Unit Test 2

Define Quality Procedures.

**focus on ensuring quality standards in the workplace. EXS ~recording and reporting medical misadventures, or pharmacy errors, for tracking. ~performing sterile procedures using protocols described in the USP 797 Guidelines. ~inspecting supplies as they arrive at the pharmacy, according to the DEA. ~requiring controlled substances to be logged as they enter and exit the pharmacy. ~performing audits to check the workplace for safety and top performance.

Which of these would be found in the pharmacy policy and procedure manual? Select all that apply. A)detailed procedures B)professional society requirements C)policy statements D)resources, such as checklists E)patient prescriptions

A)detailed procedures C)policy statements D)resources, such as checklists

Which standards are set by OSHA? Check all that apply. A)drug recall standard B)Hazards Communication standard C)general workplace safety guidelines D)patient confidentiality guidelines E)bloodborne pathogens standard

B)Hazards Communication standard C)general workplace safety guidelines E)bloodborne pathogens standard

Fill in the sentence: (Computers/pt. records/controlled substances) are required to be locked up and secured by the (FDA/OSHA/DEA)

CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES are required to be locked up and secured by the DEA

Which of these drug references is easiest for patients to read? A)the Red Book B)dictionary of pharmacy C)USP 35 D)Drug Facts sheet E)the Orange Book F)the Merck Manual

D)Drug Facts sheet

Why might hospital-based pharmacy technicians earn more than technicians who work in retail settings? A)Hospital pharmacies are more important than retail pharmacies, so technicians are treated better. B)Hospital pharmacies have more money to spend on pharmacy operations than most retail pharmacies. C)Hospital pharmacies only hire technicians with special certifications, which retail technicians do not possess. D)Hospital pharmacies tend to hire technicians who have more experience, so they must be compensated more.

D)Hospital pharmacies tend to hire technicians who have more experience, so they must be compensated more.

Who manages a chain pharmacy? A)the state board of pharmacy B)local pharmacists C)the pharmacy technician D)centralized, corporate headquarters

D)centralized, corporate headquarters

To whom does the bloodborne pathogens standard apply? A)people who have a contagious disease B)clients of the pharmacy C)only people who study blood-borne pathogens D)people who are exposed to human blood

D)people who are exposed to human blood

Where is information about the storage conditions, handling, disposal, and hazards of a chemical found? A)the pharmacist B)the OSHA website C)the hazards label D)the safety data sheet

D)the safety data sheet

How do distribution systems work in retail pharmacy?

~prescriptions are typically given directly to the client. The increase of drive-through pharmacies has increased the use of pneumatic tubes. Some pharmacies offer delivery services for medications.

Define insurance claim

~the application for benefits to pay for a medical product or service

Define safety procedures.

**focus on how employees can work safely in their environments and ensure the safety of others. EXS ~reporting adverse effects to the FDA. ~recognizing which medications can be repackaged (based on FDA policies). ~segregating and clearly labeling drugs that look alike or whose names sound alike to prevent confusion, based on FDA policies. ~storing, dispensing, and destroying medications, according to CDC guidelines. ~evacuating the premises during emergencies. ~safely storing, securing, and labeling chemicals, according to OSHA standards. ~using personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling chemicals and other hazardous materials, according to OSHA standards.

(Drag and drop) Match the procedures to the category A) Safety procedures B) Quality Procedures 1)reporting adverse effects 2)using PPE 3)inspecting supplies 4)performing audits 5)Storing medication properly 6)logging substances

A) Safety procedures--1)reporting adverse effects 2)using PPE 5)Storing medication properly B) Quality Procedures--3)inspecting supplies 4)performing audits 6)logging substances

How is the central management of a grocery store pharmacy different than a chain pharmacy's management? A)Central management of a grocery store pharmacy manages all aspects of grocery, not just the pharmacy. B)Central management of a grocery store pharmacy is only concerned with the pharmacy staff, not the retail aspects. C)Central management of a grocery store pharmacy is specialized in pharmacy issues and concerns, but not business. D)Central management of a grocery store pharmacy does not interfere with the operation of the pharmacy, only the grocery.

A)Central management of a grocery store pharmacy manages all aspects of grocery, not just the pharmacy.

A shipment of medication is contaminated with a toxic mold that has the potential to cause a serious health problem. The FDA has a recall on the product. What Class of recall is this? A)Class I recall B)Class 2 recall C)Class II recall D)Class III recall

A)Class I recall

What actions does HIPAA require? Check all that apply. A)Computers with patient information must be password protected. B)Patient data must be backed up daily. C)Information about patients must be clearly labeled and visible. D)Patient data can only be transmitted over secure Internet or intranet connections. E)Electronic records must be available to patients' families.

A)Computers with patient information must be password protected. B)Patient data must be backed up daily. D)Patient data can only be transmitted over secure Internet or intranet connections.

Which requirement is the result of OSHA Hazards Communication standard? A)Hazards must be labeled with clear graphics. B)Staff must have personal protective equipment. C)Drugs that are recalled must be destroyed. D)A record of all controlled substances must be maintained.

A)Hazards must be labeled with clear graphics.

Match the term to the definition: A)Insurance claim B)co-pay C)deductible 1)partial payment by the patient, with the remaining being paid by insurance 2)an application for benefits in the form of payment for medical products 3)minimum expense paid by the patient before insurance makes payments

A)Insurance claim--2)an application for benefits in the form of payment for medical products B)co-pay--1)partial payment by the patient, with the remaining being paid by insurance C)deductible--3)minimum expense paid by the patient before insurance makes payments

What is the best description of a retail pharmacy? A)It sells prescriptions and medications directly to patients. B)It dispenses drugs to physicians and healthcare workers. C)It buys medications directly from drug companies. D)It mails prescription drugs to consumers' homes.

A)It sells prescriptions and medications directly to patients.

A new flammable chemical arrives at the pharmacy. What should the pharmacy technician do with it? Check all that apply. A)Label it as flammable. B)Destroy the chemical. C)Check the SDS to see how it is stored. D)Put the SDS in the designated location. E)Check the FDA website for instructions.

A)Label it as flammable. C)Check the SDS to see how it is stored. D)Put the SDS in the designated location.

Why does only the pharmacist in hospital-based settings input medication orders into the computer? A)Medication orders often involve multiple drugs for individual patients. B)Only the pharmacist is licensed to perform this duty. C)Doctors and nurses prefer to work directly with pharmacists. D)Pharmacists work with providers, while pharmacy technicians work with patients.

A)Medication orders often involve multiple drugs for individual patients.

Match the term to the definition: A)OSHA B)PPE C)HIPAA 1)a federal law that protects patient confidentiality 2)provides standards to help protects employees in any work environment 3)personal protective equipment such as gloves, goggles, or lab coats.

A)OSHA--2)provides standards to help protects employees in any work environment B)PPE--3)personal protective equipment such as gloves, goggles, or lab coats. C)HIPAA--1)a federal law that protects patient confidentiality

Why might a pharmacy library keep specific pharmacy references such as King Guide to Parenteral Admixtures or Trissel's Stability of Compounded Formulations? Check all that apply. A)Pharmacies are required to keep them by law in some states. B)The references provide relevant information. C)Pharmacies are required to keep them by federal law. D)The pharmacy performs tasks described in the references. E)Pharmacy staff may want to use the references.

A)Pharmacies are required to keep them by law in some states. B)The references provide relevant information. D)The pharmacy performs tasks described in the references. E)Pharmacy staff may want to use the references.

Why penalties assessed for not complying with policies and procedures? Select all that apply. A)Pharmacy policies and procedures are in place to keep patients safe. B)Patients expect the pharmacy staff members to follow specific procedures while at work. C)Policies and procedures are based on important pharmacy standards. D)Following procedures demonstrates a respect for rules and authority. E)Physicians enforce policy and procedure compliance in the pharmacy. F)Regulators enforce pharmacy standards to keep patients safe.

A)Pharmacy policies and procedures are in place to keep patients safe. C)Policies and procedures are based on important pharmacy standards. F)Regulators enforce pharmacy standards to keep patients safe.

Match the policy to the agent that mandates it. A)Pharmacy staff must meet specific qualifications B)rules for safe doses of drugs must me followed C)prescribed drugs must be taken from the reference list D)controlled substances are limited E)personal protective equipment (PPE) is made available 1)FDA 2)USP 3)OSHA 4)State BoP 5)DEA

A)Pharmacy staff must meet specific qualifications--4)State BoP B)rules for safe doses of drugs must be followed--1)FDA C)prescribed drugs must be taken from the reference list--2)USP D)controlled substances are limited--5)DEA E)personal protective equipment (PPE) is made available--3)OSHA

Match the term to the definition. A)State BoP B)CDC C)FDA 1)controls the quality and safety of drugs 2)determines qualifications required for pharmacy work 3)provides research and guidelines on infection control

A)State BoP--2)determines qualifications required for pharmacy work B)CDC--3)provides research and guidelines on infection control C)FDA--1)controls the quality and safety of drugs

Match the term to the definition: A)The Joint Commission B)DEA forms C)controlled substances D)drug enforcement admin. 1)oversees distribution of controlled substances 2)allows pharmacy to order and destroy controlled substances 3)drugs that can be habit forming or abused 4)responsible for accrediting large healthcare organizations

A)The Joint Commission--4)responsible for accrediting large healthcare organizations B)DEA forms--2)allows pharmacy to order and destroy controlled substances C)controlled substances--3)drugs that can be habit forming or abused D)drug enforcement admin.--1)oversees distribution of controlled substances

How is a mail-order pharmacy different than other retail pharmacy locations? A)There are no patients in the pharmacy. B)Patients do not pay for their prescriptions. C)The pharmacy is not supervised by a pharmacist. D)There is a centralized management structure.

A)There are no patients in the pharmacy.

Match the term to the definition. A)USP DI Vol 1 Drug Information for the Healthcare Professional B)USP DI Vol 2 Advice for Patients C)USP DI Vol 3 Approved Drug Products and Legal Requirements D)Physician's Desk Reference 1)drug mechanism, use, storage requirements 2)patient accessible information about use of drugs 3)lists appropriate perscription substitutes 4)product comparison tables, directions, warnings, and ingredients.

A)USP DI Vol 1 Drug Information for the Healthcare Professional--1)drug mechanism, use, storage requirements B)USP DI Vol 2 Advice for Patients--2)patient accessible information about use of drugs C)USP DI Vol 3 Approved Drug Products and Legal Requirements--3)lists appropriate perscription substitutes D)Physician's Desk Reference--4)product comparison tables, directions, warnings, and ingredients.

Why should a pharmacy have an internal audit? A)as part of a quality management program B)to meet OSHA standards for security C)to demonstrate the efficiency of the pharmacy D)as part of a training activity for staff

A)as part of a quality management program

How does the pharmacy technician support other hospital staff? Check all that apply. A)assisting the pharmacist B)inputting medication orders C)checking medication orders D)delivering medications E)dispensing unit-doses

A)assisting the pharmacist D)delivering medications E)dispensing unit-doses

Who benefits from quality standards in the pharmacy? Check all that apply. A)clients, who depend on receiving appropriate medication B)doctors, who rely on the pharmacy to dispense medication to their patients C)lawyers, who wrote the laws the standards are based on D)pharmacy technicians, who know the level of quality they are expected to meet E)pharmacists, who have clear guidelines about how to run their business

A)clients, who depend on receiving appropriate medication B)doctors, who rely on the pharmacy to dispense medication to their patients D)pharmacy technicians, who know the level of quality they are expected to meet E)pharmacists, who have clear guidelines about how to run their business

What characteristics of retail pharmacy settings do independent and grocery store settings have in common? Check all that apply. A)customer service B)external management C)require pharmacy experience D)cash handling E)assisting the pharmacist

A)customer service D)cash handling E)assisting the pharmacist

What type of information might be found in a reference about natural medicine? Check all that apply. A)dietary supplements B)usage and dosage information C)protocols to prepare natural medicines D)definitions of pharmacy terminology E)warnings for mixing with other medications

A)dietary supplements B)usage and dosage information E)warnings for mixing with other medications

What job duties are shared across all three retail settings? Check all that apply. A)dispensing medications B)assisting the pharmacist C)data entry D)cash handling E)inventory management

A)dispensing medications B)assisting the pharmacist E)inventory management

How might a pharmacy technician be involved in CQI? Check all that apply. A)documenting errors that occur in the pharmacy B)arming the burglar system when the pharmacy is closed C)contacting physicians about refill requests D)attending staff training to address improvements E)distributing only high-quality medication to patients

A)documenting errors that occur in the pharmacy D)attending staff training to address improvements

What are some examples of personal protective equipment? Check all that apply. A)latex gloves B)burglar alarm C)lab coat D)locks on cabinets E)face shields

A)latex gloves C)lab coat E)face shields

What do HIPAA standards secure in the pharmacy? A)patients' health information B)controlled substances C)the pharmacy building D)laminar flow hoods

A)patients' health information

What information can pharmacy technicians look up in pharmacy references? Check all that apply. A)protocols and storage information for different drugs B)standards for customer-service interactions and sales C)information about drugs and possible substitutions D)frequently changing pharmacy standards E)none; only the pharmacist can look up reference information

A)protocols and storage information for different drugs C)information about drugs and possible substitutions D)frequently changing pharmacy standards

What classes of standards are important to pharmacy technicians? Check all that apply. A)quality standards B)communication standards C)safety standards D)security standards E)dress-code standards

A)quality standards B)communication standards C)safety standards D)security standards

What does the Board of Pharmacy do? A)sets professional standards for a practicing pharmacy B)regulates the distribution of controlled substances C)provides accreditation for large healthcare organizations D)monitors the safety and efficacy of drugs in distribution

A)sets professional standards for a practicing pharmacy

Who is responsible for developing pharmacy procedures? Select all that apply. A)the pharmacist B)physicians C)pharmacy management D)pharmacy clients E)federal agencies

A)the pharmacist C)pharmacy management

What is the purpose of quality management within the pharmacy? Check all that apply. A)to analyze compliance with standards B)to identify weaknesses C)to strategize improvements D)to dispense medication E)to dispose of unsafe drugs

A)to analyze compliance with standards B)to identify weaknesses C)to strategize improvements

What factors might influence a pharmacy technician's wage? Check all that apply. A)working nights or weekends B)personal expenses C)geographic location D)certification E)interest in the work

A)working nights or weekends C)geographic location D)certification

Choose the correct word to finish the sentence. An internal audit can be used to check if the pharmacy is (in compliance with standards/accredited by TJC/involved in the professional community). (The board of pharmacy standards/CQI processes/DEA guidelines) can help staff adapt to the changing pharmacy environment.

An internal audit can be used to check if the pharmacy is IN COMPLIANCE WITH STANDARDS. CQI PROCESS can help staff adapt to the changing pharmacy environment.

What is the difference between an internal audit and an onsite survey? A)Both may be performed by the pharmacist, but only the internal audit addresses the standards. B)Both will check for compliance with standards, but only an onsite survey is done by an external agency. C)Both assess quality standards, but only an onsite survey may result in required staff training. D)Both address communication standards, but only an internal audit may require labeling changes.

B)Both will check for compliance with standards, but only an onsite survey is done by an external agency.

What are some facts about hospital-based pharmacies? Check all that apply. A)Hospital-based pharmacies work directly with patients. B)Hospital-based pharmacies interact with healthcare providers. C)Hospital-based pharmacies are located outside of, but near, hospitals. D)Hospital-based pharmacies are located within hospitals. E)Hospital-based pharmacies may be staffed with many pharmacists.

B)Hospital-based pharmacies interact with healthcare providers. D)Hospital-based pharmacies are located within hospitals. E)Hospital-based pharmacies may be staffed with many pharmacists.

How is an independent pharmacy different than other retail pharmacies? A)It is managed by a central headquarters. B)It is owned by an independent operator. C)It exists within another retail store. D)It does not have to follow pharmacy standards.

B)It is owned by an independent operator.

How is the long-term care pharmacy different than a hospital pharmacy? A)A pharmacist does not oversee long-term care pharmacies. B)Long-term care pharmacies do not work directly with patients or providers. C)Long-term care pharmacies offer opportunities for specialization. D)Long-term care pharmacies are housed in a separate department within the facility.

B)Long-term care pharmacies do not work directly with patients or providers.

Storing different versions, such as topical and oral, of the same drug in different parts of the pharmacy, and discouraging distribution of professional samples are standards set by which organization? A)Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) B)The Joint Commission (TJC) C)Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) D)Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

B)The Joint Commission (TJC)

What standards must be observed in nuclear medicine? A)Nuclear Energy Standards B)US Pharmacopeia Standards C)Accreditation Standards D)Food and Drug Standards

B)US Pharmacopeia Standards

Where can information about excipients be found? A)the Red Book B)USP 35 Volume 1 C)USP 35 Volume 2 D)USP 35 Volume 3 E)the Merck Manual

B)USP 35 Volume 1

What questions can be answered by looking in drug information resources? Check all that apply. A)What is the best way to compound drugs? B)What side effects can this drug cause? C)What is this drug normally used for? D)What dosage should be used for this drug? E)Who should dispense the drug? F)What other ingredients are in this drug?

B)What side effects can this drug cause? C)What is this drug normally used for? D)What dosage should be used for this drug? F)What other ingredients are in this drug?

What type of pharmacy equipment must be certified or calibrated regularly? Check all that apply. A)cash register B)fire extinguisher C)balance or scales D)laminar flow hood E)burglar alarm

B)fire extinguisher C)balance or scales D)laminar flow hood

What DEA standard is used in the pharmacy? A)the standard for the quality of dispensed drugs B)the standard that regulates the distribution of controlled substances C)the standard for handling hazardous chemicals D)the standard for controlling the use and security of pharmacy patient data

B)the standard that regulates the distribution of controlled substances

Why must pharmacists have licenses? A)to demonstrate they are capable of running a business B)to prove they have the competency to oversee medication distribution C)to show they are capable of supervising and managing pharmacy technicians at work D)to keep the pharmacy building secure from theft or other break-ins

B)to prove they have the competency to oversee medication distribution

Why is staff training sometimes held? Check all that apply. A)to assess whether the pharmacy is in compliance with standards B)to provide staff with information about how to make improvements in the workplace C)in response to the findings of a CQI process D)to punish staff for a failure to comply with specific quality standards E)in order to document errors that occur in the pharmacy

B)to provide staff with information about how to make improvements in the workplace C)in response to the findings of a CQI process

Which example describes an internal policy? A)Sales and distribution of controlled substances must be limited. B)All emergency exits in the pharmacy must be properly labeled and accessible. C)Clients should be greeted by name when they approach the pick-up window. D)Pharmacists must have a current pharmacy license to work in the pharmacy.

C)Clients should be greeted by name when they approach the pick-up window.

Which federal agency is responsible for the safety of drugs? A)Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) B)Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) C)Food and Drug Administration (FDA) D)Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI)

C)Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

What is the difference between policies and procedures? A)Policies are the steps set by the pharmacy; procedures are the rules set by regulators. B)Policies are the methods for performing specific tasks; procedures are the series of steps to follow. C)Policies are the rules that come from regulations; procedures are the methods for performing tasks. D)Policies are the rules that come from pharmacies; procedures are the rules that come from regulators.

C)Policies are the rules that come from regulations; procedures are the methods for performing tasks.

How can a pharmacy demonstrate its high-quality standards and performance? A)get a business license B)comply with standards C)become accredited D)perform a recall

C)become accredited

(Merck manual/red book/orange book) can be used to look up the prices and manufacturers of drugs. Information about approved drug products and prescription substitutions is found in (Merck manual/red book/orange book).

THE RED BOOK can be used to look up the prices and manufacturers of drugs. Information about approved drug products and prescription substitutions is found in THE ORANGE BOOK.

Choose the correct word to finish the sentence. The FDA communicates with pharmacies to notify them of (a recall on unsafe drugs/distribution of controlled substances/identity of habit-forming drugs). This is because the FDA is concerned with (result of internal audits/the safety of food and drugs/the labeling of hazards).

The FDA communicates with pharmacies to notify them of A RECALL ON UNSAFE DRUGS. This is because the FDA is concerned with THE SAFETY OF FOOD AND DRUGS.

Define internal policies

~ based on the pharmacies' beliefs about good business practices.EX may include customer interactions, such as how to treat customers and how to file their complaints or they may have to do with staff training, such as a requirement that all staff members need to receive annual customer service training. Pharmacies might also have internal policies having to do with working collaboratively with other healthcare teams. ~The pharmacy must stay well connected to its clients and to other healthcare providers so that it can create policies and develop procedures that comply with external regulations but meet its specific needs.

What is the role of a tech in a hospital pharmacy?

~ to assist the pharmacist. ~performs the majority of the tasks to fill prescriptions in the pharmacy, and also interacts with other healthcare professionals in the hospital. ~The hospital pharmacy exists to support the care of hospital patients, and the hospital pharmacy technician's regular duties are to support both the pharmacist and the healthcare team in caring for patients. **~TASKS: filling medical orders, dispensing patient medications, and delivering them to nurses' stations, managing inventory, stocking crash carts, compounding and performing sterile work, working with nuclear medicine. ~The pharmacy technician's tasks center around dispensing medications.

What is the average wage for a pharm tech working in Retail?

~$13.74 ~Wages vary across different retail settings depending on multiple factors. Wages differ depending on the cost of living in the area. Some pharmacies pay more for technicians who work at night or on holidays. There is more variability in wages in independent pharmacies than in retail chains, because in chains, corporate management sets the wages for the entire company.

What is the average hourly wage for a pharm. tech?

~$14.43 ~KEEP IN MIND: The requirement for (PTCB) certification varies from state to state. In states where it is not required, Certified Pharmacy Technicians sometimes earn more than their uncertified colleagues.

Define operational security.

~A pharmacy carries thousands of dollars worth of medications that need to be secured from theft. In addition to having an anti-burglar security system, which a technician may need to know how to operate, most pharmacies are designed so the stock, or supplies, of medication are not easy to reach by clients. ~Drugs controlled by the DEA must be locked up, and accurate records of the drugs stored in the pharmacy must be maintained.

What are Safety Data Sheets?

~Another communication standard ~SDSs, also called material safety data sheets, or MSDSs. ~a summary provided by the chemical company that describes the chemicals' hazards, storage, and disposal conditions. Should be kept for all chemicals in the pharmacy. These sheets provide a reference for the pharmacy technician if there are questions about a chemical. ~When the pharmacy technician receives a new chemical in the pharmacy, the new SDS for that chemical must be stored with other SDSs so it can be found easily.

Describe the state board of pharmacy.

~BoP is the agency that sets policies for many pharmacy activities. The goal of the BoP is to protect the public health. Some policies set by the agency include determining the qualifications, roles, and responsibilities of each position in the pharmacy. In some states, the BoP determines policies about offering pharmacist counseling to every patient or certifying pharmacy technicians.

Describe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

~CDC is a federal organization that monitors and responds to public health concerns. Although it does not create policies that must be followed by the pharmacy, the CDC does provide recommendations that many pharmacies choose to adopt to support the wellness of their patients. The CDC performs research about new diseases, which treatments are effective for diseases, and how to control infection.

Define Continuous Quality Improvement

~CQI processes allow the pharmacy to monitor the types of errors that occur in the pharmacy, and to determine if there are ways to prevent these errors from occurring. This requires documentation of all errors by pharmacy staff. EX, if records revealed that a new medication was consistently dispensed at the wrong dosage, the pharmacist may provide additional labeling for the medication to prevent further error. ~CQI allows the pharmacy to adapt quickly to the changing environment of the pharmacy.

What are the three classes of recalls?

~Class I recall is a recall on a product that will cause serious health problems or death, such an over-potent drug, or a medicine that is contaminated with a toxin. ~Class II recall is a recall on a product that will cause treatable health problems, such as a medicine that is not potent enough to treat the condition it was designed for. ~Class III recall is a recall in response to a violation of the FDA labeling standards, in which the recalled drug is unlikely to cause health effects.

Define Drug Enforcement Administration

~DEA is the federal agency that regulates habit-forming drugs. To limit the diversion (the act of not using something for the original intended purpose) of prescription drugs, the DEA has policies regarding prescription and nonprescription drugs. --Controlled substances (habit-forming drugs) are limited by who can prescribe and dispense these drugs, the quantity dispensed, and how often the prescriptions can be filled. Under the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine sales are limited and must be registered with the purchaser's identification. Pharmacies will work with officers from the DEA's Office of Diversion Control to limit the diversion of drugs from the pharmacy.

Explain Other Specific References

~Depending on the clientele served at a particular location, the pharmacy library may also include reference volumes on specific topics, such as injectable drugs and compounding drugs. In some states, the pharmacy is required to have these specific resources. It is important pharmacy staff have easy access to relevant professional information, which is why many professionals may choose to keep these resources regardless of state requirements.

What are the opportunities for advancement in the hospital pharmacy?

~Depending on the size of the hospital pharmacy, pharmacy technicians with greater experience may have more opportunities to specialize, or take on additional responsibilities, such as managing other technicians or managing inventory. ~As with many other workers in healthcare settings, pharmacy technicians with seniority may get priority for scheduling their shifts.

Describe downtime procedures.

~Downtime-power outages, network outages, or equipment failure (can cause problems for filling prescriptions and can affect computer systems and controlled-substances vaults) ~techs should understand downtime procedures, specifically, which tasks can still be performed manually, which additional records should be recorded, and which tasks cannot be performed. ~techs should learn how to perform appropriate procedures manually in case of downtime.

Describe policy and procedure manuals

~Every pharmacy will have a manual that contains and describes all the policies and procedures that the pharmacy and its employees are required to follow. ~they contain specific information related to all aspects of the pharmacy, including staffing, administration, quality assurance, and other pharmacy programs. ~can include dozens of policy and procedure documents. ~When a pharmacy technician is hired to work, the person will be responsible for reading the pharmacy's policy and procedure manual. All employees of a pharmacy are required to follow the policies and procedures outlined in the manual. It is the employer's responsibility to give each employee a copy of the manual and to inform staff members where the policy and procedure manual can be found. Many pharmacies keep hard copies of these manuals on the premises, while others store the policy and procedure manuals electronically on computers to enhance accessibility.

Describe Food and Drug Administration Policies.

~FDA is a federal agency that is responsible for controlling the quality and safety of food, drug, and medical products in the United States. ~The FDA is also responsible for setting policies that pharmacies must practice. Examples of the policies set by the FDA include which chemicals can be safely given as drugs to treat diseases and which doses are safe to give patients.

Define informational security.

~HIPAA is a federal law that protects patient confidentiality, and falls in the category of informational security. It requires that patients' electronic records are kept safe. There are a couple of ways this is done: Daily computer backups must be performed to keep electronic patient data from disappearing or being accidentally deleted. Backing up information allows it to be recovered later. Computers housing patient information must be password protected so the patient information can only be accessed by authorized users. Electronic exchange of patient information must be done through secured Internet or intranet connections.

What are quality management activities?

~Healthcare organizations are required to perform and participate in quality management activities to comply with standards, laws, and regulations. A quality management activity is any activity intended to identify an area of weakness, or strategize ways to make improvements in the workplace. --The different types: internal audits. Continuous Quality Improvement (CGI). staff training. risk analysis. onsite surveys.

What are penalties for not complying?

~If a technician does not comply with the policies and procedures, penalties may be assessed, such as implementation of a corrective action plan, suspension, probation, demotion, or even job termination. In extreme cases, where technicians have risked the safety of patients and coworkers, the technicians can lose their certifications. ~If the pharmacy is unable to comply with the procedures that help meet regulatory or safety standards, the pharmacy may be closed.

Define General Pharmacy References

~In addition to drug information references, there are other information sources of importance to pharmacies. They include: • prices of drugs. • the practice of clinical pharmacy. • prescription substitution. • general pharmacy procedures. • nonprescription drugs. • terms used in the pharmacy.

What are Other Types of References

~In addition to the specific resources mentioned, pharmacies may also choose to carry resources for • chemotherapeutics, which are drugs used to treat cancer. • nuclear medicine, which involve radioactive chemicals used in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. • hospital pharmacy, which may include emergency medicine, cancer treatment, end-of-life care, and other specialties.

What are common references?

~In order to respond to inquiries about drugs and their uses, as well as remain current in their knowledge of facts and protocols, pharmacy staff will rely on these common types of references. • Drug information references provide specific information about the uses of drugs, their expected outcomes, storage conditions, and other considerations. • General references provide information about ordering drugs, allowable substitutions, pharmacy protocols, and drug comparisons. • Specific references are useful for pharmacies that may need more expertise in certain areas, such as compounding, working with sterile drugs, or radioactive drugs.

Define infection control standards

~Infection control is a term used to describe how organizations are able to minimize the outbreak of illnesses or diseases in the workplace. ~OSHA has a blood-borne pathogen standard, which addresses infection control by providing guidelines on how to safely work with or around human blood and other bodily fluids. ~OSHA sets the following infection control standards: No food or drink is allowed in rooms where needles are used, or human samples are stored Personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, lab coats, or face masks must be made available to those working with or coming into contact with blood. Sharps such as used needles must be disposed of in special bins labeled for biohazardous materials.

Describe electronic resources.

~Many common pharmacy references are available as online resources, which are easier to search than print volumes. Many state Boards of Pharmacy do not specify which resources may be accessed online, although some do dictate that certain references must be printed, and physically located in the pharmacy. ~If the pharmacy library does not have print resources, the pharmacy technician should ask about online resources when getting oriented to a new pharmacy.

Describe Natural Medicine Resources

~Many patients take herbal and nutritional supplements to support good health. Just like other medications, these supplements can have unintended effects on the patient's health, and how other drugs acts in the body. ~The Physician's Desk Reference has an edition for Nutritional Supplements that provides information about how dietary supplements should be used, typical doses, and warnings about mixing with medications. ~Natural Medicine's Comprehensive Database is another reference of herbal and nutritional supplements that includes information about naming, dosing, and usage.

Describe Drug Information (DI)

~Most states require pharmacies have a general drug information reference work available for pharmacy staff to consult. ~should include information about the use, effects, and makeup of specific drugs. Many also include information about the manufacturer, which can help the pharmacy order the drug. ~Many state Boards of Pharmacy require pharmacies to keep the current and official version of the US Pharmacopeia Drug Information in their libraries.

Describe Occupational Safety and Health Administration

~OSHA is a federal agency that oversees health and safety for all workers, including those in the pharmacy. *Examples of OSHA policies include: --ensuring that all emergency exits in a work environment are labeled and accessible to employees. --ensuring that all walking surfaces are kept clean and dry to avoid slip-and-fall accidents. --ensuring that chemicals are stored safely and securely. --ensuring that personal protective equipment (PPE) is available to employees who may need it.

Define workplace security

~OSHA standards help protect employees in any work environment. It has standards for many aspects of the workplace. EX, OSHA requires all facilities to have an easily accessible exit in case of fire. It also requires walking surfaces to be kept dry and free from debris to prevent slip-and-fall accidents. First-aid kits must be maintained on the premises in case injuries occur at work. If injuries do occur on the job, the incidents must be reported so the pharmacy can keep track of them.

Describe inquiry response.

~Only pharmacists may respond to inquiries that require professional judgment, but pharmacy technicians may be asked to respond to inquiries related to: pharmacy protocols, drug information, possible generic substitutions, expected side effects or drug interactions, and storage conditions for drugs. ~Knowing how to find different types of data and information helps the pharmacy technician better assist the pharmacist, as well as support personal professional development.

What is Physician's Desk Reference?

~PDR-reference book of prescription drug information that is targeted toward physicians. contains information about the uses of medications, directions, warnings, and active and non-drug, or filler, ingredients. Information is organized alphabetically by drugs' most commonly-used names. ~also contains product comparison tables, so a physician or pharmacist can quickly compare similar products. EX, a pharmacist might compare different types of decongestant drugs, or all available hypertension drugs.

How are policies and procedures used in the pharmacy?

~Pharmacies use policies and procedures to give pharmacy staff direction regarding how to carry out specific practices and processes in the workplace. By following policies and procedures, pharmacies can enhance the safety and quality of their services and products. All members of the pharmacy team are responsible for reading the pharmacy's policies and procedures and complying with them. ~used in the pharmacy to keep patients safe and create an effective work environment. Procedures are the steps required to follow those guidelines. In the pharmacy, these are used to meet pharmacy standards. The pharmacy policy and procedure manual is a reference for pharmacy staff. ~policies are usually shaped by government and professional agencies that regulate pharmacy practice. These include the FDA, BoP, CDC, OSHA, USP, and DEA

Describe Medication Dispensation for Hospital Patients.

~Pharmacy technicians distribute medication for patients to nurses or nurses' stations in cassettes. Each day, the pharmacy delivers a twenty-four-hour supply of patient medications to nurses' stations; pharmacy technicians both dispense and deliver these medications. ~Once technicians fill the cassettes, the pharmacist checks the cassettes to ensure correct medication and doses. Each cassette will have unit-dose, and in some cases, injectable drugs. The cassettes help nurses manage multiple prescriptions for multiple patients.

Describe Inventory Management.

~Pharmacy technicians who work in hospital pharmacies are involved in managing the pharmacy inventory. ~Techs identify when supplies are low, order those supplies, then restock as shipments arrive. Inventory management takes into account when supplies will expire, and how quickly different supplies get used up. ~Other hospital staff may alert the pharmacy staff to inventory needs for supplies not kept in the pharmacy, such as the nurses' stations, but the pharmacy is ultimately responsible for providing drugs to the hospital.

Describe policy development

~Policies come from laws, regulations, and standards that are created by the government, professional organizations, and accreditation agencies. **Some of the parties responsible for developing policies include: Board of Pharmacy (BoP). Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention (USP). Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Internal pharmacy administration.

What are the three types of pharmacy standards?

~Quality standards ~Communication standards ~Safety and security standards

What are the two most common pharmacy settings?

~Retail (more than half of all pharmacies are retail in the U.S.) ~Hospital

What is the predicted career outlook for pharm techs?

~The Bureau of Labor Statistics expects a 32 percent increase in the number of pharmacy technicians needed in all settings in the United States in the next ten years. ~due in part to the aging population, and the increased availability of prescription medications to treat conditions. ~It is expected that much of the growth in the pharmacy technician career path will take place in retail pharmacies, since the majority of pharmacy technician jobs are currently in this sector.

Define Orange Book

~The FDA publishes a reference book of approved drug products called Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations. It is also known as the Orange Book. ~contains a table with a list of all approved drugs and their generic substitutes, and is considered the legal standard for prescription substitution. It also includes patent and exclusivity information about drugs. ~useful for looking up whether less-expensive drug substitutions are available, and who makes them. ~available in print, and as an online database. The entire contents are printed in USP DI, Volume III.

What are recall standards?

~The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the federal agency that regulates the use and distribution of food and drugs. If either food or drugs are found to be unsafe or are labeled incorrectly, the FDA may ask the manufacturer to recall it, or obtain and destroy the distributed product. ~Pharmacies need to be aware of recalls, and be ready to cooperate with the FDA in destroying unsafe drugs. This is why FDA recall reports are made available to the pharmacy.

Describe the Hospital pharmacy environment

~The hospital is a dynamic, sometimes high-pressure environment where staff members are frequently faced with life-and-death decisions. ~Sanitation is a high priority in all pharmacies, but in the hospital, this extends to other areas of the building. Pharmacy technicians may be asked to wear masks, or not come to work when they are sick. ~The pharmacy may feel hectic, with frequent, hospital-wide announcements paging doctors, and a constantly changing set of patients. The pharmacy staff participates in practice emergency drills, and may participate in other aspects of hospital community life.

What is Nuclear Medicine?

~The hospital pharmacy is one of the few locations a pharmacy technician can learn the rare skills to prepare nuclear medicine. ~specific standards for the use of nuclear medicine as described by the US Pharmacopeia to protect the technician and patient. When working with radiation, pharmacy technicians will work in an isolated part of the pharmacy, with access to protective equipment, including face masks or lead vests, and devices that monitor radiation. ~technicians are responsible for preparing, including calculating dosages and dilutions, and dispensing nuclear medicine orders. Nuclear pharmacy technicians usually are paid more than non-specialized technicians because they have a high level of training and uncommon skills.

How does specialization occur in the hospital setting?

~The hospital setting offers pharmacy technicians the opportunity to specialize by developing additional skills to further their careers. ~Most hospital pharmacies have compounding facilities, which are used by pharmacy technicians who know how to follow the US Pharmacopeia compounding protocols. ~Hospitals are the primary location for using nuclear medicine. Learning to work with and dispense radioactive medicines is another opportunity for pharmacy technicians to specialize their skills.

Describe the Hospital pharmacy setting

~The pharmacy staff supports physicians in caring for hospital patients by providing patients' daily medications to hospital staff. ~Techs assist the pharmacist to dispense and deliver medications within the hospital. While the technicians may help with billing patients' insurance, they do not handle cash in the hospital pharmacy as they would in a retail setting. ~The United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that 16 percent of pharmacy technicians work in a hospital setting. ~require a licensed pharmacist be on staff anytime the pharmacy is open. ~Depending on size, the pharmacy may be staffed with many pharmacists and pharmacy technicians. ~The pharmacy staff collaborates with other hospital staff to receive and fill drug orders. For instance, in some hospitals, nurses can directly dispense a limited amount of certain medications for their patients. This means pharmacy technicians may have a lot of interface with nurses. Other hospital staff members take a greater role in pharmacy administration through billing insurance, and other human-resource activities. ~clients of the hospital pharmacy are other healthcare providers. Pharmacy technicians do not usually work directly with patients, but instead, may develop long-term relationships with the nurses and physicians in different parts of the hospital. The pharmacy technician will benefit from an understanding of other teams in the hospital, and a desire to work as part of a healthcare team.

What is Crash Cart Stocking

~The pharmacy technician is responsible for keeping the many crash carts in the hospital supplied with materials and drugs. This is part of the pharmacy technician's inventory duties.

Why do pharmacies need pharmacies and procedures?

~They help the pharmacy meet regulatory standards by providing uniform instruction to all the staff about how to do this. The work that is done in the pharmacy includes tasks that fall under a wide range of safety, quality, and technical regulations. By conforming to set policies and procedures, pharmacy workers ensure that their tasks are performed efficiently and consistently. By referring to the policies and procedures, workers can also learn what the consequences will be when these tasks are not performed as described.

What are Injectable and Parenteral Resources

~Trissel's Handbook on Injectable Drugs is a reference for injectable drugs' compatibility, which is the capability of two things to be mixed, solubility, and storage conditions. ~King Guide to Parenteral Admixtures is a reference that focuses on injectable medications. It also has information about compatibility, drugs under different conditions, and nutritional mixtures. ~Extended Stability of Parenteral Drugs is a reference for data on the stability of drugs beyond twenty-four hours. It also includes information on storage of drugs.

Describe Compounding References

~USP Pharmacist's Pharmacopeia is a USP reference of the official standards and procedures for compounding. In addition to monographs of drugs that include information about compounding, packaging, and storing drug materials, it also includes information about veterinary medications and food ingredients. ~Trissel's Stability of Compounded Formulations is another compounding reference that contains drug monographs, which include information about drug properties, the general stability of drugs, and the compatibility of compounded medications.

Describe US Pharmacopeial Convention

~USP keeps track of pharmacy policy information and suggests policies and procedures that might be effective in the pharmacy setting. EX for pharmacies to only dispense drugs that are listed on the official reference list of prescribed drugs (the US Pharmacopeia National Formulary, or USP-NF). Under this standard, pharmacies are not to dispense drugs that are not on the official prescribed drug list. ~Many pharmacies will use the USP as a reference when developing internal policies and procedures.

Describe US Pharmacopeia Drug Information

~USPI DI is a three-volume set of general drug information. • Volume I-Drug Information for the Healthcare Professional. Contains drug information for medical professionals, including mechanism, uses, adverse effects, and storage requirements. • Volume II-Advice for Patients. uses more accessible language, and provides answers to questions about the drug's administration, use during pregnancy, and other common issues. • Volume III-Approved Drug Products and Legal Requirements. describes appropriate prescription substitutions.

Explain staff training

~When areas in need of improvement are identified in a pharmacy, a pharmacist or pharmacy manager may deem it necessary to hold a staff training. A staff training is a form of quality management because it focuses on providing employees with information to make improvements in the workplace.

Describe the structure of a Retail Pharmacy.

~When patients receive new prescriptions from their doctors, the prescriptions are sent to a here, where the drugs are dispensed. The medications then are sold to the consumer. The consumer pays for the drugs being purchased, just as in any other type of retail business. ~consumers do not always have to pay the full cost of the purchased product. ~ If a patient has health insurance, the patient may pay for a portion of the cost as part of the co-pay. The patient may pay a deductible. The pharmacy technician acts as the cashier for the patient's payment and submits the insurance claim for the patient, so the patient's insurance can pay the remainder of the cost.

Define Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy.

~a broad reference for pharmacy that includes information about the history of pharmacy, as well as drug information. The drug information includes the indications for the drug, pharmacology, and any known negative effects. ~contains a collection of monographs that are organized by drug type. Each monograph includes all the mentioned information for each drug, and the volume is approved by the state Board of Pharmacy as a drug information resource that can be included in a pharmacy library.

Define crash cart.

~a cart located in the hospital that is filled with supplies in case of a life-threatening emergency. It contains a mix of medical supplies, such as heart monitors, sterile gloves, and syringes, and an array of emergency medications

Define Merck Manual

~a clinical medicine reference. It is more commonly used by physicians than pharmacy staff. It includes chapters on general areas of medicine, such as infectious diseases, injuries, poisoning, and clinical pharmacology. The chapter on clinical pharmacology contains information about reasons why patients do not follow their prescription regimens, mechanisms of drug interactions, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics.

What is a pharmacy library?

~a collection of resources to support the work of the pharmacy. ~may be a single shelf of books or a closet within the pharmacy, or a collection of websites. In many states, the state Board of Pharmacy, the state agency that sets the standards for the practice of pharmacy, will mandate what should be available in the library. In some states, this means specific titles must be located in the pharmacy, but in other states, the standard only describes the types of information that should be accessible.

Define Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

~a government agency that regulates the distribution of controlled substances, which are drugs that can be habit-forming or could be abused. ~Pharmacies work with the DEA to maintain high-quality distribution systems for these drugs. EX, the DEA mandates pharmacies keep records of which controlled substances enter the pharmacy, where the drugs came from, and to whom the drugs are administered. ~Pharmacies must keep several DEA forms to operate at the level of compliance that the DEA mandates. ~DEA forms 222, 224, and 41 allow the pharmacy to order Schedule II medications, which is a class of medication regulated by the DEA, and other controlled substances, as well as to destroy controlled substances.

Define Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

~a government agency that sets communication standards for many work environments. ~has a Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling Chemicals (GHS) that describes how hazardous materials must be labeled with easy-to-identify signs. EX flammable materials must be labeled with a specific sign that is different than the label for biohazardous agents. This allows emergency responders or others who do not have specific training to quickly and easily assess the hazards in the area.

Define co-pay

~a partial payment by the patient for a medical product or service, with the remaining portion being paid by insurance

Define US Pharmacopeia 35

~a pharmacy reference that includes a wide array of materials, including procedures, and hundreds of drug monographs. USP 35 is published in three volumes. ~considered an official, legal document, which means pharmacies must learn to follow the procedures published to comply with state and national laws. ~The new version of the US Pharmacopeia is published six months before procedures officially take effect, to give pharmacies time to prepare for compliance. The next version will be USP 36.

Define Red Book: Pharmacy's Fundamental Reference.

~a pharmacy reference used to look up prices of drugs. Contains the Average Wholesalers Price (AWP) and Suggested Retail Price (SRP) for drugs. This can be a useful reference for ordering new pharmacy inventory, and setting up patient billing. Many pharmacies use software that provides this information as well.

Define Dictionary of Pharmacy

~a reference guide that provides definitions of the technical words commonly used in the pharmacy. These include generic names of drugs, terminology that is more specific to the business of pharmacy (such as SRP and AWP), and terminology related to the science of pharmacy, such as pharmacodynamics.

Define Standard

~a requirement or measurable indicator of effectiveness against which behavior, performance, or activity is assessed. ~often based on law or other government regulation. ~Employers and employees use them to judge their own performances, services, and products to see whether or not they comply with laws and government regulations. ~ensure a high level of quality and safety.

Define aseptic technique

~a technique that prevents contamination

Define Admixtures

~a type of sterile compounded product in which medication, diagnostic chemicals, or nutritional supplements are added to intravenous fluids prior to injection

Define Communication Standards

~allows employees to work safely, efficiently, and effectively. ~impact the sharing, exchange, and reporting of information in the pharmacy. They help keep information processes standardized to avoid errors and accidents in the workplace. ~provide a universal system for pharmacy technicians to look for additional information about the safety or storage of chemicals and drugs. EX communication standards require pharmacies to properly label hazardous materials so employees can become quickly aware of physical or chemical threats in the workplace.

Define Internal Audits

~an evaluation of a process, organization, or standards. A pharmacy will periodically perform them as a way to check that it is meeting its quality, communication, and security standards. A pharmacist might use a checklist to confirm the pharmacy is meeting standards, checking that hazards are properly labeled, seeing that there are records of daily computer backups, or making sure all equipment that requires certification is up to date. ~If it identifies areas where the pharmacy does not meet, or is not in compliance with the standards, the pharmacy technician may be asked to help get the pharmacy get back up to standard. An internal audit can reveal areas of concern before there are problems with safety in the pharmacy.

Describe pharmacy reference

~an information resource for patients and healthcare providers who have questions about the proper use of drugs. ~While pharmacists and pharmacy technicians must demonstrate a certain level of knowledge in order to pursue their professions, there are times when they need to find additional information.

Define Facts and Comparisons

~another general drug information resource. It includes lists of prescription and nonprescription drugs. It also includes information about how certain drugs can be substituted for other drugs. There is a directory of manufacturers that can be used for ordering drugs as well.

Describe Grocery and Department Store Pharmacies.

~becoming more common. ~often a smaller segment of a very large retail space owned by the same company that owns the grocery or department store. However, the pharmacy staff runs the pharmacy as a separate department. ~These pharmacies often offer to fill prescriptions while customers shop, so there is a high volume of prescription drop-off for immediate filling. ~often overseen by a central, corporate management, usually located offsite, that establishes procedural and operational policies for the pharmacy to follow. ~The pharmacist is responsible for communicating with the grocery or department store management to ensure all of the company's policies and procedures are being implemented. Pharmacy technicians and other staff members, as employees of the grocery or department store, must comply with the rules established by the store's central management. ~may be smaller than chain pharmacies, and therefore, employ fewer staff members. As such, advancement opportunities may be limited. Pharmacies located within grocery or department stores are not usually open twenty-four hours a day, but may maintain the same hours of operation as the grocery or department store. This limits the pharmacy's accessibility to the public. It also means pharmacy technicians may not have to work evening or overnight shifts, and the pharmacy may be closed on certain holidays.

Describe Mail-order pharmacy

~becoming more popular for some retail pharmacies to have separate facilities for mail-order operations. ~not open to the public, but fills prescriptions that are then mailed to patients' homes. Prescriptions are received and verified by phone, fax, or electronically, but never in person. There are also independent mail-order pharmacies. ~Pharmacy technicians do not have to interact directly with clients, but focus on dispensing medications and supporting the pharmacist. Because these operations are not physically accessible to the public, their hours of availability may be different than traditional retail settings.

What are the typical characteristics of a Retail Pharmacy?

~being open to the public, so any patient can get a prescription filled there. ~having convenient hours for clients to drop off and pick up prescriptions. ~staying open twenty-four hours a day, in case clients have questions or need emergency medication. ~offering prescription and nonprescription (over-the-counter) drugs, as well as limited medical supplies. ~being easily accessible within communities.

What are the three main types of retail pharmacy?

~chain pharmacies. ~grocery and department store pharmacies. ~independent pharmacies.

Define pharmacy compliance

~compliance- in conformance with or obedience to ~To comply with external policies, pharmacies create procedures that must be followed. It is important that all pharmacy staff, including the pharmacy technician, understand these policies so that compliance can become habit. When pharmacy workers use procedures that follow set policies, the pharmacy can effectively and predictably comply with external policies. ~When the pharmacy is not in compliance with these policies, external organizations can fine the organization, discipline the individuals, or even close down the pharmacy completely.

Define USP 35 Volumes 2 and 3

~contain monographs on drugs. The monographs in USP 35 cover detailed information about each known drug. These monographs contain similar levels of detail as the excipient monographs. In addition, each drug monograph includes information about labeling and the uniformity of the dosages. However, these monographs do not contain information about common or appropriate dosing, warnings about when to avoid each drug, or the normal use of excipients.

Define USP 35 Volume 1

~contains general information chapters. These chapters include reference protocols for specific tests and procedures, such as how to weigh chemicals on a balance, or appropriately package and repackage drugs. These protocols are considered the professional standard in the pharmacy, and can be useful for pharmacies to refer to when using protocols that are used infrequently. ~also contains monographs of excipients.

Define USP 35 Supplements

~covers an array of information that is frequently updated with data about new drugs and excipients. Supplements are published as needed, which may be a few times a year. Much like the materials in the first three volumes, these supplements are published six months before they become official guidelines.

Define equipment security

~equipment must be certified and secured in order for it to work effectively. ~Fire extinguishers are certified annually by the state fire marshal, and techs should know how to operate them. Balances must be annually calibrated, which means standardized to measure accurately. Laminar flow hoods, which are pieces of pharmacy equipment used to create a sterile environment for preparing certain medications, are certified every six months, according to the United States Pharmacopoeia Convention. The US Pharmacopeia Convention is a professional group that sets standards for pharmacies. The process of certifying equipment ensures the equipment is fully functional. If a piece of equipment is defective, it will need to be fixed or replaced before it can be used.

Define Unit-Dose

~individual prepackaged units of medication

Describe Chain Pharmacies.

~individual stores owned by a single corporation, with multiple established pharmacy locations. They may be nationally, regionally, or locally owned. ~usually part of a larger drug store that offers nonprescription drugs and other merchandise for sale. Pharmacy staff may act as a reference for patients who have questions about nonprescription medications as well. In some states, pharmacy technicians can offer counseling on nonprescription drugs, but in most cases, patient counseling should be left to the pharmacist. ~managed by their centralized, corporate headquarters, which establish standard procedures for things such as billing, ordering inventory, and paying and hiring employees. Pharmacy hours, budgets, and other policies are established by the corporate management, and implemented at the local level by pharmacy staff. ~A single store is run by a pharmacist who oversees that designated location. The pharmacist reports to district, regional, or national authorities of the company. Pharmacy technicians and other pharmacy staff report to the pharmacist. All staff members are employees of the corporation that owns the pharmacy. ~tend to employ several pharmacy team members in order to meet the needs of consumers. Many are open twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, and need staff to work day, evening, overnight, weekend, and holiday shifts. ~Pharmacy technicians employed may have a greater chance of advancement into positions such as Lead Pharmacy Technician, or other supervisory roles.

Define onsite surveys

~may be conducted by the TJC or OSHA. Although each organization has different standards by which to assess the pharmacy, both provide the pharmacy with feedback about areas where it has not complied with applicable standards. This is an external assessment of pharmacy standards. In most cases, the pharmacy staff can make changes to accommodate the standards. However, in extreme cases, such as the presence of unmarked hazards that result in injury, fines are assessed, or accreditation is lost.

Describe policy changes.

~may need to be updated as a result of changes to laws, standards, insurance-company policies, corporate mandates, or the pharmacy environment.EX: if new insurance regulations require a different format for submitting billing requests, the pharmacy will update its policies to provide billing information according to the new insurance regulations. ~techs should be aware that policies can change, and they may have to acknowledge by signature that they have read and understand updates to the policy and procedure manual.

What is compounding?

~more common in hospital settings than in retail settings. Patients may need IV bags with a specific mix of nutrients and medications. Another unique aspect in the hospital setting is the making of IV admixtures. Pharmacy technicians make 95 percent of all IV admixture orders required. To do so, the pharmacy technician must be trained to understand how to use aseptic technique, and also have a basic understanding of the calculations and equipment used.

What are Drug Facts

~nonprescription (over-the-counter) drugs must be packaged with a Drug Facts sheet. ~contains information about the proper use and risks of taking the drugs, in a format that is easy to read for patients. It includes a description of active ingredients, the approved uses, warnings, directions, and information about storage. Pharmacy staff can also use this information to help patients with questions about over-the-counter drugs.

What are the tree types of pharmacy procedures and describe them.

~operational procedures- procedures that tell employees how to perform routine processes in the pharmacy. EXs: prescription transfer procedures, which tell employees how to transfer prescriptions from one pharmacy to another. Prescription-filling procedures, which tell employees how to properly fill prescriptions and check each other's work to ensure accuracy. Controlled-substances procedures, which confirm physician authorization to prescribe controlled substances. Cash-handling procedures, which tell employees how to work with money in retail pharmacy settings, such as how to count cash in the register and how to make change for clients. ~safety procedures-focus on how employees can work safely in their environments and ensure the safety of others. EXs: reporting adverse effects (the harmful or undesired effects of medications) to the FDA. Recognizing which medications can be repackaged (based on FDA policies). Segregating and clearly labeling drugs that look alike or whose names sound alike to prevent confusion, based on FDA policies. Storing, dispensing, and destroying medications, according to CDC guidelines. evacuating the premises during emergencies. safely storing, securing, and labeling chemicals, according to OSHA standards. Using personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling chemicals and other hazardous materials, according to OSHA standards. ~quality procedures-

What are the types of Safety and Security Standards?

~operational security. ~informational security. ~equipment security. ~workplace security. ~infection control security.

Describe independent pharmacies

~owned by a local operator, often by the pharmacist who runs the store. ~not part of chains or other stores, but are freestanding businesses that usually have only one or two locations in the community. ~have more flexibility to choose to offer apothecary services, such as compounding (mixing prescriptions specifically for a patient's needs), than other pharmacy environments. Many prefer to offer this greater level of service to clients to differentiate themselves and attract more local business. ~privately run, and all policies and procedures are developed on site by the owner or pharmacy team. ~establish their own organizational structures and can make decisions regarding how they run and manage their businesses, as long as they follow the legal rules for practicing pharmacy as established by the state Board of Pharmacy. For example, they can choose to offer compounding services if there is a need in the community, without getting state approval. ~typically smaller than those in chain or store-based pharmacies. They generally operate with a smaller budget, and serve a smaller population of consumers, so large pharmacy teams are not needed. As a result, pharmacy technicians may not have as much room for advancement. Independent pharmacies also set their own hours of operation, and may choose to be closed on weekends and holidays.

What is Research and Review of Facts and Procedures?

~pharmacy technicians can use pharmacy references for their own research, as well as a resource as they perform daily tasks. Having these references in the pharmacy allows the pharmacy staff to easily learn about new subjects, or to refresh their memories about rarely-used protocols or changing standards. Certain references are also regularly used when ordering inventory for the pharmacy.

What are the wages and hours like for a tech?

~pharmacy technicians in the hospital earn more than technicians in retail settings. ~the average pharmacy technician makes $14.43 per hour, while hospital pharmacy technicians make $16.26 per hour. This is, in part, because hospitals tend to hire more experienced pharmacy technicians with specialized skills to work in this high-pressure environment. ~Because the hospital is open twenty-four hours a day, pharmacy technicians are needed to work all hours. While smaller hospital pharmacies and hospitals where nurses can dispense medications may not be staffed at all times, in larger facilities, pharmacy technicians may be asked to work evenings and weekends. ~There is a need for both part-time and full-time (forty hours per week) pharmacy technicians in hospital pharmacies.

Describe procedural development

~procedures may be developed to provide workers with specific techniques to comply with those policies. Procedures are developed by the pharmacy's management personnel, which may include the pharmacist or other senior staff in the pharmacy. Pharmacy procedures must take into account the policies they are based on and the practicality of performing the procedures in the pharmacy. Regulatory bodies, such as the BoP or the FDA, may ask to see the policy and procedure manual to verify that these procedures are in compliance with their standards and policies.

What are the three types of quality standards/

~professional standards- The Board is responsible for setting professional standards that impact the job duties and requirements of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians.EX: it is a professional standard for pharmacists to be licensed to practice pharmacy and work in a pharmacy setting. *in place to ensure safe, quality services to customers, since the licensure process proves the pharmacist has the skills, knowledge, and competency to oversee medication distribution* ~facilities standards- must follow to practice the business of pharmacy. They are standards that regulate how the pharmacy is run, and the work environment. EX pharmacies must operate with business licenses. Acquiring a business license is a form of complying with facilities standards, which demonstrates a commitment to quality. Some facilities standards may require pharmacies to hang official business licenses in conspicuous places, where customers can see them. Other types of facilities standards relate to issues of safety and security. ~product storage and distribution standards-Because potent drugs are housed at the pharmacy, pharmacies must comply with product storage and distribution standards. These standards relate to how drugs are handled, stored, and distributed to others. There are two organizations that set standards for product storage and distribution: The Joint Commission The Drug Enforcement Administration

Define USP 35 Excipient Monographs

~provide a high level of detail about these chemicals. The monographs include information about chemical structure, appropriate packaging and storage conditions, reference standards, physical features such as color and viscosity (thickness of a liquid), and expected impurities. ~There is often an experiment to help distinguish each excipient from other similar excipients. There is also an explanation of the acceptable limits of other chemicals that can be contained in pharmaceuticals, such as lead or sulfur dioxide. The monographs are organized alphabetically by the most commonly-used drug name.

Define Nuclear Medicine.

~radioactive chemicals for diagnostic or therapeutic use

What are some tasks pharm. techs do in the retail setting?

~receiving prescriptions ~dispensing medications ~answering the phone ~speaking with customers ~working with cash and billing ~assisting the pharmacist

Define Joint Commission

~responsible for accrediting large healthcare organizations. Only organizations and programs that demonstrate exceptional quality standards may become accredited. ~TJC has professional quality standards for pharmacies that cover many aspects of pharmacy operation, including things such as where certain products should be stored in the pharmacy, and how to properly distribute drug samples to clients.

How does medication delivery work in the hospital pharmacy setting?

~responsible for delivering medication to healthcare providers. Unlike other pharmacy settings where the technician's work takes place exclusively within the pharmacy, in the hospital, pharmacy technicians need to learn the layout of the hospital in order to deliver medications to nurses' stations in each department. ~In some cases, for new patients or those with changing medication needs, nurses will come to the pharmacy to pick up doses of medications. Hospital pharmacy technicians work closely with nurses, rather than with patients. ~Some hospitals may use robots to deliver medications to different departments, which allows the pharmacy staff to focus on dispensing.

Define policies.

~rules or guidelines that govern the activities and processes in the pharmacy. Pharmacies rely on policies and procedures to guide the pharmacy's business processes, services, and overall performance. ~come from laws, regulations, and standards that are created by the government, professional organizations, and accreditation agencies. These policies tend to deal with technical or safety aspects of pharmacy work. Most pharmacies will have a policy to act in accordance with the rules set by these organizations. ~Pharmacies may have their own for other matters, such as customer service, that are not strictly mandated by other organizations. To be carried out effectively, they must be paired with procedures so their proper intent is carried out.

Define culture

~shared values and behaviors of a community

Define monographs

~short works of scholarly writing that address a single subject at length

Define Cassettes

~small, modular units that can hold a single patient's medications, which are inserted into carts

Describe specialized hospitals

~specific mission that determines the types of patients they see, and the conditions they treat. ~Children's hospitals specialize in pediatric medicine, while other hospitals may place a greater emphasis on cancer care or research. ~The mission of the hospital defines the culture of its employees. While the mission probably does not change the duties of the pharmacy technician, the experience of working in such a hospital may be different as a result of the types of patients who visit the hospital, and the way the hospital staff cares for them. ~A pharmacy technician who works in a specialized hospital, such as a Veteran's Affairs (VA) hospital, which exclusively treats military veterans and their families, or a cancer care hospital, may learn more about certain types of prescriptions than others. In research hospitals, pharmacy technicians may have the opportunity to participate in research on new drug therapies by dispensing investigational drugs. The specialization of the hospital can provide opportunities for pharmacy technicians to specialize their knowledge about different types of medicine.

Define quality standards.

~standards that apply to the management, improvement, and assurance of the quality of products or services sold or provided in the workplace. Pharmacies and other healthcare organizations have a responsibility to maintain a high level of quality of products and services, as well as to improve processes that affect quality if standards are not met. ~established to ensure the safety of consumers and employees. ~set by various organizations that oversee the work performed and products sold in the pharmacy. These same organizations also oversee the quality of the delivery of services in the healthcare industry.

What do policy and procedure manuals contain?

~statements of policies. ~explanations of procedures to establish why employees need to carry them out. ~areas of responsibility for individual pharmacy workers, naming the departments, job titles, or individuals responsible for following particular policies or procedures. ~procedural details, or a list of the steps that need to be taken to carry out specific procedures. ~resources that may be used to complete the procedures. For instance, if a procedure refers to a checklist, a copy of the checklist might be included for easy reference.

Define long-term care pharmacy

~such as assisted-living facilities or group homes. ~The pharmacy in a long-term care facility operates as a separate department within the facility, and is overseen by a pharmacist. ~not open to the public. ~Pharmacy technicians receive prescriptions, and fill them in batches. The prescriptions are bundled for delivery by the facilities' medical staff to patients by location. ~offer technicians a low level of patient interaction, but a high degree of specialization. Pharmacy technicians specialize in receiving prescriptions, filling prescriptions, or billing. ~not typically open twenty-four hours a day, and can offer technicians regular working hours.

Define Hazards Communication Standard

~techs are responsible for understanding what the various labels mean, and what to do when coming into direct or indirect contact with a hazardous material. They may also need to help the pharmacist keep labels up to date.

Define deductible

~the minimum expense paid by the client before health insurance makes payments.

Define excipients

~the non-drug ingredients in a medication that have no treatment effect, such as mannitol or cellulose.

How do medication orders work in the hospital pharmacy setting?

~the pharmacy dispenses all medication orders, or doctor's orders. These orders often involve multiple drugs for individual hospital patients. This is why medication orders in most hospital settings are input into the computer only by the pharmacist. The pharmacist is responsible for ensuring the correctness in the medication ordered, dosage form, strength, quantity, and, more importantly, clinical problems that may be associated with multiple dosing.

What are medical orders (or prescriptions) like in the hospital pharmacy

~the pharmacy staff fills all types of medical orders, including nonprescription medications. ~The pharmacy staff fills orders for: new and regular medications for patients, and replacement medications for crash carts.

Define Retail

~the sale of goods in small quantities directly to consumers. -serves consumers; it sells its goods directly to its clients. In most, clients interact directly with pharmacy staff, and the pharmacy is open to the public. ~the pharmacy serves as the bridge between providers who prescribe medication and the patients who take them

Define procedures.

~the steps for accomplishing the specific process that will allow individuals to meet the policy requirements. ~a standardized method for performing specific tasks. ~often set by the pharmacy itself. In some cases, they are also created by government agencies and professional organizations, especially where technical or regulatory components are involved. ~written as a series of steps that employees are expected to follow to complete a task or process that supports the policy. The steps for procedures are sequential so that employees know the precise order in which to perform them.

What types of reference information are found in the pharmacy?

~three types of reference information: Drug information-describes the use, dosage, storage, and information about specific drugs. General references- provide broad information for pharmacy practice, such as ordering information for drugs, or pharmacy protocols. Specific resources- address very specific pharmacy tasks, such as compounding or sterile work.

Define pneumatic tubes

~tubes that propel containers with compressed air or vacuum, to distribute prescriptions and payment between customers and pharmacy staff

Define pharmacodynamics

~what a drug does in the body

Define pharmacokinetics

~what the body does to a drug

Describe informal procedures.

~when techs use their own procedures for handling routine tasks. ~can be helpful if they make routine tasks more efficient or reduce errors and do not contradict existing procedures. ~EX:a pharmacy technician may wait to put a customer's money into the cash box until after the customer is given change, to prevent any confusion about how much change is due.

Describe working in a hospital pharmacy.

~working in a hospital pharmacy exposes the pharmacy technician to different aspects of pharmacy work. This is reflected in the wages and hours, and the opportunities for advancement and specialization. The specific opportunities may be different, depending on the specialization of the hospital.