery

Semantic encoding refers to the processing of

meanings.

Watching a TV soap opera involving marital conflict and divorce led Andrea to recall several instances in which her husband had mistreated her. The effect of the TV program on Andrea's recall provides an example of

priming

The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood. The aroma apparently acted as a powerful

retrieval cue

The discovery that words heard underwater are later better recalled underwater than on land best illustrates the value of

retrieval cues.

The title of a song is on the tip of Gerard's tongue, but he cannot recall it until someone mentions the songwriter's name. Gerard's initial inability to recall the title was most likely caused by

retrieval failure

When asked to recall a list of words including, "plump, crook, and child," people frequently recalled "fat, criminal, and kid. " This best illustrates the impact of

semantic encoding.

Explicit memory is to long-term memory as iconic memory is to ________ memory.

sensory

The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the ________ effect.

serial position

"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory.

short-term

After reading a newspaper report suggesting that drunken driving might have contributed to a recent auto accident, several people who actually witnessed the accident began to remember the driver involved as traveling more recklessly than was actually the case. This provides an example of

the misinformation effect

Compared with adults, children are more susceptible to

the misinformation effect

Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as

the spacing effect

In describing what he calls the seven sins of memory, Daniel Schacter suggests that storage decay contributes to

transience.

As his AP psychology teacher was lecturing, Tanner was thinking about competing in a swim meet later that afternoon. Where are Tanner's current thoughts being processed?

working memory