Units 7-10 PSYCH Exam
Sternburg's Triangular Theory of Love
(1) intimacy, (2) passion, (3) commitment all interact and effect each other in a relationship (i.e.greater commitment may lead to greater intimacy, or with lesser likelihood, greater passion ) - The three components of love generate eight possible kinds of love when considered in combination
Benefits of marriage
- Better physical and mental health - Longer life
Moen on Dual-Earner Couples
- Dual-Earner career decisions are often are made in favor of men;s greater earning power, with women spending more time than men taking care of the home/children
2 Sided Coin of Emerging Adulthood - Seth Schwartz
- Positive side to positively redirect life - Side of increased anxiety and depression of one's current situation and future
Bem-Gender Schema Theory (children associate careers with society's gender stereotypes)
- Suggests that children form a schema for gender at a very early age and that the gender schema becomes increasingly complex as children develop - Preschool children often have unrealistic expectation for their careers, yet those fantasy careers are typically based on gender stereotypes
Keys in understanding causes and treatments of Alzheimer's
- amyloid plaques - neurofibrillary tangles
Consensual Validation
- an explanation of why individuals are attracted to people who are similar to them. - our own attitudes and behavior are supported and validated when someone else's attitudes and behavior are similar to our own
Moen and the effect of aging on one's life path
- as we age, our life path becomes less clear especially in regards to POST-RETIREMENT
What is done when one makes decisions about life, death, and health care? (3)
- creating a living will - possibility of euthanasia - hospice care
Most consistent finding of Cognitive Neuroscience and Aging?
- decline in the functioning of specific regions in the prefrontal cortex in older adults - links between this decline and poorer performance on tasks involving complex reasoning, working memory, and episodic memory
Mario Mikulincer Attachment Theory
- developmental caregiver history surfacing in adult intimacy and closeness - adult location in 2-dimensional conceptual of attachment anxiety and avoidance reflects person's sense of attachment security and how they deal with threats and distress
What has led to an increase of remarriage in older adults (3) ?
- divorce - increased longevity - better health
What professions are expected to account for most of the new jobs? (P.H.E.B)
- education - health care - business - professional services
Erikson's 8 Stage of Socioemotional Development (late adulthood)
- individuals reflect on the past and either integrate it positively or condluding that their life was not spent well (life review in integrity v despair)
H. Learner's Theory on Women's Development (important for women to be strong but still remain emotionally attached to significant other, happy medium)
- it is important for women to to bring to their relationships noting less than a strong, assertive, independent, and authentic self - competent relationships are those in which the separate "I-ness" of both persons can be appreciated and enhanced while the partners remain emotionally connected to each other
Explanations in the decline of working memory in older adults (2)...
- less efficient inhibition - increased distactibility
DePaulo and Challenges faced by single adults
- missed perks in jobs - deep social/financial prejudices
Criticism of Moen's Career Mystique (minorities and middle-income obstcles)
- not many individuals have experienced the benefits of this idea while in ethnic minorities, being female, or being poorly educated - middle-income workers have suffered from global outsourcing of jobs, rapid technological change, and effects of 2007-2009 recession that have been causing the faulty job security of millions of Americans
Baltes on the commonality of true wisdom, time frame for it's emergence, and factors of wisdom
- rare - late adolescence and early adulthood emergence - personality/intelligence to predict wisdom
What key genetic and cellular processes have been used to explain aging?
- telomeres (Progressive shortening of telomeres leads to senescence, apoptosis, or oncogenic transformation of somatic cells, affecting the health and lifespan of an individual. * Shorter telomeres = increased incidence of diseases and poor survival) - free radicals (ageing is the cumulative result of oxidative damage to the cells and tissues of the body that arises primarily as a result of aerobic metabolism) - mitochondria (mitochondria play a crucial role in mediating and amplifying the oxidative stress that drives the aging process) - sirtuins (Sirtuins repair DNA, control inflammation, and are antioxidative defense which makes them good anti-ageing targets) - mTOR pathway (implicated in many ageing processes like cellular senescence, immune responses, cell stem regulation, autophagy, mitochondrial function, and protein homeostasis (proteostasis))
2 Main Conclusions of training cognitive skills in older adults
1 - can improve cognitive skills of older adults 2 - some loss in plasticity in late adulthood
Social policy issues in an ageing society include (4)...
1 - status of economy/continued viability of the Social Security System 2 - provision of health care 3 - eldercare 4 - generational inequity
Jeffery Arnett 5 Key Features of Emerging Adulthood (F.A.S.I.I)
1) Identity Exploration : in love and work 2) Instablility : peak of residential changes and instability in love, work, and education 3) Self-Focused : emerging adults have little social obligations like duties and commitment to others, leaving great autonomy to running their own lives 4) Feeling In-Between (adolescents or full-fledged adults) 5) Age of Possibilities : opportunity to transform one's life (A) - optimistic about future (B) - those who have experienced difficulty while growing up can chart their lives in a positive direction
3 Patterns of Ageing
1) Normal 2) Pathological 3) Successful - active lifestyle, positive coping skills, good docial relationships/support, and the absence of disease
3 Attatchment Styles as an Adult
1) Secure: 2) Avoidant 3) Anxious
2 criteria for Adult status are....
1) economic independence 2) taking responsibility of action's consequences
6 Pathways taken after Divorce according to Hetherington
1) enhancers 2) good-enough 3) seekers 4) libertines 5) competent loners 6) the defeated
7 Factors to make marriage work according to Gottman (FAGS *tm)
1) establish love maps 2) nurture fondness and admiration 3) turn toward each other 4) accept the influence of your partner 5) solve solvable conflicts 6) overcome gridlock 7) created shared meaning
Dual-Process Model of coping with bereavement, oscillation occurs between what 2 dimensions?
1) loss-oriented stressors 2) restoration-oriented stressors
Kubler-Ross 5 Stages of dying
1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance
Most spend ______ of their adult life at work
1/3
Age Range: Emerging Adulthood
18-25
Age range of peak physical performance
19-26
Gender Classification (1970s, mid-20th century, now)
1970s - concept of androgyny + importance of both feminine and masculine characteristics in an individual became popular mid-20th century - gender was classified by an individual being either masculine or feminine now - transgender has gained considerable attention
What % become more competent and better adjusted after divorce?
20%
% of older adults over 85 residing in nursing homes in US
23%
% of older adults over 65 residing in nursing homes in US
3%
Young-Old
65-84
Percentage of corpses disposed by burial and cremation?
66% and 34%
What percentage of older adults die of cancer, heart disease, or stroke?
75%
Oldest-Old
85 and older
Erikson's Theory (adolescent stage and middle adulthood stage vs.)
Adolescent stage is identity vs. identity confusion Middle adulthood stage is generativity vs. stagnation
free radical theory of aging
Aerobic respiration produces free oxygen radicals (superoxide anions) that damage DNA and proteins. Over time, the damage accumulates and leads to aging.
Most common form of Dementia?
Alzheimer's
What emotion most popularly characterizes the relationship of adult children with their ageing parents?
Ambivalence
Carstensen's socioemotional selectivity theory
As people grow older, they perceive time to be limited, and therefore they adjust their priorities to emphasize emotionally meaningful events, experiences, and goals.
What are 3 vision diseases that impair the vision of older adults?
Cataracs Glaucoma Macular Degeneration
Report/Rapport Talk (Tannen)
Females engage in "rapport-talk" — a communication style meant to promote social affiliation and emotional connection, Men engage in "report-talk" — a style focused on exchanging information with little emotional import
Piaget's FINAL stage of cognitive development
Formal Operational Thought (11-15) - states that adults have quantitively more knowledge than adolescents yet do not enter a new, qualitively different stage
Damon and finding a purpose (SHORT term/ LONG term)
Found that.... - too many individuals have not found a path to purpose in their career development due to greater focus on short-term goals over long-term goals and picture for their life
Who described the Career Mystique when relating to Developmental Changes?
Moen described this engrained cultural belief of engaging in heard work for long hours throughout adulthood will lead to status, security, and happiness
What are the eight possible kinds of love from Sternburg's Triangular Theory of Love?
Non-Love : absence of all three components of love Liking : when one experiences only the intimacy component of love in the absence of the passion and decision/commitment components Infatuated love : results from the experiencing of the passion component in the absence of the other components of love Empty love : emanates from the decision that one loves another and is committed to that love in the absence of both the intimacy and passion components of love Romantic love : derives from a combination of the intimacy and passion components Companionate love : derives from a combination of the intimacy and decision/commitment components of love Fatuous love : results from the combination of the passion and decision/commitment components in the absence of the intimacy component Consummate, or complete love : results from the full combination of all three components
What have researchers recently found reguarding the generation of new neurons in older adults?
Older adults (at least through 70s) have been found to be able to generate new neurons and new dendrites
What did the Allen's do for adolescents on their way to adulthood? (C.F.A.C)
Suggestions to help launch them into maturity before adulthood hits... - Provide them w opportunities to be contributors - Give candid, quality feedback to adolescents - Create positive adult connections w adolescents - Challenge adolescents to become more competent
Older adult men are more likely to be married than older women (T or F)
T
Use of illicit drugs is harder to identify in older adults than younger adults (T or F)
True
Do conscientiousness and agreeableness increase in late adulthood?
Yes
Is there an increase in older adult's part-time work?
Yes
Does remarriage improve adults' financial status, if so for which gender does it benefit more?
Yes, women
What does the brain do as it ages?
adapts to decreases in certain functions - may compensate for losses in one region by shifting those responsibilities to other regions
When does creativity peak?
adulthood, 40s
Criticism of Piaget Final Stage
adults DO move into a qualitively higher stage (postformal thought) where emotions influence relativity, context, provision and reality
at what age does weight start decreasing?
after 60
When do our sensory abilities decline?
after age 75
Hormonal Stress Theory
aging in the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease
Alzheimer's disease
an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning
What is the most common chronic disorder in late adulhood?
arthritis
executive attention
aspects of thinking that include planning actions, allocating attention to goals, detecting and compensating for errors, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances
cellular clock theory of aging
cells are limited in the number of times they can reproduce to repair damage
Hayflick's cellular clock theory
cells can divide a maximum of about 75/80 times and that, as we age, our cells become less capable of dividing - upper limit of human life span potential = 120-125 years of age - did not know why cells die
(Biological Theories of Aging) Aging is caused by a combination of what 2 things?
cellular maintenence and evolutionary constraints
Increase/decrease throughout centuries - Divorce
decreased beginning in the 1980s but since has INCREASED since middle of 20th century
Attatchment anxiety and getting older
decreases as we get older
What causes Alzheimer's?
deficiency of acetylcholine (memory chemical), brain shrinks and deteriorates as plaques and tangles form
What memory goes first in late adulthood, episodic or semantic?
episodic memory
What is Emerging Adulthood characterized by?
experimentation and exploration
What memory goes first in late adulthood, explicit or implicit?
explicit memory
What brain scans asses brain frunctioning while people engage in tasks?
fMRI and PET
Parkinson's disease
form of dementia where there is a disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors
Phillip Shaver and Cindy Hazan Attachment Theory (childhood parent relationships reflects secure romantic relationships as an adult)
found that adults who were secure in their romantic relationships were more likely to recall their childhood relationships with parents as being affectionate, caring, and accepting
Cohort effects on cognitive aging - Schaie
found that individuals whose memory and executive function declined in middle age had more hippocamal atrophy in late adulthood
Types of Love (4)
friendship, romantic love (passion, sexuality), affectionate love, and consummate love
What is an important aspect of mourning in many cultures?
funeral
What factors influence one's sexual preference?
genetics, hormones, cognitive factors, and environment
Has life expectancy increased or decreased?
increased
Park & Reuter-Lorenz 2009
increased activation in the prefrontal cortex with aging reflects an adaptive brain that is compensating for declining memory neural structures and function + cognition (working and long-term memory)
What does Kastenbaum believe about the compnents of every culture's death system?
involves these compnents... - people - places - times - objects - symbols
What did Csikszentmihalyi propose about a creative life?
it is caused by cultivating curiosity and interest
What conclusion has John Schulenberg gathered from his research on substance abuse from secondary school thru early adulthood?
late 20s = reduction in dug/alcohol use
Life span definition
maximum # of years one can live
Who remarries faster?
men
Pleck's Theory on Men's Development - Role Strain View
men experience stress and harm when trying to conform to men's roles in society (effect on health, male-female relationships, and male-male relationships)
When is there a reduction in alcohol and drug use?
mid-20s
When do adults show heightened consciousness of death and death anxiety?
middle adulthood and but decreases in older adults
When does the central nervous system begin to slow in function?
middle adulthood, increases in late adulthood
Evolutionary Theory of Aging
natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and non adaptive characteristics in older adults therefore benefits conferred by evolution decline with age bc natural selection is linked to reproductive fitness
Dementia
neurological condition that entails losses in cognitive functioning severe enough to interfere with daily life
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (older = more selective)
older adults become more selective about their activities and social relationships in order to maintain social and emotional well-being
What is the main reason why older adults walk with a stoop?
osteoperosis
What adaptive orientation do dying individuals develop?
perceived control and denial
How does executive function change in adulthood - R. Lorenz
prefrontal cortex shrinks with aging causing a decrease in working memory and other cognitive activities
Remarried adults and mental health
remarried adults have lower mental health than adults in first marriages
Berscheid and Romantic Love (sexual desire in romantic love)
sexual desire is the most important ingredient of romantic love
Rodin and Langer
showed that nursing home residents who have plants to care for, determine, and conrtol have better health and lower mortality rates
Selective Optimization w Compensation Theory
successful aging is linked with three main factors: selection of preformance domains optimization of existing capacities compensation for defecits
source memory
the ability to remember where one learned something
Andrew Cherlin (deinstitutionalization of American marriage)
the deinstitutionalization of American marriage - social norms relating to marriage have weakened bc of the increasing number and complexity of cohabiting unions and the emergence of same-sex marriage
Grief
the emotional numbness, disbelief, separation anxiety, despair, sadness, and loneliness that accompany the loss of someone we love
working memory
the small amount of information that can be held in mind and used in the execution of cognitive tasks
Matching Hypothesis
theory that although we prefer a more attractive person in the abstract, in the real world we end up choosing someone who is close to our own level of attractiveness
An increasing # of older adults cohabitat
true
What vitamin supplements are debated to slow the ageing process?
vitamin C vitamine E beta-carotene
J.B. Miller's Theory on Women's approach to Developing others
women often try to interact with others in ways that will foster the other person's development along many dimensions... emotional, intellectual, and social
What are the most obvious signs of ageing?
wrinkled skin and age spots
Career Mystique
young children - idealistic career fantasies late teens/ early 20s - serious career thinking early-mid 20s - completed education/started career remainder of early adulthood - establish emerginng career and try to climb the career ladder
