Units 7-10 PSYCH Exam

Sternburg's Triangular Theory of Love

(1) intimacy, (2) passion, (3) commitment all interact and effect each other in a relationship (i.e.greater commitment may lead to greater intimacy, or with lesser likelihood, greater passion ) - The three components of love generate eight possible kinds of love when considered in combination

Benefits of marriage

- Better physical and mental health - Longer life

Moen on Dual-Earner Couples

- Dual-Earner career decisions are often are made in favor of men;s greater earning power, with women spending more time than men taking care of the home/children

2 Sided Coin of Emerging Adulthood - Seth Schwartz

- Positive side to positively redirect life - Side of increased anxiety and depression of one's current situation and future

Bem-Gender Schema Theory (children associate careers with society's gender stereotypes)

- Suggests that children form a schema for gender at a very early age and that the gender schema becomes increasingly complex as children develop - Preschool children often have unrealistic expectation for their careers, yet those fantasy careers are typically based on gender stereotypes

Keys in understanding causes and treatments of Alzheimer's

- amyloid plaques - neurofibrillary tangles

Consensual Validation

- an explanation of why individuals are attracted to people who are similar to them. - our own attitudes and behavior are supported and validated when someone else's attitudes and behavior are similar to our own

Moen and the effect of aging on one's life path

- as we age, our life path becomes less clear especially in regards to POST-RETIREMENT

What is done when one makes decisions about life, death, and health care? (3)

- creating a living will - possibility of euthanasia - hospice care

Most consistent finding of Cognitive Neuroscience and Aging?

- decline in the functioning of specific regions in the prefrontal cortex in older adults - links between this decline and poorer performance on tasks involving complex reasoning, working memory, and episodic memory

Mario Mikulincer Attachment Theory

- developmental caregiver history surfacing in adult intimacy and closeness - adult location in 2-dimensional conceptual of attachment anxiety and avoidance reflects person's sense of attachment security and how they deal with threats and distress

What has led to an increase of remarriage in older adults (3) ?

- divorce - increased longevity - better health

What professions are expected to account for most of the new jobs? (P.H.E.B)

- education - health care - business - professional services

Erikson's 8 Stage of Socioemotional Development (late adulthood)

- individuals reflect on the past and either integrate it positively or condluding that their life was not spent well (life review in integrity v despair)

H. Learner's Theory on Women's Development (important for women to be strong but still remain emotionally attached to significant other, happy medium)

- it is important for women to to bring to their relationships noting less than a strong, assertive, independent, and authentic self - competent relationships are those in which the separate "I-ness" of both persons can be appreciated and enhanced while the partners remain emotionally connected to each other

Explanations in the decline of working memory in older adults (2)...

- less efficient inhibition - increased distactibility

DePaulo and Challenges faced by single adults

- missed perks in jobs - deep social/financial prejudices

Criticism of Moen's Career Mystique (minorities and middle-income obstcles)

- not many individuals have experienced the benefits of this idea while in ethnic minorities, being female, or being poorly educated - middle-income workers have suffered from global outsourcing of jobs, rapid technological change, and effects of 2007-2009 recession that have been causing the faulty job security of millions of Americans

Baltes on the commonality of true wisdom, time frame for it's emergence, and factors of wisdom

- rare - late adolescence and early adulthood emergence - personality/intelligence to predict wisdom

What key genetic and cellular processes have been used to explain aging?

- telomeres (Progressive shortening of telomeres leads to senescence, apoptosis, or oncogenic transformation of somatic cells, affecting the health and lifespan of an individual. * Shorter telomeres = increased incidence of diseases and poor survival) - free radicals (ageing is the cumulative result of oxidative damage to the cells and tissues of the body that arises primarily as a result of aerobic metabolism) - mitochondria (mitochondria play a crucial role in mediating and amplifying the oxidative stress that drives the aging process) - sirtuins (Sirtuins repair DNA, control inflammation, and are antioxidative defense which makes them good anti-ageing targets) - mTOR pathway (implicated in many ageing processes like cellular senescence, immune responses, cell stem regulation, autophagy, mitochondrial function, and protein homeostasis (proteostasis))

2 Main Conclusions of training cognitive skills in older adults

1 - can improve cognitive skills of older adults 2 - some loss in plasticity in late adulthood

Social policy issues in an ageing society include (4)...

1 - status of economy/continued viability of the Social Security System 2 - provision of health care 3 - eldercare 4 - generational inequity

Jeffery Arnett 5 Key Features of Emerging Adulthood (F.A.S.I.I)

1) Identity Exploration : in love and work 2) Instablility : peak of residential changes and instability in love, work, and education 3) Self-Focused : emerging adults have little social obligations like duties and commitment to others, leaving great autonomy to running their own lives 4) Feeling In-Between (adolescents or full-fledged adults) 5) Age of Possibilities : opportunity to transform one's life (A) - optimistic about future (B) - those who have experienced difficulty while growing up can chart their lives in a positive direction

3 Patterns of Ageing

1) Normal 2) Pathological 3) Successful - active lifestyle, positive coping skills, good docial relationships/support, and the absence of disease

3 Attatchment Styles as an Adult

1) Secure: 2) Avoidant 3) Anxious

2 criteria for Adult status are....

1) economic independence 2) taking responsibility of action's consequences

6 Pathways taken after Divorce according to Hetherington

1) enhancers 2) good-enough 3) seekers 4) libertines 5) competent loners 6) the defeated

7 Factors to make marriage work according to Gottman (FAGS *tm)

1) establish love maps 2) nurture fondness and admiration 3) turn toward each other 4) accept the influence of your partner 5) solve solvable conflicts 6) overcome gridlock 7) created shared meaning

Dual-Process Model of coping with bereavement, oscillation occurs between what 2 dimensions?

1) loss-oriented stressors 2) restoration-oriented stressors

Kubler-Ross 5 Stages of dying

1. Denial 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance

Most spend ______ of their adult life at work

1/3

Age Range: Emerging Adulthood

18-25

Age range of peak physical performance

19-26

Gender Classification (1970s, mid-20th century, now)

1970s - concept of androgyny + importance of both feminine and masculine characteristics in an individual became popular mid-20th century - gender was classified by an individual being either masculine or feminine now - transgender has gained considerable attention

What % become more competent and better adjusted after divorce?

20%

% of older adults over 85 residing in nursing homes in US

23%

% of older adults over 65 residing in nursing homes in US

3%

Young-Old

65-84

Percentage of corpses disposed by burial and cremation?

66% and 34%

What percentage of older adults die of cancer, heart disease, or stroke?

75%

Oldest-Old

85 and older

Erikson's Theory (adolescent stage and middle adulthood stage vs.)

Adolescent stage is identity vs. identity confusion Middle adulthood stage is generativity vs. stagnation

free radical theory of aging

Aerobic respiration produces free oxygen radicals (superoxide anions) that damage DNA and proteins. Over time, the damage accumulates and leads to aging.

Most common form of Dementia?

Alzheimer's

What emotion most popularly characterizes the relationship of adult children with their ageing parents?

Ambivalence

Carstensen's socioemotional selectivity theory

As people grow older, they perceive time to be limited, and therefore they adjust their priorities to emphasize emotionally meaningful events, experiences, and goals.

What are 3 vision diseases that impair the vision of older adults?

Cataracs Glaucoma Macular Degeneration

Report/Rapport Talk (Tannen)

Females engage in "rapport-talk" — a communication style meant to promote social affiliation and emotional connection, Men engage in "report-talk" — a style focused on exchanging information with little emotional import

Piaget's FINAL stage of cognitive development

Formal Operational Thought (11-15) - states that adults have quantitively more knowledge than adolescents yet do not enter a new, qualitively different stage

Damon and finding a purpose (SHORT term/ LONG term)

Found that.... - too many individuals have not found a path to purpose in their career development due to greater focus on short-term goals over long-term goals and picture for their life

Who described the Career Mystique when relating to Developmental Changes?

Moen described this engrained cultural belief of engaging in heard work for long hours throughout adulthood will lead to status, security, and happiness

What are the eight possible kinds of love from Sternburg's Triangular Theory of Love?

Non-Love : absence of all three components of love Liking : when one experiences only the intimacy component of love in the absence of the passion and decision/commitment components Infatuated love : results from the experiencing of the passion component in the absence of the other components of love Empty love : emanates from the decision that one loves another and is committed to that love in the absence of both the intimacy and passion components of love Romantic love : derives from a combination of the intimacy and passion components Companionate love : derives from a combination of the intimacy and decision/commitment components of love Fatuous love : results from the combination of the passion and decision/commitment components in the absence of the intimacy component Consummate, or complete love : results from the full combination of all three components

What have researchers recently found reguarding the generation of new neurons in older adults?

Older adults (at least through 70s) have been found to be able to generate new neurons and new dendrites

What did the Allen's do for adolescents on their way to adulthood? (C.F.A.C)

Suggestions to help launch them into maturity before adulthood hits... - Provide them w opportunities to be contributors - Give candid, quality feedback to adolescents - Create positive adult connections w adolescents - Challenge adolescents to become more competent

Older adult men are more likely to be married than older women (T or F)

T

Use of illicit drugs is harder to identify in older adults than younger adults (T or F)

True

Do conscientiousness and agreeableness increase in late adulthood?

Yes

Is there an increase in older adult's part-time work?

Yes

Does remarriage improve adults' financial status, if so for which gender does it benefit more?

Yes, women

What does the brain do as it ages?

adapts to decreases in certain functions - may compensate for losses in one region by shifting those responsibilities to other regions

When does creativity peak?

adulthood, 40s

Criticism of Piaget Final Stage

adults DO move into a qualitively higher stage (postformal thought) where emotions influence relativity, context, provision and reality

at what age does weight start decreasing?

after 60

When do our sensory abilities decline?

after age 75

Hormonal Stress Theory

aging in the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease

Alzheimer's disease

an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning

What is the most common chronic disorder in late adulhood?

arthritis

executive attention

aspects of thinking that include planning actions, allocating attention to goals, detecting and compensating for errors, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances

cellular clock theory of aging

cells are limited in the number of times they can reproduce to repair damage

Hayflick's cellular clock theory

cells can divide a maximum of about 75/80 times and that, as we age, our cells become less capable of dividing - upper limit of human life span potential = 120-125 years of age - did not know why cells die

(Biological Theories of Aging) Aging is caused by a combination of what 2 things?

cellular maintenence and evolutionary constraints

Increase/decrease throughout centuries - Divorce

decreased beginning in the 1980s but since has INCREASED since middle of 20th century

Attatchment anxiety and getting older

decreases as we get older

What causes Alzheimer's?

deficiency of acetylcholine (memory chemical), brain shrinks and deteriorates as plaques and tangles form

What memory goes first in late adulthood, episodic or semantic?

episodic memory

What is Emerging Adulthood characterized by?

experimentation and exploration

What memory goes first in late adulthood, explicit or implicit?

explicit memory

What brain scans asses brain frunctioning while people engage in tasks?

fMRI and PET

Parkinson's disease

form of dementia where there is a disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors

Phillip Shaver and Cindy Hazan Attachment Theory (childhood parent relationships reflects secure romantic relationships as an adult)

found that adults who were secure in their romantic relationships were more likely to recall their childhood relationships with parents as being affectionate, caring, and accepting

Cohort effects on cognitive aging - Schaie

found that individuals whose memory and executive function declined in middle age had more hippocamal atrophy in late adulthood

Types of Love (4)

friendship, romantic love (passion, sexuality), affectionate love, and consummate love

What is an important aspect of mourning in many cultures?

funeral

What factors influence one's sexual preference?

genetics, hormones, cognitive factors, and environment

Has life expectancy increased or decreased?

increased

Park & Reuter-Lorenz 2009

increased activation in the prefrontal cortex with aging reflects an adaptive brain that is compensating for declining memory neural structures and function + cognition (working and long-term memory)

What does Kastenbaum believe about the compnents of every culture's death system?

involves these compnents... - people - places - times - objects - symbols

What did Csikszentmihalyi propose about a creative life?

it is caused by cultivating curiosity and interest

What conclusion has John Schulenberg gathered from his research on substance abuse from secondary school thru early adulthood?

late 20s = reduction in dug/alcohol use

Life span definition

maximum # of years one can live

Who remarries faster?

men

Pleck's Theory on Men's Development - Role Strain View

men experience stress and harm when trying to conform to men's roles in society (effect on health, male-female relationships, and male-male relationships)

When is there a reduction in alcohol and drug use?

mid-20s

When do adults show heightened consciousness of death and death anxiety?

middle adulthood and but decreases in older adults

When does the central nervous system begin to slow in function?

middle adulthood, increases in late adulthood

Evolutionary Theory of Aging

natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and non adaptive characteristics in older adults therefore benefits conferred by evolution decline with age bc natural selection is linked to reproductive fitness

Dementia

neurological condition that entails losses in cognitive functioning severe enough to interfere with daily life

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (older = more selective)

older adults become more selective about their activities and social relationships in order to maintain social and emotional well-being

What is the main reason why older adults walk with a stoop?

osteoperosis

What adaptive orientation do dying individuals develop?

perceived control and denial

How does executive function change in adulthood - R. Lorenz

prefrontal cortex shrinks with aging causing a decrease in working memory and other cognitive activities

Remarried adults and mental health

remarried adults have lower mental health than adults in first marriages

Berscheid and Romantic Love (sexual desire in romantic love)

sexual desire is the most important ingredient of romantic love

Rodin and Langer

showed that nursing home residents who have plants to care for, determine, and conrtol have better health and lower mortality rates

Selective Optimization w Compensation Theory

successful aging is linked with three main factors: selection of preformance domains optimization of existing capacities compensation for defecits

source memory

the ability to remember where one learned something

Andrew Cherlin (deinstitutionalization of American marriage)

the deinstitutionalization of American marriage - social norms relating to marriage have weakened bc of the increasing number and complexity of cohabiting unions and the emergence of same-sex marriage

Grief

the emotional numbness, disbelief, separation anxiety, despair, sadness, and loneliness that accompany the loss of someone we love

working memory

the small amount of information that can be held in mind and used in the execution of cognitive tasks

Matching Hypothesis

theory that although we prefer a more attractive person in the abstract, in the real world we end up choosing someone who is close to our own level of attractiveness

An increasing # of older adults cohabitat

true

What vitamin supplements are debated to slow the ageing process?

vitamin C vitamine E beta-carotene

J.B. Miller's Theory on Women's approach to Developing others

women often try to interact with others in ways that will foster the other person's development along many dimensions... emotional, intellectual, and social

What are the most obvious signs of ageing?

wrinkled skin and age spots

Career Mystique

young children - idealistic career fantasies late teens/ early 20s - serious career thinking early-mid 20s - completed education/started career remainder of early adulthood - establish emerginng career and try to climb the career ladder