Unit 8 Post WWII to Vietnam

I. _________________ A. Truman Doctrine B. Marshall Plan C. Berlin Blockade D. Korean War Which foreign policy term would be the most appropriate title for the partial outline?

Containment

Which of the following best completes the chart above?

Equality for all classes of people is valued

Which statement is true concerning powers of the United Nations?

It can send United Nations soldiers from member nations as "peacekeeping forces" around the world

Which of these is an effect rock and roll had on society in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s?

It contributed to a cultural divide between generations

How did President Harry S. Truman's decision to drop the atomic bomb affect international relations?

It initiated the arms race with the Soviet Union

"Security Council Approves Use of Force Against Communist Invaders" "President Truman Fires General MacArthur" "Armistice Divides Nation at 38th Parallel" These headlines refer to which international conflict?

Korean War

"An eight-year-old African American girl named Linda Brown had been denied approval to attend a nearby elementary school in Topeka, Kansas. School officials refused to register her at the school. Instead, they assigned Linda Brown to a school for nonwhite students further away from her home. In Topeka, there were separate elementary schools for whites and nonwhites. Linda Brown's parents filed a lawsuit in an effort to force the schools to admit Linda to the nearby school for white students. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that segregation in the public school system was unconstitutional in the case of Brown v. Board of Education." Which of these best illustrates that resistance existed in regards to the idea of school desegregation after the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education?

Legislators in Congress who opposed racial integration in public places wrote a document called the Southern Manifesto, which aimed to lawfully reverse the case of Brown v. Board of Education

During the 1950s, air travel industries, the entertainment business, and the electronics industry became highly productive. What happened as a result of new developments in these industries?

New jobs were available for citizens

"Eisenhower Sends U.S. Troops to Protect Lebanon" "Kennedy Places Quarantine on Shipment of Soviet Missiles to Cuba" "Johnson Increases U.S. Troop Strength in Vietnam by 125,000" Which statement about the Cold War is illustrated by these headlines?

Rivalries between the superpowers often involved conflicts in other nations

Which statement is a valid conclusion based on President Dwight D. Eisenhower's approach to applying the Brown v. Board of Education ruling to the desegregation of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas?

Some Supreme Court decisions are not effective unless the President enforces them

I. ______________________________ A. Congress passes the Alien and Sedition Acts. B. President Abraham Lincoln suspends habeas corpus. C. President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders internment of Japanese Americans. D. Senator Joseph McCarthy begins hearings on identifying Communists. Which heading would be most appropriate for the outline?

Threats to Civil Liberties

"Jackie Robinson Breaks Color Barrier in Major League Baseball" "President Truman Issues Executive Order Desegregating Armed Forces" "NAACP Challenges School Segregation" These headlines are most closely associated with

the beginning of the modern civil rights movement

Which pair of phrases BEST completes this diagram?

(1) Increased demand for housing; (2) Increased deforestation

The main idea of this cartoon from the late 1940's is that

American economic aid is assisting European recovery

Which statement most accurately expresses the main idea of the cartoon?

American taxpayers hope the Marshall Plan will quickly stabilize Europe's economy

Which generalization about the Korean War is supported by information on the maps?

At the end of the war, Korea remained a divided nation

Which of the following statements is true when comparing the independence movements in India and Africa in the early 20th century?

Both areas were torn apart by ethnic and religious differences

What is the BEST TITLE for this cartoon?

Causes and Effects of Economic Prosperity in the 1950s

"Unjust laws exist; shall we be content to obey them, or shall we endeavor to amend them, and obey them until we have succeeded, or shall we transgress them at once?" — Henry David Thoreau, 1849 ". . . But the great glory of American democracy is the right to protest for right. My friends, don't let anybody make us feel that we [are] to be compared in our actions with the Ku Klux Klan or with the White Citizens Council. There will be no crosses burned at any bus stops in Montgomery. There will be no white persons pulled out of their homes and taken out on some distant road and lynched for not cooperating. There will be nobody amid, among us who will stand up and defy the Constitution of this nation. We only assemble here because of our desire to see right exist. . . ." — Martin Luther King, Jr., December 1955 Which statement most accurately summarizes the main idea of these quotations?

Civil disobedience is sometimes necessary to bring about change

What was one similarity between the Red Scare following World War I and the Cold War following World War II?

Fear of communism led to the suppression of the civil liberties of some Americans

"I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly...In spite of my shattered dreams, I came to Birmingham with the hope that the white religious leadership of this community would see the justice of our cause and, with deep moral concern, would serve as the channel through which our just grievances could reach the power structure. I had hoped that each of you would understand. But again I have been disappointed." —Martin Luther King, Jr., "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" What was the purpose of King's letter?

King wanted to defend the nonviolent protests that he participated in for the fight against racial injustice

Cuba gained its independence from Spain in 1898, and the United States was closely involved in Cuban politics through all of the early 20th century. The U.S. kept military bases on the island and also supported the dictatorship of General Fulgencio Batista. Americans invested heavily in Cuban industry and agriculture. Which of the following events was happening in Cuba before World War II that resulted in the eventual overthrow of Batista and the establishment of a communist government?

Only the wealthy benefited from American investments, but the poor did not

How can the information on this poster best be categorized?

Propaganda

How did press coverage of events during the Vietnam War affect the United States?

Reporting on military setbacks contributed to public disillusionment with the war

What has been one of the greatest obstacles to achieving racial integration of public schools in the United States?

Segregated housing patterns are still common in many communities

• The Berlin Airlift • Formation of NATO • Buildup of arms, including nuclear devices The actions in the box were taken by the United States in response to

Soviet aggression and expansionism

When Harry Truman assumed the Presidency after Franklin Roosevelt's death, he believed that

Stalin and the Soviet Union were fundamentally untrustworthy

Which conclusion about the success of efforts to end segregation in public schools in the 1950s and 1960s can be drawn from the map?

State governments were slow to integrate public school systems

Which of the following had the greatest impact on mass media in the United States during the Cold War era?

TV

"U.S. Sends Aid to Greece and Turkey" "China Falls to Red Communists" "Senator Joe McCarthy Claims Communists Infest U.S. Government" Which generalization regarding these headlines is most valid?

The Cold War affected United States domestic and foreign policy

What was the Supreme Court's ruling in the Roe v. Wade case of 1973?

The right to an abortion was protected by a constitutional right to privacy

How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis (1890) The Jungle, Upton Sinclair (1906) The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck (1939) Silent Spring, Rachel Carson (1965) What has been the impact of these authors and their books on American society?

These works have had significant influence on social, political, and economic reforms

Why did the United States adopt the motto In God We Trust in 1956?

To distinguish the nation from countries that restricted religious practices

Which statement is true regarding American involvement in the Korean War?

Truman committed troops without Congressional approval

"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an 'iron curtain' has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow." Who spoke these famous words?

Winston Churchill

The quotations below are from two United States Supreme Court decisions. I. "Separation of the races does not place a badge of inferiority upon one group over another, thus it is not a violation of the 14th amendment." (1896) II. "To separate [children in grade school and high school] from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status . . . that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone." (1954) The difference in opinion between these two rulings best shows

a change in judicial philosophy and public attitudes

The United States carried out the idea expressed in this late 1940s cartoon by

airlifting supplies to West Berlin

The origins of the Cold War can be best summed up as

an ideological conflict between communism and capitalism

"... We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans—born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage—and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world....To those people in the huts and villages of half the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period is required—not because the communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right. If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich. ..." — President John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961 According to this quotation, President Kennedy wanted to

assert United States leadership in world affairs

In 1961, what action taken by the Soviet Union in Germany escalated tension between the Soviets and America?

building the Berlin Wall

"The Parties to this Treaty reaffirm their faith in the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and their desire to live in peace with all peoples and all governments. "They are determined to safeguard the freedom, common heritage and civilization of their peoples, founded on the principles of democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law. . . ." — Preamble to the North Atlantic Treaty, 1949 This statement shows the commitment of the United States to the principle of

collective security

Cartoons such as this one took the position that deportation was necessary because

communists were infiltrating the United States

During the civil rights movement of the 1960s, activities of the Congress of Racial Equality, the National Urban League, and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) illustrated that

different approaches can be used to achieve a common goal

• In the 1940s, President Franklin D. Roosevelt made winning World War II a priority over extending the New Deal. • In the 1950s, President Harry Truman's focus shifted from the Fair Deal to the Korean War. • In the 1960s, President Lyndon B. Johnson's attention to the Great Society gave way to preoccupation with the Vietnam War. These presidential actions best support the conclusion that

domestic programs are often undermined by the outbreak of war

"... We will stay because in Asia and around the world are countries whose independence rests, in large measure, on confidence in America's word and in America's protection. To yield to force in Vietnam would weaken that confidence, would undermine the independence of many lands, and would whet the appetite of aggression. We would have to fight in one land, and then we would have to fight in another—or abandon much of Asia to the domination of Communists...." — President Lyndon B. Johnson, State of the Union Address, January 12, 1966 Which idea is best described in this passage?

domino theory

". . . In a sense we've come to our nation's capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the 'unalienable Rights of Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.' It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked 'insufficient funds.' " . . . — Martin Luther King, Jr., August 28, 1963 The focus of this passage from Dr. King's speech was his belief that

equal rights for all were guaranteed by the founders of this nation

• Mapp v. Ohio, 1961 • Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963 • Miranda v. Arizona, 1966 These three Supreme Court decisions are similar in that each ruling

expanded the rights of the accused

"Attorney General Palmer Deports 249 Foreigners" (1919) "Nixon Accuses Alger Hiss of Espionage" (1948) "Rosenbergs Executed for Treason" (1953) Each of these headlines demonstrates that during the 20th century

fear of communist activities prompted government actions

"President Jackson Signs Force Bill Against South Carolina" "Congress Declares Southern States Must Accept 14th Amendment" "President Eisenhower Sends Federal Troops to Little Rock, Arkansas" Which principle is illustrated by these headlines?

federal supremacy

The Pacific [Transcontinental] Railway Act (1862) and the Interstate Highway Act (1956) are both examples of

federally supported internal improvement projects linking the nation

The policy of assimilating Native American Indians under the Dawes Act (1887) was reversed by 20th-century legislation that

gave Native American Indians greater control over their own reservations

The immediate impact of the 1957 launch of Sputnik I was that it

heightened the space race as a form of Cold War competition

President John F. Kennedy attempted to deal with the situation shown on the map by

imposing a naval blockade to isolate Cuba from the Soviet Union

Radical Republicans' passage of the Civil War amendments, President Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal, and President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs were all attempts to

improve society through government action

"The Congress approves and supports the determination of the President, as Commander in Chief, to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression." -Tonkin Gulf Resolution August 7, 1964 The passage of this resolution led to

increased United States involvement in the Vietnam War

In a farewell message to the American public, President Dwight D. Eisenhower warned of the growth of the "military-industrial complex." This term refers to the

influence of defense contractors on Congress

Martin Luther King, Jr. first emerged as a leader of the civil rights movement when he

led the bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama

Issuing the Truman Doctrine, defending South Korea, and sending military advisors to Vietnam were actions taken by the United States to

limit the spread of communism

The trial of Sacco and Vanzetti in the 1920s was similar to the trial of the Rosenbergs in the 1950s in that both trials were accompanied by

nativist fears of foreign influence in the United States

Information provided by the map most clearly supports the conclusion that by 1964 racial desegregation of Southern schools was

occurring at different rates in Southern states

"This Government, as promised, has maintained the closest surveillance of the Soviet Military buildup on the island of Cuba. Within the past week, unmistakable evidence has established the fact that a series of offensive missile sites is now in preparation on that imprisoned island. The purpose of these bases can be none other than to provide a nuclear strike capability against the Western Hemisphere. . . ." — President John F. Kennedy, October 22, 1962 Which action did President Kennedy take following this statement?

ordering a naval quarantine of Cuba

The changes shown in the chart were most directly the result of the

passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965

The League of Nations and the United Nations were both formed with the goal of

preventing wars through peaceful negotiations

The Anthracite Coal Strike (1902), the Wagner Act (1935), and the founding of the United Farm Workers (1962) were important steps in

promoting fair labor practices and collective bargaining for workers

The primary reason for the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949 was to

protect Western Europe from the Soviet Union

A major way in which the Civil Rights Act (1964) and the Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) are similar is that both laws

provided equal protection to groups that had experienced discrimination

"...Balanced against this are the facts that Russia, as opposed to the western world in general, is still by far the weaker party, that Soviet policy is highly flexible, and that Soviet society may well contain deficiencies which will eventually weaken its own total potential. This would of itself warrant the United States entering with reasonable confidence upon a policy of firm containment, designed to confront the Russians with unalterable counter-force at every point where they show signs of encroaching upon the interests of a peaceful and stable world...." — George Kennan, "The Sources of Soviet Conduct," Foreign Affairs, July 1947 In this passage, George Kennan is suggesting that the United States should

pursue policies to limit the spread of Soviet influence

The president acted as commander in chief in response to which event of the civil rights movement?

refusal of the governor of Arkansas to obey a federal court order to integrate public schools in Little Rock

In this cartoon, the main idea is that after World War II, many women might

resist a return to their traditional role as homemakers

". . . I was disappointed not to see what is inside Central High School. I don't understand why the governor [of Arkansas] sent grown-up soldiers to keep us out. I don't know if I should go back. But Grandma is right, if I don't go back, they will think they have won. They will think they can use soldiers to frighten us, and we'll always have to obey them. They'll always be in charge if I don't go back to Central and make the integration happen. . . ." — Melba Beals, Warriors Don't Cry, an African American student, 1957 President Dwight D. Eisenhower reacted to the situation described in this passage by

sending federal troops to enforce integration

"After World War II, some United States foreign policy principles were significantly different from those followed prior to the War." This statement is best supported by a United States post-World War II policy of

sending troops to various areas of the world to prevent communist takeovers

Which development led to the other three?

start of the baby boom

". . . We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win, and the others, too. . . ." — President John F. Kennedy, speech at Rice University, September 12, 1962 The main purpose of this speech was to win public support for

surpassing the Soviet Union in the space race

You have a row of dominoes set up, you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that it will go over very quickly." This quote was spoken by President Eisenhower as he stressed his concern over which issue?

the defeat over the French in Vietnam

The occupation of Alcatraz in 1969 and of the village Wounded Knee in 1973 symbolized

the growing militancy of Native American Indians resentful of treaty violations by the federal government

"Soviets Create Iron Curtain in Eastern Europe" "Mao Zedong Leads Successful Revolution in China" "North Korean Invasion of South Korea Leads to War" Which development is reflected in these headlines?

the post-World War II expansion of communism

During the Cold War era, the United States and the Soviet Union were hesitant to become involved in direct military conflict mainly because of

the potential for global nuclear destruction

Which issue was involved in both the firing of General Douglas MacArthur in 1951 and the passage of the War Powers Act of 1973?

the president's authority as commander in chief

Although officially the Marshall Plan was directed "not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos" what was its underlying intent?

to prevent the spread of communism in Western Europe

One similarity between the 1920's and the 1960's in the US is that during both decades

traditional standards of dress, conduct, and conformity were challenged