Unit 7A multiple choice

Which measure of memory did Hermann Ebbinghaus use to assess the impact of rehearsal on retention? a. relearning b. repression c. recognition d. recall e. reconstruction

a

Which of the following best describes explicit memories? a. include memory for general knowledge b. accessed without conscious recall c. processed by the cerebellum d. nondeclarative e. acquired through classical conditioning

a

The prolonged stress of sustained physical abuse may inhibit memory formation by shrinking the a. frontal lobe. b. hippocampus. c. sensory cortex. d. adrenal glands. e. pituitary gland.

b

Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited capacity? a. proactive memory b. long-term memory c. short-term memory d. echoic memory e. iconic memory

b

An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being utilized? a. recognition b. misinformation c. reconstruction d. recall e. relearning

a

Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called a. flashbulb memories. b. mood-congruent memories. c. repressed memories. d. semantic memories. e. sensory memories.

a

An understanding of the distinction between implicit and explicit memories is most helpful for explaining a. the spacing effect. b. infantile amnesia. c. state-dependent memory. d. repression. e. the serial position effect.

b

Long-term potentiation refers to a. the process of learning something without any conscious memory of having learned it. b. an increase in a neuron's firing potential. c. an automatic tendency to recall emotionally significant events. d. the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. e. the impact of overlearning on retention.

b

Passing an electric current through the brain during electroconvulsive therapy is most likely to disrupt ________ memory. a. iconic b. short-term c. flashbulb d. mood-congruent e. implicit

b

The often unconscious activation of particular associations in memory is called a. state-dependent memory. b. priming. c. repression. d. chunking. e. automatic processing.

b

After having a stroke, Aaron has great difficulty recalling any of his subsequent life experiences. He is most likely suffering from a. long-term potentiation. b. repression. c. mood-congruent memory. d. implicit memory. e. amnesia.

e

Rehearsal is to encoding as retrieval cues are to a. relearning. b. chunking. c. the spacing effect. d. repression. e. priming.

e

Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that one can do so best illustrates ________ memory. a. explicit b. semantic c. flashbulb d. sensory e. implicit

e

Research suggests that a memory trace is most likely to involve a. hormonal changes. b. source amnesia. c. motivated forgetting. d. the serial position effect. e. synaptic changes.

e

When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used? a. rehearsal b. relearning c. recognition d. reconstruction e. recall

e

We are more likely to remember the words "typewriter, cigarette, and fire" than the words "void, process, and inherent." This best illustrates the value of a. imagery. b. long-term potentiation. c. priming. d. iconic memory. e. flashbulb memory.

a

retrograde amnesia

can't remember the past

anterograde amnesia

cant form new memories

medically induced (brain damange, illness, etc)

amnesia

Short-term memory is slightly better a. in females than in males. b. in children than in adults. c. for auditory information than for visual information. d. for random letters than for random digits. e. for sensory information than for semantic information.

c

The letters Y, M, O, M, R, E are presented. Jill remembers them by rearranging them to spell the word "MEMORY." This provides an illustration of a. automatic processing. b. the spacing effect. c. chunking. d. the "peg-word" system. e. the serial position effect.

c

Visually associating five items needed from the grocery store with mental images of a bun, a shoe, a tree, a door, and a hive best illustrates the use of a. serial position effect. b. the spacing effect. c. the peg-word system. d. rosy retrospection. e. implicit memory.

c

Although Mr. Yanagita has recently learned to play poker quite well, he cannot consciously remember ever having played poker. It is likely that he has suffered damage to his a. hypothalamus. b. brainstem. c. cerebellum. d. hippocampus. e. motor cortex.

d

Explicit memory is to ________ as implicit memory is to ________. a. epinephrine; serotonin b. automatic processing; effortful processing c. long-term memory; short-term memory d. hippocampus; cerebellum e. skill memory; fact memory

d

Memory aids that involve the use of vivid imagery and clever ways of organizing material are called a. semantic techniques. b. flashbulb memories. c. organizational cues. d. mnemonic devices. e. iconic traces.

d

Group 1 is asked to write down the names of the seven dwarfs. Group 2 is asked to look at a list of possible names of the dwarfs and circle the correct seven. Why might Group 2 be more likely to recall more names? a. Group 2's list provides more retrieval cues, making this recognition task easier for them. b. Iconic memory is superior to echoic memory. c. Proactive interference is less likely to affect childhood learning. d. Implicit memories are easier to recall than explicit memories are. e. Source amnesia may interfere with Group 1's ability to recall the names of the dwarfs.

a

Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze and then removed pieces of their cortexes. He observed that storage of their maze memories a. was not restricted to specific regions of the cortex. b. was restricted to their left and right occipital lobes. c. was restricted to their left and right frontal lobes. d. was restricted to their right cerebral hemispheres. e. was not restricted to the association areas.

a

Mnemonic devices such as the peg-word system make effective use of a. visual imagery. b. state-dependent memory. c. the serial position effect. d. flashbulb memory. e. implicit memory.

a

Patients who have experienced brain damage may be unable to form new personal memories but are able to learn to do jigsaw puzzles, without awareness of having learned them. This suggests that a. the system for creating explicit memory has been affected, not the implicit memory system. b. explicit memories are stored in the cerebellum, which must not have been damaged. c. amnesia only disturbs recall of explicit memories. d. long-term potentiation decreases our ability to store implicit memories. e. the cerebellum must have been damaged, hindering implicit memory formation.

a

After being asked to remember three consonants, participants in a study by Peterson and Peterson counted aloud backward by threes to prevent a. encoding failure. b. retroactive interference. c. rehearsal. d. source amnesia. e. proactive interference.

c

For a fraction of a second after the lightning flash disappeared, Ileana retained a vivid mental image of its ragged edges. Her experience most clearly illustrates the nature of _______ memory. a. explicit b. implicit c. iconic d. recall e. flashbulb

c

James took special classes to learn Spanish in elementary school. As a young adult, he decided to serve in the Peace Corps and was sent to Guatemala. While he had forgotten most of his early Spanish training, he quickly remembered it. This illustrates that a. priming allows us to retrieve specific memories from a web of associations. b. source amnesia does not influence learning that occurs before a person is 8 years old. c. the speed of relearning confirms that information is stored and accessible. d. semantic encoding increases what can be recalled by providing more retrieval cues. e. retroactive interference does not affect the recall of childhood memories.

c

Most Americans still have accurate flashbulb memories of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001. This best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by a. source amnesia. b. retrieval cues. c. the body's release of stress hormones. d. the serial position effect. e. long-term potentiation.

c

Sabrina went to the store for furniture polish, carrots, pencils, ham, sponges, celery, notebook paper, and salami. She remembered to buy all these items by reminding herself that she needed food products that included meats and vegetables and that she needed nonfood products that included school supplies and cleaning aids. Sabrina made effective use of a. automatic processing. b. the spacing effect. c. hierarchical organization. d. implicit memory. e. the peg-word system.

c

Research by Kandel and Schwartz on sea slugs indicates that memory formation is associated with the a. structure of DNA molecules. b. transformation of neurons in the medulla. c. development of the cerebellum. d. release of certain neurotransmitters. e. activity level of the hippocampus.

d

The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood. The aroma apparently acted as a powerful a. echoic memory. b. implicit memory. c. spacing effect. d. retrieval cue. e. mnemonic.

d

The use of acronyms to improve one's memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the value of a. imagery. b. the serial position effect. c. the spacing effect. d. chunking. e. semantic encoding.

d

When asked to recall a list of words including, "plump, crook, and child," people frequently recalled "fat, criminal, and kid. " This best illustrates the impact of a. peg words. b. echoic memory. c. mood-congruent memory. d. semantic encoding. e. parallel processing.

d

Retroactive imterference

new info gets in the way of old

proactive interference

old gets in the way of new