Urinary System Anatomy and Physiology II

THE JG apparatus provides for autoregulatory control of the nephron

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blood comes to the glomerulus via the Afferent arteriole

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blood pressure in the glomerulus is high er than in other capillary beds

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cortical nephrons account for 85% of the nephrons

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hemorrhaging or dehydration would lead to systemic hypotension, which would lead to the release of renin by granular cells

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peritubular capillaries cover the renal tubule

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renal clearance tests are conducted to test the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

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secretion is carried out in the renal tubules

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the ascending limb of the loop of henle is impermeable to water and actively transports nacl into the surrounding interstitial fluids

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the basement membrane is composes of the fused basal laminae of the fenestrated endothelium and the visceral membrane and is considered part of the filtration membrane in the glomerulus

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the kidneys are located in the superior lumbar region

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the macula densa is a chemoreceptor

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the myogenic control mechanism reflects the fact that vascular smooth muscle tends to contract when stretched

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the renal corpuscle is composed of the glomerulus and the bowman's capsule

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the renal cortex contains glomeruli

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the smooth muscle layer of the bladder is called the DETRUSOR

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the stimulus for renin secretion is a drop in systemic blood pressure

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urine is slightly acidic with a ph of ~6

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the sum of all the pressures that act at the elevel of the glomerulus; responsible for the formation of filtrate

net filtration pressure

glucose

not normally found in urine

the renal __ is continuous with the ureter

pelvis

the ____ attaches the kidney to the posterior body wall

perirenal fat capsule

specialized, branched epithelial cells that cling to the glomerulus

podocytes

small cup-shaped structures at the apex of the renal pyramids

minor calyces

the basic functional unit of the kidney is the

nephron (over a million in each kidney)

every day the kidneys filter nearly ___ of fluid from the bloodstream

200 liters

___ are the structural and functional units of the kidneys, which carry out the processes that form urine

nephrons

usually seen in association with trauma to the kidneys or along the urinary tract

ERYTHROCYTES

the renal hilium lies on the ____ surface of the kidney

MEDIAL

the descending limb of the loop of henle is relatively impermeable to solutes and freely permeable to water

TRUE!

pressure exerted by fluid in the glomerular capsule against the fluids coming out of the glomerulurs

capsular hydrostatic pressure

force that pulls fluid back into the glomerulus from the capsular space

colloid osmotic pressure

afferent arterioles constrict in response to a rise in blood pressure, thus restricting the flow of blood into the glomerulus

myogenic mechanism

what is the largest component of urine by weight after water?

UREA!

urea

a detoxified ammonia compound

uric acid

a nitrogen waste product from RNA metabolism

angiotensin ii

a powerfule vasoconstriction that also stimulates the secretion of aldosterone

creatinine

a protein metabolite found in SKELETAL MUSCLE and excreted in urine

micturition is

a sacral reflex. also called urination!

how is na+ reabsorbed?

active transport using atp

urea transport into the medullary collecting duct is enhanced by ___

adh adh indirectly enhances urea transport into the medullary collecting duct

blood vessel leading directly into the glomerulus

afferent arteriole

the blood supply to the nephron is the

afferent arteriole

renal fascia

anchors kidneys

what homeostatic imbalance is indicative that glomerular blood pressure is too low to cause filtration?

anuria

between the cortex and medullar

arcuate artery

sodium is reabsorbed actively in this region

ascending limb

what is the most common cause of incontinence in adults?

bladder or renal infection

the most important factor affecting the glomerular filtration rate is

blood hydrostatic pressure GFR is DIRECTLY proportional to NFP

the correct sequence in which urine passes through them to the external environment

calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

the energy needed for secondary active transport is provided by the

concentration gradient established by na the renal capillary hydrostatic pressure allows for passive transport, which does not need energy

the major substance reabsorbed here is water by osmosis

descending limb

sodium and water are reabsorbed under hormonal influence in this region

distal convoluted tubule

specialized blood vessel leading away from the glomerulus

efferent arteriole

renin

enzyme that catalyzes the formation of angiotensin i

what isn't associated with primary nocturnal enuresis?

females over the age of 60 years a small bladder capacity can be associated with primary nocturnal enuresis. NIGHT PEEEEEE

the capillary pores of the glomerulus

fenestrae

the force of blood against the walls of the glomerular capillaries

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

large knot of capillaries at the beginning of the nephron

glomerulus

elevated levels are expected in a diabetic

glucose

renal ptosis would lead to

hydronephrosis due to urine backup renal ptosis would not lead to bleeding in the kidney tissue. it would lead to hydronephrosis due to urine backup.

if the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanged, the glomerular filtration rate

increases if the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanges, the glomerular filtration rate increases. this will increase glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

in the renal sinus

interlobar artery

which of the following substances is the standard substance used to measure the GFR

inulin drug metabolites cannot be used to measure the GFR

which of the following statements about the urinary system is incorrect

it carries out the majority of gluconeogenesis in the body TRUE!

na+

its reabsorption occurs with k+ efflux

elevated levels are evidence of starvation or untreated diabetes mellitus

ketone bodies

major calyces are

large branches of the renal pelvis

when the concentration of ADH increases

less urine is produce less urine is produced when the concentration of ADH increases

juxtamedullary nephrons

long nephrons that deeply invade the medulla

the ____ can contract, changing the total surface area of the capillaries available for filtration in the glomerulus

mesangial eclls the intercalated cells play a major role in acid-base balance

fibrous capsule

prevents infection from other areas spreading to kidney

which cells in the kidney play a major part in the regulation of body water and na+ balance

principle cells

aldosterone

promotes reabsorption of sodium at the distal convoluted tubule

what substance would NOT normally be expected in urine?

protein

often seen after excessive physical exertion (working out)

proteins

primary site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption

proximal convoluted tubule

adh

regulates water reabsorption at the distal convoluted tubule

under normal resting condutions, the ___ arteries deliver 1/4th of the total cardiac output (about 1200ml) to the kidneys each minute

renal

glomerulus and bowman's capsule, collectively

renal corposcle

the bowman's capsule and glomerulus make up the

renal corpuscle

in what part o the nephron is plasma filtered?

renal corpuscle?

light tan in appearance and just deep to the capsule

renal cortex

composed of cone-shaped, dark-red masses

renal medulla

the ___ is the darker, reddish-brown area of the kidney, which exhibits cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids

renal medulla

flat funnel-shaped tube that enters into the ureter

renal pelvis

exiting the kidney

renal vein

which process results in increased glomerular filtration in response to hormone release

renin-angiotensin mechanism the renin-angiotensin mechanism results in increased glomerular filtration in response to hormone release

a drop in systemic blood pressure triggers the release of an enzyme by the kidney;s the release of the enzyme triggers this regulatory system

renin-angiotensin system

capillaries that surround the tubules of the nephron

segmental artery

juxtaglomerular cells

specialized baroreceptors (mechanoreceptor)

macula densa cells

specialized chemoreceptors

vasa recta

surrounding the loop of henle

neural control overcomes the renal autoregulatory mechanisms

sympathetic branch

what is the countercurrent multiplier in the kidney

the loop of henle of a juxtamedullary nephron bowman's capsule is not the countercurrent multiplier in the kidney

the reason glucose is detected in the urine of individuals with uncontrolled diabetes is because

the transport maximum for glucose has been exceeded

the distal tubule is under control of adh and aldosterone

these two hormones are responsibe for water and sodium reabsorption from the distal tubule

alcohol and caffeine are both examples of diuretics

true

a drop in flow rate through the nephron or a rise in the osmolarity of filtrate

tubulomerular feedback mechanism

the presence of glucose and ketone bodies in the urine can indicate

untreated diabetes mellitus the presence of glucose and ketone bodies in the urine can indicate untreated diabestes mellitus. hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis from diabetes may cause this.

which structure is the muscular tube that delivers urine to the bladder

ureter the ureter is a paired structure in which kidney stones can get trapped