Urinary System Anatomy and Physiology II
THE JG apparatus provides for autoregulatory control of the nephron
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blood comes to the glomerulus via the Afferent arteriole
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blood pressure in the glomerulus is high er than in other capillary beds
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cortical nephrons account for 85% of the nephrons
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hemorrhaging or dehydration would lead to systemic hypotension, which would lead to the release of renin by granular cells
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peritubular capillaries cover the renal tubule
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renal clearance tests are conducted to test the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
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secretion is carried out in the renal tubules
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the ascending limb of the loop of henle is impermeable to water and actively transports nacl into the surrounding interstitial fluids
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the basement membrane is composes of the fused basal laminae of the fenestrated endothelium and the visceral membrane and is considered part of the filtration membrane in the glomerulus
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the kidneys are located in the superior lumbar region
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the macula densa is a chemoreceptor
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the myogenic control mechanism reflects the fact that vascular smooth muscle tends to contract when stretched
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the renal corpuscle is composed of the glomerulus and the bowman's capsule
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the renal cortex contains glomeruli
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the smooth muscle layer of the bladder is called the DETRUSOR
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the stimulus for renin secretion is a drop in systemic blood pressure
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urine is slightly acidic with a ph of ~6
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the sum of all the pressures that act at the elevel of the glomerulus; responsible for the formation of filtrate
net filtration pressure
glucose
not normally found in urine
the renal __ is continuous with the ureter
pelvis
the ____ attaches the kidney to the posterior body wall
perirenal fat capsule
specialized, branched epithelial cells that cling to the glomerulus
podocytes
small cup-shaped structures at the apex of the renal pyramids
minor calyces
the basic functional unit of the kidney is the
nephron (over a million in each kidney)
every day the kidneys filter nearly ___ of fluid from the bloodstream
200 liters
___ are the structural and functional units of the kidneys, which carry out the processes that form urine
nephrons
usually seen in association with trauma to the kidneys or along the urinary tract
ERYTHROCYTES
the renal hilium lies on the ____ surface of the kidney
MEDIAL
the descending limb of the loop of henle is relatively impermeable to solutes and freely permeable to water
TRUE!
pressure exerted by fluid in the glomerular capsule against the fluids coming out of the glomerulurs
capsular hydrostatic pressure
force that pulls fluid back into the glomerulus from the capsular space
colloid osmotic pressure
afferent arterioles constrict in response to a rise in blood pressure, thus restricting the flow of blood into the glomerulus
myogenic mechanism
what is the largest component of urine by weight after water?
UREA!
urea
a detoxified ammonia compound
uric acid
a nitrogen waste product from RNA metabolism
angiotensin ii
a powerfule vasoconstriction that also stimulates the secretion of aldosterone
creatinine
a protein metabolite found in SKELETAL MUSCLE and excreted in urine
micturition is
a sacral reflex. also called urination!
how is na+ reabsorbed?
active transport using atp
urea transport into the medullary collecting duct is enhanced by ___
adh adh indirectly enhances urea transport into the medullary collecting duct
blood vessel leading directly into the glomerulus
afferent arteriole
the blood supply to the nephron is the
afferent arteriole
renal fascia
anchors kidneys
what homeostatic imbalance is indicative that glomerular blood pressure is too low to cause filtration?
anuria
between the cortex and medullar
arcuate artery
sodium is reabsorbed actively in this region
ascending limb
what is the most common cause of incontinence in adults?
bladder or renal infection
the most important factor affecting the glomerular filtration rate is
blood hydrostatic pressure GFR is DIRECTLY proportional to NFP
the correct sequence in which urine passes through them to the external environment
calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
the energy needed for secondary active transport is provided by the
concentration gradient established by na the renal capillary hydrostatic pressure allows for passive transport, which does not need energy
the major substance reabsorbed here is water by osmosis
descending limb
sodium and water are reabsorbed under hormonal influence in this region
distal convoluted tubule
specialized blood vessel leading away from the glomerulus
efferent arteriole
renin
enzyme that catalyzes the formation of angiotensin i
what isn't associated with primary nocturnal enuresis?
females over the age of 60 years a small bladder capacity can be associated with primary nocturnal enuresis. NIGHT PEEEEEE
the capillary pores of the glomerulus
fenestrae
the force of blood against the walls of the glomerular capillaries
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
large knot of capillaries at the beginning of the nephron
glomerulus
elevated levels are expected in a diabetic
glucose
renal ptosis would lead to
hydronephrosis due to urine backup renal ptosis would not lead to bleeding in the kidney tissue. it would lead to hydronephrosis due to urine backup.
if the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanged, the glomerular filtration rate
increases if the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanges, the glomerular filtration rate increases. this will increase glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
in the renal sinus
interlobar artery
which of the following substances is the standard substance used to measure the GFR
inulin drug metabolites cannot be used to measure the GFR
which of the following statements about the urinary system is incorrect
it carries out the majority of gluconeogenesis in the body TRUE!
na+
its reabsorption occurs with k+ efflux
elevated levels are evidence of starvation or untreated diabetes mellitus
ketone bodies
major calyces are
large branches of the renal pelvis
when the concentration of ADH increases
less urine is produce less urine is produced when the concentration of ADH increases
juxtamedullary nephrons
long nephrons that deeply invade the medulla
the ____ can contract, changing the total surface area of the capillaries available for filtration in the glomerulus
mesangial eclls the intercalated cells play a major role in acid-base balance
fibrous capsule
prevents infection from other areas spreading to kidney
which cells in the kidney play a major part in the regulation of body water and na+ balance
principle cells
aldosterone
promotes reabsorption of sodium at the distal convoluted tubule
what substance would NOT normally be expected in urine?
protein
often seen after excessive physical exertion (working out)
proteins
primary site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption
proximal convoluted tubule
adh
regulates water reabsorption at the distal convoluted tubule
under normal resting condutions, the ___ arteries deliver 1/4th of the total cardiac output (about 1200ml) to the kidneys each minute
renal
glomerulus and bowman's capsule, collectively
renal corposcle
the bowman's capsule and glomerulus make up the
renal corpuscle
in what part o the nephron is plasma filtered?
renal corpuscle?
light tan in appearance and just deep to the capsule
renal cortex
composed of cone-shaped, dark-red masses
renal medulla
the ___ is the darker, reddish-brown area of the kidney, which exhibits cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids
renal medulla
flat funnel-shaped tube that enters into the ureter
renal pelvis
exiting the kidney
renal vein
which process results in increased glomerular filtration in response to hormone release
renin-angiotensin mechanism the renin-angiotensin mechanism results in increased glomerular filtration in response to hormone release
a drop in systemic blood pressure triggers the release of an enzyme by the kidney;s the release of the enzyme triggers this regulatory system
renin-angiotensin system
capillaries that surround the tubules of the nephron
segmental artery
juxtaglomerular cells
specialized baroreceptors (mechanoreceptor)
macula densa cells
specialized chemoreceptors
vasa recta
surrounding the loop of henle
neural control overcomes the renal autoregulatory mechanisms
sympathetic branch
what is the countercurrent multiplier in the kidney
the loop of henle of a juxtamedullary nephron bowman's capsule is not the countercurrent multiplier in the kidney
the reason glucose is detected in the urine of individuals with uncontrolled diabetes is because
the transport maximum for glucose has been exceeded
the distal tubule is under control of adh and aldosterone
these two hormones are responsibe for water and sodium reabsorption from the distal tubule
alcohol and caffeine are both examples of diuretics
true
a drop in flow rate through the nephron or a rise in the osmolarity of filtrate
tubulomerular feedback mechanism
the presence of glucose and ketone bodies in the urine can indicate
untreated diabetes mellitus the presence of glucose and ketone bodies in the urine can indicate untreated diabestes mellitus. hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis from diabetes may cause this.
which structure is the muscular tube that delivers urine to the bladder
ureter the ureter is a paired structure in which kidney stones can get trapped