US Congress

Goldstone

"Understanding Revolutions..."--Sultanistic regimes were the most vulnerable type of regime in 2011. Collapse of these regimes=cause of Arab Spring

Personal staff

work for the member. Mainly providing constituent service, but help with legislation too

Closed rule

yes or no vote without amendments

What is electronic lobbying?

younger lobbyists attempt to influence legislation

standing committee

most important committees

King

"Electoral Systems"--The most confusing/complicated electoral system is Single Transferable Vote (STV).

Palestinian Authority

administration established to govern parts of the west bank and the Gaza Strip

Sojourner Truth

"ain't a woman" speech, abolitionist group

Occupation of Female Offenders

40% - Unknown 15% - Semi-skilled 11% - Professional or other 10% - Unskilled 8% - Unemployed 5% - Skilled More likely to operate in teams for unemployed or unskilled. Unlikely to have a criminal history

How many members does the United States House of Representatives have?

435

Number of Members in the House of Representatives

435

How many members have the house expelled?

5

What is the Speaker of the House?

A congressional office mandated by the Constitution

Patrilocal

A married couple will live with the husband's family

Hold

A procedural practice in the Senate whereby a senator temporarily blocks the consideration of the bill or nomination.

constitution

A set of understandings about the functioning of a particular political system, which includes the description of official major government bodies and positions, the powers these positions have, and the process for making new laws.

Isabel Peron

Argentina

Kim Campbell

Canada

Simpson-Mazzoli Act

Employers had to document citizenship of employee.

Gross Domestic Product

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all officially recognized final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. GDP per capita is often considered an indicator of a country's standard of living;[2][3]

Vaclav Havel

Poet and President of a Free Czechoslovakia in 1989. He was also the first President of the Czech Republic after Slovakia separated in 1993 from Czechoslovakia.

Method

Poison only - 34% Suffocation only - 11% Shooting only - 8% Stabbing only - 3% Combination of these methods - 32%

Indira Gandhi

India

first woman Senator

Rebecca Latimer Felton

Chandrika Kumaratunga

Sri Lanka

Taiping Rebellion

The most destructive civil war before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire.

Outsourcing

The relocation of production once done in the United States to foreign countries.

What is cloture?

To cut off a debate and end a filibuster

What is the best way constituents can influence congressional voting on legislation?

To elect a representative or senator who agrees with their views

What is the president's most common method of attempting to influence Congress?

To hold regular meetings with the party's leaders in Congress

Expulsion

To remove from office. Requires 2/3 vote

_____ can be more effective than lobbyists

caucuses

The Orange Free State

new colony by Dutch

Rosa Parks

refused to surrender her bus seat to a white passenger, spurring the Montgomery boycott and other efforts to end segregation

Pocket veto

rejection of a bill if the president takes no action on it for 10 days and Congress has adjourned during that period

Hillary Clinton

secretary of state

Margaret Mead

studies and publications on cultural anthropology.

select committee

temporary committee

What is the minimum age for membership of the Senate?

30

What is Packing

Concentrating like minded voters together in one district to reduce their voting power in other districts

What is the nature of appointments today?

Confirmation rates in the senate of district judges have decreased due to media coverage, political polarization, and divided government

Family Medical Leave Act 1992

12 weeks unpaid leave allowed; w & men must be allowed to return to jobs after leave in work places larger than 50 employees.

How many members has the senate expelled?

15

personal staff

15 in the house, 30 in the senate

What are the 4 most important influences that determine how a legislator will vote

Constituents Presidents Political party Interest groups

1850 Compromise

Contained the controversial slave law

Minor v. Happersett 1875

Supreme court ruled that w do not have right to vote in federal elections. Sought to vote in the election of the president and vice-president.

What are the Powers of congress?

both- overturn exec orders, declare/finance wars senate- approve treaties/presidential appointees

franking privilege

mailing for free

Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1896)

-Provided congress with the authority to regulate and break-up corporations together (trusts*) to dominate an industry -*giant firms that controlled whole areas of industry by buying up all the companies with which they did business

3 types/ways of modernizing authoritarianism

1. Personalist Dictatorship 2. One Party State 3. Military Rule

Whip

A Senator or Representative who helps the party leader stay informed about what party members are thinking.

Helmut Kohl

Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (German: [ˈhɛlmuːt ˈkoːl]; born 3 April 1930) is a German conservative politician and statesman. He served as Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998 (of West Germany 1982-90 and of the reunited Germany 1990-98) and as the chairman of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) from 1973 to 1998.

House rules committee

It serves as the "traffic officer" in the house to help direct the file of major legislation Does not exist in state Can move bills ahead quickly, hold them back, or stop me completely based on the rules sets on the bill

Reconciliation

A congressional process through which program authorizations are revised to achieve required savings. It usually also includes tax or other revenue adjustments.

Matrilocal

A cultural practice in which young men upon marriage must live with their bride's family.

majoritarian democracy

A democratic system combining strong executives, few checks on the power of the majority to pass laws and amend the constitution, and conflictual politics between two major political parties.

consensus democracy

A democratic system that unites proportional representation elections, a multiparty system, and diffusion of power across branches and levels of government.

Dissident

A dissident, broadly defined, is a person who actively challenges an established doctrine, policy, or institution. When dissidents unite for a common cause they often effect a dissident movement. The word has been used since 16th century in the context of religion. The noun was first used in the political sense in 1940, with the rise of such totalitarian systems as the Soviet Union.[1][2]

Mohandas K. Gandhi

Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920.

Hearings

the taking of testimony

LWV

League of Women Voters was formed from NASWA following the passage of the 19th amendment. This organization lobbied for issues concerning the "maternal politics" of the Progressive Era.

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

1887 Interstate Commerce Act

Allowed federal regulation of the railroads

Equal Opportunity for Employment Act 1972

Allows EEOC to litigate. Put teeth on the 1963 Equal Pay Act and 1964 Civil Rights Act.

Single member district (SMD)

Also called First Past the Post, SMD is an electoral district. The first one who got the most vote. SMD is to favor a 2 party system. 3rd parties have no chance.

Sojourner Truth

a former slave woman, she advocated for the end of slavery and for women's rights. Her famous, "Ain't I a Woman?" speech highlighted the double standard black women faced during the 19th century.

Terrorism

A name giving to a technique used by dissident (non-state) groups to create terror in civilian populations by means of bombs, etc to make a political point.

Jomo Kenyatta

A nationalist leader who fought to end oppressive laws against Africans; later became the first Prime Minister of Kenya

Alice Hamilton

A physician & the 1st female faculty member of Harvard. Hull House resident reformer & returned every year. In 1908 she was appointed to the Occupational Diseases Commission of Illinois, the first investigative body of its kind in the US. She researched silicosis in the mining community & advocated for safer mine standards & oversight. Her work lead to the field of Industrial Hygiene. She served as medical consultant to the US Division of Labor Standards in 1935.

Confucianism

the teachings of Confucius emphasizing love for humanity, ideas of Confucius, emphasizing such values as family, tradition, and mutual respect

Duverger's Law

A principle that asserts that plurality rule elections structured within single-member districts tend to favor a two-party system.

Filibuster

A procedural practice in the Senate whereby a senator refuses to relinquish the floor and thereby delays proceedings and prevents a vote on a controversial issue.

Cloture

A procedure for terminating debate, especially filibusters, in the Senate.

Markup

A process in which committee members offer changes to a bill before it goes to the floor in either house for a vote.

Reprimand

A public statement of displeasure about a members behavior/ action. Requires 51% vote

President Pro Tempore of the Senate

the temporary presiding officer of the Senate in the absence of the vice president

Bills of attainder

a governmental decree that a person is guilty of a crime that carries the death penalty, without a trial; this cannot happen in the U.S. & it would cause distrust in the government

Hinduism

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

Delegate

A representative who votes according to the preferences of his or her constituency.

Michelle Bachelet

Chile

The Fall of Dynastic China

China had cut themselves off from the rest of the world and missed the industrial revolution

Ex post facto laws

a law that retroactively declares some action illegal - "after the fact." you cannot be charged for a crime that did not have a law in the time you performed it

institution

A set of formal or informal rules, often taking the form of a purposive organization, that shapes individual behavior.

Bicameralism

a legislative body consisting of two houses or chambers

Joint Committees

a legislative committee composed of members from both chambers [House and Senate] of Congress

Tituba

A slave Bought in Barbados by Samuel Parris. Admitted to being a witch after being asked the same questions many times. She then blamed the Devil for telling her to afflict the children, and then she said that there were others.

bureaucratic authoritarianism

A type of authoritarian system that occurs in countries where the economy is modernized enough to require authoritarian leaders to work closely with a large bureaucracy that has expertise on policy matters.

military authoritarianism

A type of authoritarian system, most common in Latin America and Africa, in which the government leaders are also military leaders.

Robert Mugabe

President of Zimbabwe

Fidel Castro

Led the revolution in 1959 toppling the Batista Regime. Has led Cuba as a communist country since then, but has recently retired, giving over power to several colleagues, including brother Raul Castro.

fascism

A variant of totalitarianism based on militarism and an emphasis on remaking society along racial, religious, or ethnic lines.

communism

A variant of totalitarianism in which the state owns the means of production and seeks to remake society in the name of the working class.

Ronald Reagan

President of the United States from 1981-89 who engaged Gorbachev in military build-up and peace intiatives

Marion Anderson

African American who sang at the Lincoln Memorial

Maya Angelou

American author and poet

Senatorial Courtesy

Presidential custom of submitting the names of prospective appointees for approval to senators from the states in which the appointees are to work.

Charlotte Temple

a maiden is seduced by a british officer with the help of her tutor she is taken to America and is there abandoned where she gives birth to a child in poverty and illness Susanna Rowson - 1791 Seduction novel

Logrolling

An agreement by two or more lawmakers to support each other's bills

Indian National Congress (Congress Party)

a major national political party in India

Hamas

a militant Islamic fundamentalist political movement that opposes peace with Israel and uses terrorism as a weapon

Standing committee

a permanent committee within the House or Senate that considers bills within a certain subject area

Ombudsperson

a person who hears and investigates complaints by private individuals against public officials or agencies

Filial Piety

Respect for parents, Respect for parents

Weetamoo

She held a spiritual leadership position in Wampanoag tribe of Native Americans during King Phillips War in the Early Colonial Period. She was a wife of Metacom, also called King Phillip. She drowned while trying to escape the English who sought her capture based on her powerful position. Her life serves as an example of the leadership positions open to women in Native American Society compared to British Colonial women's options.

Zionism

a policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine

Parliamentarism

Definition: It is a style of democratic governance in which the executive derives its legitimacy from the legislature (parliament). In this system, the head of state tends to be a different person from the head of the government. Often, the head of the government is the head of the parliament, while the head of the state tends to be a monarch. Linz believes that the parliamentary system is more conducive to stability than presidentialism in the long-run. Author: Linz Significance: Example:

What are state legislatures responsible for?

For the states redistricting can become a problem if redrawn to benefit an incumbent or one party (gerrymandering)

Bill

a proposed law

Women's Trade Union League

Formed in 1903 by Jane Addams & Mary Anderson to address factory conditions. This union supported the Shirtwaist strike & numerous others. They advocated for 8 hour day, minimum wage, end to child labor & safer working conditions & ultimately suffrage under the leadership of Schneiderman and Margaret Dreier Robbins. Eleanor Roosevelt worked w/ & supported the WTUL by 1922. The League dissolved in 1950.

OPEC

Formed in 1961. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. These countries decided to unite to gain greater control over the production and price of their oil. Mostly Arab countries, also Venezuela and a few others.

NOW

Formed in 1966 by a network of 28 women attending the 3rd Annual Conference of Commissions on the Status of Women. This advocacy organization focused on pay equity professional inequality & educational discrimination and women's right to contraception and abortion.

Buddhism

a religion represented by the many groups (especially in Asia) that profess various forms of the Buddhist doctrine and that venerate Buddha

Emma Goldman

Anarchist and activist who was a fiery (sometimes violent) advocate for peace, free love and birth control in the 1910s.

Zora Neal Hurston

Anthropologist and novelist who was a fixture of the Harlem Renaissance before writing her masterwork, Their Eyes Were Watching God.

Conceptual Framework

a set of defined concepts for comparison general & intersubjective

Elastic clause

Article 1, Section 8, of the Constitution (the necessary and proper clause), gives Congress the authority to make whatever laws are necessary and proper to carry out the enumerated responsibilities

Theodore Herzl

Austrian journalist and founder of the Zionist movement urging the creation of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.

Amritsar

British massacre of Indian Protesters

Congressional budget offices

CBO; most important

Policy Implementation

Carrying out/enforcing public policies

American model of democracy

Dahl's term for a democratic system that combines a presidential system with FPTP district voting in legislative elections.

1820 Missouri Compromise

Divided Louisiana Purchase into Slave and non-slaves

In Article 1, Section 8, of the Constitution, what powers of Congress are described?

Expressed powers

Billie Holiday

Famous African American jazz and pop singer

1965 Medicaid Act

Federal medical program for children under 18.

1965 Medicare Act

Federal medical program for the elderly.

Majority Party

In both the House of Representatives and the Senate, the political party to which more than half the members belong

Recession

In economics, a recession is a business cycle contraction, It is a general slowdown in economic activity.[1][2] Macroeconomic indicators such as GDP(Gross Domestic Product), employment, investment spending, capacity utilization, household income, business profits, and inflation fall, while bankruptcies and the unemployment rate rise. Recessions generally occur when there is a widespread drop in spending (an adverse demand shock). This may be triggered by various events, such as a financial crisis, an external trade shock, an adverse supply shock or the bursting of an economic bubble. Governments usually respond to recessions by adopting expansionary macroeconomic policies, such as increasing money supply, increasing government spending and decreasing taxation.

What is coalition lobbying?

Multiple organizations with a common interest mobilize to show broad support and touch all the legislative bases

Types: Black Widows

Murders mainly family members Interested in financial gain

India independence

Indian independence came in 1947, after a long campaign of non-violence led by Mahatma Gandhi.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Indian statesman who was the founder of Pakistan as a Muslim state (1876-1948)

veto points

Individuals or collective political bodies whose failure to accept a policy change results in the policy's not being adopted.

Rep Margaret Heckler and Rep Liddy Bogs

Introduced to Congress the 1977 GI Bill revisions which gave veterans benefits to the surviving WASPs trained by Nancy Harness Love in 1942-1944.

Portia Simpson-Miller

Jamaica

first woman in Congress

Jeannette Rankin

Current Vice President

Joe Biden

Current Speaker of the House

John Boehner

1992 Don't Ask, Don't Tell

Military Gay policy Restricts military from asking sexual preference of its personnel.

The Six Day War - 1967

Military conflict between Israel and all of its Arab neighbors; during this war, Israel defeated all of its neighbors; HUGE victory Israel tripled in size

2010 - The Patient Protection Affordable Act (Obama Care)

National health care plan for all Americans. $800 billion. Fully instated in 2014

Jackie Joyner- Kersee

Olympic legend. Heptathlon and long jump.

Nationalists Flee to Taiwan

after the civil war where the nationalists lost they flee to Taiwan

logrolling

agreement to support "pet" bills

conservative coalition

alliance important under reagan

Jo Ann Robinson

Organized Women's Political Council in Montgomery to boycott busses in 1955 after Rosa Parks removed from bus. Year long boycott successfully lead to desegregation and to national attention and support for Civil Rights Act 1963

The framers of the Constitution conceived as the center of what?

Policy making in America

Alice Walker

Pulitzer Prize-winning, African-American novelist and poet most famous for her book "The Color Purple

1940- Smith Act

Punished those who willfully advocate the overthrow of the government by force and violence, also a crime to be part of any group that also advocates violence.

Sarah and Angelina Grimke

Quaker abolitionists who thought that just because you were a women didn't mean you couldn't abolish slavery

1830 Indian Removal Act

Resulted in the "Trail of Tears"

1970 Voting Rights Act

Right to vote in federal election was given to 18 year olds.

This legislature holds 100 seats

Senate

Conquistadores

Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.

Terrorism

Terrorism is the systematic use of violent terror as a means of coercion. In the international community, however, terrorism has no legally binding, criminal law definition.[1][2] Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror); are perpetrated for a religious, political, or ideological goal; and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants (civilians). Some definitions now include acts of unlawful violence and war. The use of similar tactics by criminal organizations for protection rackets or to enforce a code of silence is usually not labeled terrorism, though these same actions may be labeled terrorism when done by a politically motivated group.

What does bicameralism mean?

That a legislative body is one with two houses, providing checks and balances on policy-making

Harry S Truman

The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery.

Berlin Wall

The Berlin Wall (German: Berliner Mauer) was a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin.[1] The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls,[2] which circumscribed a wide area (later known as the "death strip") that contained anti-vehicle trenches, "fakir beds" and other defenses. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that marked Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.

Kuomintang

The Chinese Nationalist Party, formed after the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912 by Sun Yat Sen

EEOC

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was established to monitor & investigate employment discrimination by the 1964 Civil Rights Act

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

The Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT) is a treaty prohibiting all test detonations of nuclear weapons except underground. It was developed both to slow the arms race (nuclear testing was, at the time, necessary for continued developments in nuclear weapon), and to stop the excessive release of nuclear fallout into the planet's atmosphere. The Treaty was signed and ratified by the governments of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States during the fall of 1963.

Marshall Plan

The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the American program to aid Europe, in which the United States gave economic support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II in order to prevent the spread of Soviet Communism.[1] The plan was in operation for four years beginning in April 1948.[2] The goals of the United States were to rebuild war-devastated regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, and make Europe prosperous again.[3] The phrase "equivalent of the Marshall Plan" is often used to describe a proposed large-scale rescue program.[4]

European Community (EC)

an economic and, later, political movement in Europe that supported free markets on the continent with the goal of forming a common government in much of Europe. Came before modern European Union (EU).

Who is the presiding officer of the House of Representatives?

The Speaker

Mary McLeod Bethune

an educator and activist, founding the National Association of Colored Women and the National Council of Negro Women.

Political Culture

The attitudes, beliefs, and values of people in a country (people want different things from politics)

House members are unable to offer amendments to a bill from the floor when what is adopted?

The closed rule

Legislative oversight is a good example of what?

The constitutional principle of checks and balances

Margaret Sanger

Wrote pamphlets about contraception & opened clinics to provide contraception. During WWI US military began publishing her tracts to try to prevent spread of sexually transmitted diseases among troops. As a result of her work, by 1936, contraception clinics overseen by a physician were legal in most states.

whips

assist leadership both chambers

Liberal Democratic

The definition of liberal party is highly debatable. In the list below, a liberal party is defined as a political party that adheres to the basic principles of political liberalism. This is a broad political current, that includes left, centre and right wing. All liberal parties emphasise individual rights, but they differ in their opinion on an active role for the state.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

author of Uncle Tom's Cabin

Maria Stewart

The first black woman to lecture on women's rights and slavery in public in the early 1830s in Boston. Encountered vocal opposition and violence. Garrison published some of her lecture's in The Liberator.

Ayatollah Khomeini

The inspirational leader of the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and ultimately the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran until his death in 1989. Antagonistic toward the US and Israel.

Redistricting

The process of setting up new district lines after reapportionment has been completed

devolution

The process of transferring power from a central government to lower governments, which does not necessarily turn the system into a federal one.

Nancy Ward

a Cherokee woman and head of the Cherokee Women's Council. She sought a peaceful existence with white society. She led the opposition to the sale of Cherokee land to whites and argued women needed to retain control of land. Ultimately the Cherokee would be forcibly removed in the 1830s after white's failed to purchase lands.

Redistricting

The redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population.

Sepoy Rebellion

The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.

Unified Government

The same party controls the White House and both houses of Congress

Sacagawea

a Shoshone interpreter, and the only woman on the Lewis and Clark expedition

Traditionally, Congressional committee chairpersons have been chosen through what?

The seniority system

Federal regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946

This act required lobbyists to register with the clerk of either house before influencing legislation, but many were able to get around this by saying they were only offering advice. It also required that all lobbying activities be publicly disclosed.

Foreign Agents registration act of 1938

This act requires anyone representing outside nations or anything on behalf of foreign relations to disclose who they are working for.

Honest leadership and Open Government Act of 2007

This act set out to slow down the "revolving door" by increasing the wait time for which former congress members must wait to become a lobbyist. This act also enforced harsher penalties for not disclosing lobbying activities, and provides senators and their staff with ethics training.

Rose O'Neal Greenhow

a Southern lady and a Confederate spy. Gives insight into Southern women's lives and experiences of the Civil War. Highlights the role of women as spies during war.

Service Industry

The tertiary sector of the economy (also known as the service sector or the service industry) is one of the three economic sectors, the others being the secondary sector (approximately the same as manufacturing) and the primary sector (agriculture, fishing, and extraction such as mining).

Who is the president of the Senate?

The vice president

Eleanor Roosevelt

The wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, she changed the role of the first lady through her active participation in American politics

Female Labor Reform Society

This early labor organization support factory girls desire for a 10 hour day, safer conditions and better pay. It is an example of working class women advocating for improving their conditions.

According to the Constitution, once impeached, federal officials are then what?

Tried in the Senate

1971- McGovern-Frasier Commission

Tried to make political party conventions more representative.

The Camp David Accords

U.S. president Jimmy Carter and the leaders of Egypt and Israel met and agreed to remove all Israeli troops from the Sinai Peninsula

Intersubjective

Understood and used in the same way by different subjects

Types: Random/Unexplained

Unknown motive Reasons are generally just obscured

Muller v. Oregon

Upholds the Protective Labor legislation banning long hours for women

Gaza Strip

a coastal region at the southeastern corner of the Mediterranean bordering Israel and Egypt

Vladimir Putin

Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: Влади́мир Влади́мирович Пу́тин, IPA: [vɫɐˈdʲimʲɪr vɫɐˈdʲimʲɪrəvʲɪt͡ɕ ˈputʲɪn] ( listen) born 7 October 1952) is the President of Russia, a position he has held since 7 May 2012. He previously served as President from 2000 to 2008, and as Prime Minister of Russia from 1999 to 2000 and again from 2008 to 2012. During that last stint (2008 to 2012) he was also the Chairman of the United Russia political party.

1964 Civil Rights Act

Voting-same for all races. Public accommodations, hotels, restaurants and movie theaters. Schools & Govs could bring lawsuits to desegregate. Employment- outlawed discrimination in hiring or firing. Federal funds will be cut off if above said bodies are discriminatory.

Vaclav Havel

Václav Havel (Czech pronunciation: [ˈvaːt͡slav ˈɦavɛl] ( listen); 5 October 1936 - 18 December 2011) was a Czech playwright, essayist, poet, dissident and politician. Havel was the ninth[1] and last president of Czechoslovakia (1989-1992) and the first president of the Czech Republic (1993-2003). He wrote more than 20 plays and numerous non-fiction works, translated internationally. Havel was voted 4th in Prospect magazine's 2005 global poll of the world's top 100 intellectuals.[2] At the time of his death he was Chairman of the New York-based Human Rights Foundation. He was the founder of the VIZE 97 Foundation and the principal organizer of the Forum 2000 annual global conference.

Conservatives

Wants govt to limit itself at all levels Looks to citizens to solve problems Keep the stats quo than change Stresses individual responsibility and freedom in market Support laws for personal choice issues

Possession

When a witch is using shape/spector to torture other people's souls and bring them to the "dark side"; Form of psychic pain expression; inner turmoil expressed among women; psychosomatic manifestation of psychic pain/turmoil

What is a balanced budget?

When government expenditures do not exceed government revenue. Congress tries to balance budget but loopholes are always exploited

Betty Friedan

a feminist writer and rights activist who is best known for writing The Feminine Mystique in 1963

Party Caucus or Conference

a formal gathering of all party members

What is direct lobbying?

When lobbyists present client cases DIRECTLY to members and congressional staffs (or private citizens can hire professional lobbyists to do this for them)

What does it mean when Congress is engaging in legislative oversight?

When members of Congress hold a hearing to question a cabinet member on how a law is being carried out

Presidential democracy

Where a head of government is also head of state and lead an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch

Sojourner Truth

best-known for her extemporaneous speech on racial inequalities, "Ain't I a Woman?", delivered at the Ohio Women's Rights Convention in 1851

In Congress the majority and minority leaders are assisted by what?

Whips

Hopper

the box in the House of Representatives in which proposed bills are placed

Mary Easty

was accused but found innocent. Later on she was accused again, was found guilty, and was hanged. She was one of the three sisters. After she was dead, her name was cleared, and Sarah received a sovereign for her death.

Civil Rights Act 1964 Title VII

sex included; addresses accommodations & employment; government & education, religious organizations excluded however. Creates the EEOC which still enforces equal rights in employment today.

John Smith

short, cantankerous, irritable; caused trouble on ship; thinks of himself as womanizer - writes same story of women falling in love with him everywhere he travels; WHY HIS STORY WASN'T TRUE: - hostage, not prisoner - doesn't align w/ Indian culture - didn't mention Pocahontas until much later - 1624 - probably actually adopted by Powhatan's tribe - Pocahontas was 10 years old in 1608 - gross!

Federal system

some powers and responsibilities are granted to the national government, some are shared, and some are reserved for the states; it is inevitable that conflicts will occur between state governments and the national government; it also infuses localism into congressional affairs

Gang of Four

term used to denote the four leading radical figures - Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, and Wang Hongwen, who were arrested and blamed for the faults of the Cultural Revolution.

Soviet Bloc

the Soviet Union and the region in Eastern Europe under Soviet control, Stalin used it as a buffer against capitalist invasion

Amelia Earhart

the first female pilot to fly across the Atlantic and the first person to have flown both oceans.

Patrice Lumumba

the first prime minister of the Congo and also helped the Congo gain independence from Belgium; he was liked by the Congolese but not by the U.S. and the government and he was quickly imprisoned and murdered

Elizabeth Blackwell

the first woman to graduate from medical school in the United States. She became a leading public health activist during her lifetime.

Representation

the function of members of Congress as elected officials in representing the views of their constituents

Judicial Restraint

this is a theory that advises judges to only shoot down legislation if it is clearly unconstitutional.

Pluralism

this is the idea that legislation is not only influenced by congress, but by the individuals that lobby congress, the groups that lobby congress, media and public opinion.

Planned Parenthood v Casey 1993

upholds Roe v. Wade

The _____ has the job of presiding over the Senate and breaking ties when necessary.

vice president

President of the Senate

vice president of the U.S; may vote to break ties

trustee view of representation

view of whole nation in mind

Liberals

wants a more activist govt Looks to govt to solve problems Wants change in policy rather than status quo Passion for helping disadvantages and unorganized Supports freedom in personal choice issues

Taagepera and Shugart

"Seats and Votes"--Electoral systems are important because they are the easiest part of a democratic system to manipulate, different candidates may be elected according to different rules, and they shape voter behavior.

Florence Kelley

"To live means to buy, to buy means to have power, to have power means to have responsibility."

Umkhonto We Sizwe

"spear of the nation" a military wing of the ANC to fight apartheid. started after sharpeville massacre

filibustering

"talking a bill to death"

Rogowski

"How Inference in the Social (But not the Physical) Sciences Neglects Theoretical Anomaly"--Critique of KKV. Thinks KKV should: 1. select on the DV 2. be theoretically grounded 3. focus on anomalous cases

Aristotle

"Politics"--man is a political animal

Article I Section 7

-Requires president to approve or disapprove bill

Legislative Reorganization act of 1970

-Signed by Nixon -Created transparency by making all committee meetings public, and publicly televising them -introduced electronic voting in house

The UN Partition

1947 - UN plan to partition Palestine into a Jewish and Arab state. Jews accepted, Arabs rejected plan.

Kathering J. Blodgett

(1898-1979) was an American physicist and inventor who invented a micro-thin barium stearate film that makes glass completely nonreflective and "invisible" (patent #2,220,660, March 16, 1938). Her invention has been used in eyeglasses, camera lenses, telescopes, microscopes, periscopes, and projector lenses. She also invented a gauge that measured the thickness of this type of coating (which can be only a few molecules thick), called a "color gauge."

Ayatollah Khomeini

(1900?-1989) Islamic religious leader who led a fundamentalist revolution in Iran in 1979. Ruled until 1989.

Ruth Graves Wakefield

(1905-1977) invented chocolate chips (and chocolate chip cookies) in 1930. She ran the Toll House Inn in Whitman, Massachusetts. Her new cookie invention was called the "Toll House Cookie." Her original cookies used broken-up bars of semi-sweet chocolate. Her cookbook, "Toll House Tried and True Recipes," was published in 1940.

Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper

(1906 - 1992) was a US naval officer and mathematician who invented the computer compiler (called the A-O) in 1952. Her compiler revolutionized computer programming, automatically translating high-level instructions (easier to understand by people) into machine code (the cryptic, native language of the central processing unit). She and a team developed the first user-friendly business programming language, COBOL (COmmon Business-Oriented Language). There is an unconfirmed story that she determined than an error in the early Mark II computer was caused by a moth that was trapped in it; she then coined the term "computer bug."

Anwar Sadat

(1918-1981) Former President of Egypt and 1st Arab leader to recognize and make peace with Israel. He was assassinated Oct. 6 1981 for making peace with Israel.

What is the size of the Supreme court?

9 members with lifetime tenure, under Article II all federal judges are subject to impeachment

Jovita Idar

: Mexican American woman journalist in Texas who exposed the lynchings of Mexican Americans by the Texas Rangers. She also founded and woman's group who organized schools for Mexican American children in the early 1900s.

Caste System

A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life

Trustee

A legislator who acts according to her or his conscience and the broad interests of the entire society.

Patrice Lumumba

(1925-61) The first elected prime minister of the Congo; helped gain independence from Belgium. Elected by the Congolese and supported by the USSR- was assassinated by CIA-backed opposition and dictator Mobutu took power.

F.W. de Klerk

(1936- ) Elected as the last white South African president in 1989. He legalized the ANC and also released Nelson Mandela from prison. This started a new era in South Africa and ended apartheid after the country received significant international pressure.

totalitarianism

A regime type defined by an effort to remake society using an official ideology, a single mass political party, a secret police force employing terror against the population, a monopoly over means of communication, a monopoly over weapons in society, and a command economy.

Patrilineal Descent

A system of tracing descent through the father's side of the family

1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (Welfare to Work Act)

A welfare recipient would have to find work w/in two years or lose benefits; a lifetime maximum of five years on welfare. Replaced AFDC with Temporary Assistance for Need Families (TANF).

Corruption

Abuse of political power for illegitimate personal gain. Very strong relationship between authoritarian system and corruption. The more democratic, the less corruption. The relationship between wealth and corruption: the richer, the less corrupt.

When Political Action Committees contribute money to members of the Congress they are usually seeking what?

Access to policymakers

The Voting Rights Act of 1965

-Outlawed literacy tests and other discriminatory practices that had been responsible for disenfranchising African American voters -Provided federal oversight of voter registration in areas with a history of discriminatory voting processes -Improved voter registration disparity between races

1854 Kansas-Nebraska act

Allowed popular sovereignty on the slave issue

Berlin Wall

Built in 1961 in Berlin to restrict East Berliners from escaping to the Allied controlled parts of Berlin. The wall came down in 1989. The border barrier was later extended across the whole of Eastern Europe (the "Iron Curtain")

The Forbidden City

Built in the Ming Dynasty, was a stunning monument in Bejing built for Yonglo. All commoners and foreigners were forbidden to enter without special permission.

Congress research services

CRS

Staff agencies

CRS, GAO, CBO; provide specific information to congress

Deng Xiaoping

Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong.

People's Republic of China

Communist government of mainland China; proclaimed in 1949 following military success of Mao Zedong over forces of Chiang Kai-shek and the Guomindang.

Westminster model of democracy FPTP (plurality) electoral system.

Dahl's term for a democratic system that combines a parliamentary approach with a FPTP (plurality) electoral system.

Latin American model of democracy

Dahl's term for a political system that combines presidentialism with a PR electoral system.

Rotating Savings and Credit Associations

Definition: A group of individuals who agree to meet for a defined period in order to save and borrow together, a form of combined peer-to-peer banking and peer-to-peer lending. Limited membership. Regular contributions. Lump-sum payments on rotating basis. Author: Significance: Example:

Defining Revolution: "Political Decay"

Definition: Irregular or guerrilla insurgency. Brief revolts or coups. Overt, militarily conventional wars. The "mis-match" between economics and politics drives social unrest. Author: Huntington Significance: Example:

Nationalists vs. Communists

During 1920's both sides began a civil war in China, during 30's both fought against the Japanese, after which they started a civil war agaqinst each other again. The U.S. sided with the Nationalist Party even though they were corrupt to fight communist rule. The Communists won the Civil war in 1949.

Ester Reed

During the Revolutionary War she formed the Ladies Association of Philadelphia and these women raised thousands of dollars to support the Continental Army. She then communicated with and organized the other governors wives across the colonies to form similar fundraising groups. She published tracts supporting the forgoing of luxury goods to buy linen and shirts for soldiers.

ASEAN

Formed 1967: Association of Southeast Asian Nations- An association of nations dedicated to economic and political cooperation in southeastern Asia and who joined with the United States to fight against global terrorism.

Earmark

Funds that an appropriations bill designates for a particular purpose within a state or congressional district

Governmental accountability offices

GAO

Anwar Sadat

Egyptian president who made peace with Israel

15th Amendment

Gave men the right to vote as part of citizenship. The constitution for the first time distinguishes between men and women's rights of citizenship. Women do not get to vote.

Anne Bradstreet

Elite colonial woman who was well-educated, intelligent, valued by her father, and a prominent woman in the Massachusetts Bay Colony; wrote a book (one of the few); pious woman; wrote a poem about her mom and being pious, virtuous, generous, and ideal woman in 17th century;

1867 Military Reconstruction Act

Established Radical Republican control of the south after the Civil War

Society for the Relief of Poor Widows with Small Children

Established by Isabella Graham in the early 1800s this organization collected charity for widows with small children. Trying to alleviate the plight of poor urban mothers society women paid subscriptions (pledges) to this organization. Ultimately they founded the first orphanage.

1887 Sherman Anti Trust Act

Established illegality of monopoly

Variables

Features on which cases differ

Angela Merkel

Germany

Lech Walesa

Head of Solidarity in Poland who led Poland to democracy in 1989 ending communist rule. Served as President from 1990-1995.

Quorum

Is the minimum number of members who must be present to conduct official business

Golda Meir

Israel

Types: Angels of Death

Issues of control Most operate alone Hospital workers

Daoism

It is a philosophy which is founded by Laozi. Daoism emphasizes living in harmony with nature

What must a bill do before being sent to the President?

It must be passed by both the House and the Senate

First Gulf War

In 1991 was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force of approximately 30 nations led by the United States and mandated by the United Nations in order to liberate Kuwait.

Medicare

In the United States, Medicare is a national social insurance program, administered by the U.S. federal government since 1965, that guarantees access to health insurance for Americans aged 65 and older and younger people with disabilities as well as people with end stage renal disease (Medicare.gov, 2012) and persons with Lou Gehrig's disease. As a social insurance program, Medicare spreads the financial risk associated with illness across society to protect everyone, and thus has a somewhat different social role from for-profit private insurers, which manage their risk portfolio by adjusting their pricing according to perceived risk.

What are caucuses?

Members of Congress who informally band together in groups to promote and protect mutual interests (e.g., Mushroom Growers)

Cultural Approach

Looks at rules and norms in societies. Role of certain leaders. Growth of a particular social movement or nascent revolutionary group. Comparing just a couple cases; qualitative

Sacajawea

Louis and Clark expedition. NAWSA

Powhatan

Pocahontas' father; consolidated tribes; brilliant strategist; married women in tribes that he conquered (polygamy); has children with other tribal/royal women (diplomatic); monarch like King James

When the House and the Senate pass different versions of the same bill, a conference committee is appointed to do what?

Resolve differences

Pro temp is after the speaker in succession to the presidency

Senate

Vp is presiding officer if in attendance

Senate

Environment

Setting that influencing the running of a state: includes citizens, popular opinions, NGOs, economy, climate, etc.

Sally Hemings

She was a slave of Thomas Jefferson. She also bore his children, four of whom lived to gain their freedom during her twenty year relationship with Jefferson. Her life highlights the difficult terrain of slavery for enslaved women who were bodily the property of masters.

Quebec

Quebec (Listeni/kwɨˈbɛk/ or /kɨˈbɛk/; French: Québec [kebɛk] ( listen))[7] is a province in east-central Canada.[8][9] It is the only Canadian province that has a predominantly French-speaking population, and the only to have French as its sole provincial official language.

What happens to most bills formally submitted for consideration in Congress?

Quietly killed off early in the process

Sequester

This is a series of automatic cuts to specific programs if congress exceeds their targeted deficit. These cuts can be very harmful to certain peoples jobs, and services as well.

Ella Baker

This African American w was the national director for Southern Christian Leadership Conference under King 1957; NAACP field organizer; helps form Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC); She organizes sit ins & voter registration drives.

Female Moral Reform Society

This New York association was created to try to reduce prostitution. They estimated 5-10% of women fell into prostitution. They were concerned with the morality of the girls and tried to address licentious men who they held responsible for "ruining" girls. They lobbied to make prostitution a crime.

Eliza Pinckney

This South Carolina planter's daughter ran her father's plantations in the late colonial period. She was highly educated, married well and raised sons who became political leaders of the US during the Early Republican period. She serves as an illustration of the ideal of Republican Motherhood.

Foreign American Anti-Slavery Society

This abolitionist group did not believe in women's rights and separated from the American Anti-slavery Society in 1840. Women were not allowed in membership

Judiciary Act of 1789

This act divided the nation into several different judicial districts

Budget and Accounting Act of 1921

This act governed the role of congress in US budget process and governs the process by which congress annually adopts a budget resolution.

House seats are up for election every _____ years.

two

Mumbai

a city in western India just off the coast of the Arabian Sea

Rentier State

a country that obtains a hefty income by exporting raw materials or leasing out natural resources to foreign companies

Caucus

a group of members of Congress sharing some interest or characteristic

What are the six constraints on Congress?

bicameralism; bills of attainder; ex post facto; habeus corpus; separation of powers; checks and balances

The house Rules committee reviews most ____ coming from committees before they go to the full _____.

bills; House

Helen Keller

blind and deaf, found ACLU

Esther DeBerdt Reed

wife of governor; prominent woman; want women to be revolutionary; raised money for the army; led to creation of other associations;

"third legislature"

conference committee

the house minority leader

consults with majority leadership

Neo-Colonialism

control by a powerful country of its former colonies (or other less developed countries) by economic pressures

Necessary and proper clause is also called ____

elastic clause

Margaret Fuller

feminist writing and literary criticism in 19th century America

Kwame Nkrumah

founder of Ghana's independence movement and Ghana's first priesident

President Lincolin was the only person to suspend this legal doctrine

habeas corpus

What is social lobbying?

informal lobbying that occurs at social events, but there are several restrictions regarding this type of lobbyinh

Barro

"Democracy: A Recipe for Growth"--Argues that development leads to democracy and that the relationship is complicated but the two go together. More political freedom does not impact economic growth, but rather improving standards of living will better a nation's welfare. Western nations would contribute more to developing countries by exporting their economic systems (free markets, property rights) than their political systems (democracy, political freedom). Political freedom emerges as a luxury good. Need to export property rights and free markets rather than political systems. Hardin--no technical solution requires institutional response. TLDR: Economic growth is a precursor to democracy. Western world should impose economic systems, not political systems, on developing world.

Hugo Chavez

Venezuelan political leader and president; he set out to eliminate poverty in his country, but his methods of doing so tended to turn his country away from democracy and toward a dictatorship.

Acemoglu and Johnson

"Disease and Development: The Effect of Life Expectancy on Economic Growth"--Effect of the international epidemiological transition: increased life expectancy and decreased income per capita. Improving health is advantageous both socially and economically (causal relationship between health and economic growth). TLDR: Poor health is bad for economic development.

Sandra Day O'Conner

Was appointed by Reagan as the first woman on the Supreme Court in 1981. She supported ruling in Planned Parenthood v Casey in 1993 which supported the Roe v Wade women's right to choose pregnancy. In 2000 in Stenberg v Carhart she supported overturning a State ban on abortion. She also consistently supported the separation of religion and state and continued application of civil rights law.

Who do minority and majority leaders have help from?

Whips who serve as assistant floor leaders

politico position

leader in senate- sr. member

Habeas corpus

legal doctrine that a person who is arrested must have a timely hearing before a judge

Unanimous consent

legislative action taken "without objection" as a way to expedite business

Casework

personal work for constituents by members of Congress

enumerated power

power spelled out in constitution

Enumerated powers

powers of the federal government specifically mentioned in the Constitution, of what Congress can and cannot do

What branch of legislature do these make up: legislative, executive, and judicial branch

separation of powers

Casework

services performed by members of Congress for constituents

Descriptive representation

the composition of a representative body reflects the demographic composition of the population as a whole; it breaks down the gender, race and age of representatives in order to look like the population

hegemony

the consistent cultural, political, or economic dominance or influence of one group, state, or ideology over others

Anne Putnam Jr

the only one of the accusing girls to apologize for her involvement in the Salem Witch Trials

Markup

the process of revising a bill

Margaret Fuller

Woman and the Nineteenth Century1845: She wrote an influence work that was widely read among the Women's Rights activist groups. She advocated for women's right to an education and the right to employment. Anthony cited here as an inspiration.

The Heart of the Issue

Women can be just as lethal as males The real issue is method

executive agreements

these differ from treaties as they are agreements between the heads of 2 or more nations but they have not been ratified by the legislatures, and are not politically binding.

What are legislative directives?

this type of legislation is passed by congress to affect foreign policy. An example: refusal to sell weapons to a nation unless they clea up their human rights record

discharge petition

to force bill from committee

John Rolfe

tobacco farmer; previously married; had a child that died; wife dies shortly after childbirth; marries Pocahontas

Moa's Initial Land Reforms

took land from the rich to give to the poor, landowners were denounced

Method of Difference

"Most Similar" Cases: One treated case, one control. Case A and Case B are similar in all respects except they have different values on the IV and DV.

Hobsbawm

"Nationalism"--Nation: any sufficiently large body of people whose members regard themselves as members of a nation (Facebook?). Nations come from the rise of a middle class and lesser gentry, nations. IV: Middle class and lesser gentry Causal Logic: Education and language DV: Nationalism

Georgia O'Keefe

20th century American painter best known for her flower canvases and southwestern landscapes.

Minimum Age for a Representative

25

What is the minimum age for membership of the House of Representatives?

25

Brahma, Shiva, Vishnu

3 Main gods of Hinduism

Humphreys and Weinstein

"Who Fights? The Determinants of Participation in Civil War"--Participation in a military faction (challenging the status quo) motivated by socio-economic status, costs and benefits of joining, and social pressures. TLDR: Why people fight in a civil war: 1. economic deprivation 2. political marginalization 3. selective material incentives

Collier and Gunning

"Why has Africa Grown Slowly?"--Four explanations for why Africa has grown slowly: 1. Domestic-Destiny: AIDS (low life expectancy and high infant mortality), poor soil quality, low population density, small economies. 2. External-Destiny: Lack of democracy, poor delivery of public services 3. Domestic-Policy: Bad trade (landlocked and lack of navigable rivers), exports concentrated in narrow range of commodities, volatile prices, and more aid per capita than other regions (diminishing growth). 4. External-Policy: High trade barriers--overvalued exchange rates, high tariffs Biggest problem may be domestic policies unrelated to trade. TLDR: Many factors related to geography, institutions, and economic policy have inhibited Africa's growth.

Spectral Evidence

"evidence" of possession; previously not allowed in court b/c not hard evidence like maleficium

Pocahontas

"little mischief" - clever, intelligent, playful; was 10 in 1607; gets to Jamestown fort in 1608; mother is unknown and NOT royal; NOT a princess - has no influence over Powhatan; sent to Jamestown by Powhatan at 10 years old - trusted her and she was expendable

Victims: Families

#1: Husbands Children, In-laws, Mothers, and others

Current salary in congress

$174,000

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Chinese military and political leader who led the Communist Party of China to victory against the Nationalists in the [second] Chinese Civil War. Leader of the People's Republic of China from establishment in 1949 till death in 1976. An influential leader who transformed China into world power, but also created programs that led to large unnecessary loss of life.

Simone de Beauvoir

(1908-1986) French writer and philosopher who worked closely with Jean-Paul Sartre, wrote the influential book "The Second Sex." A feminist icon who challenged many accepted, traditional, middle class beliefs.

Indira Gandhi

(1917 - 1984) — Was Prime Minister of India from 1966-77. Daughter of Jawaharhal Nehru, himself the third prime minister of India. Sought to lead India out of poverty. Assassinated by her Sikh bodyguard. No relation to the other famous Gandhi.

Margaret Thatcher

(1925-2013) "The Iron Lady" was a neoliberal British prime minister who confronted unions, promoted laissez-faire economics, fought and won the Falklands War, and was tough on Soviet communism. Not a fan of feminism.

Sharon Christa Corrigan McAuliffe

(1948-1986) was an American schoolteacher who was chosen to be the first teacher in space. She was killed, along with her six fellow astronauts (Francis R. Scobee, Michael J. Smith, Judith A. Resnik, Ellison S. Onizuka, Ronald E. McNair, and Gregory B. Jarvis), when the NASA's Space Shuttle Challenger Mission 51-L exploded only 73 seconds after its launch on the morning of January 28, 1986. She was born on September 2, 1948, in Boston, Massachusetts. She taught at Concord High School in Concord, New Hampshire, before being chosen for the Space Shuttle mission (she was chosen from over 11,000 applicants). She was married and had two children.

Lawmaking

(Congress makes) the process of deciding the legal rules that govern a society; such laws may regulate minor affairs or establish broad national policies

Gertrude Belle Elion

(January 23, 1918 - February 21, 1999) was a Nobel Prize winning biochemist who invented many life-saving drugs, including 6-mercaptopurine (Purinethol) and 6-thioguanine (which fight leukemia), Imuran, Zovirax, and many others. She worked at Burroughs-Wellcome (now called Glaxo Wellcome) for decades (beginning in 1944) with George Hitchings and Sir James Black, with whom she shared the Nobel Prize. She is named on 45 patents for drugs and her work has saved the lives of thousands of people.

detente

(early 1970's-early 80's)A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States and USSR during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

What is leadership in the senate like?

-VP of US actual president, only votes to break tie does not sit in w senate -PRes pro tem sits in, only ceremonial no power -Presiding officers who change frequently w no real power -Majority and minority leaders -majority party has minor authority over minority party

The Civil Rights Acts of 1964

-enforced amendment 14 -Ended Jim Crow segregation in public accommodations -Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to monitor and enforce protection against job discrimination -Prohibited discrimination in employment grounds

Structural Foreign Policies

-financial implications -military expenditures -pork barrel spending -location of military bases -trade policy

What happens when there is a high level of veto players?

1- authoritarianism is check 2- Grid lock: the more people you ask, the more complicated it gets (In Britain, things get done and passed efficiently contrarily to concentrated system)

5 veto points (fragmentation of power)

1- bi cameralism 2- President 3- supreme court 4- federalism (states governors) 5- referendum

Characteristics to become a federal system

1- checks & balances 2- size of the country (territorial & population) 3- Ethnic, religious, linguistic diversity (ethnofederalism)

Paris Peace Accords

1973 peace agreement between the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Vietcong that effectively ended the Vietnam War.

Mae Jamison

1st African American female astronaut to go into space

Sally Ride

1st American woman astronaut in space

Mary Lou Retton

1st American woman to win the all round metal in gymnastics. 1st female celebrity to appear on a box on Wheaties.

Margaret Sanger

1st birth clinic in U.S

Oprah Winfrey

1st black news anchor woman in the south. Highest paid entertainer in the world

Jeannette Rankin

1st w elected to congress, from Montana in 1916. Opposed US involvement in WWI, an unpopular decision in the eyes of the NAWSA. Later worked w/ Florence Kelley within National Consumers League. As a lobbyist she pushed for legislation to provide state & federal funds for maternal & child health programs, such as visiting nurses, midwife education and health clinics. She successfully introduced & advocated for passage of the Sheppard-Towner Act which was the 1st federal social welfare program for w and children in 1921.

Shannon Faulkner

1st woman to attend the cite-led, military group

Amelia Earhart

1st woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean

Margaret Mead

1st woman to get a PhD in anthropology

Wilma Rudolph

1st woman to win 3 Olympic medals in 1 Olympic game.

Each state has how many Senators

2

How many Senators per state are there?

2

How many senators are elected from each state?

2

Minimum Age for a Senator

30

Joint Committee

A committee of the House and the Senate that usually acts as a study group and reports its findings back to the House and the Senate

Cultural Revolution (China)

An attempt by Mao in China from 1966 to about 1971 to restore orthodox communism in China by persecuting intellectuals, teachers and other bourgeois elements. The youth of China formed the Red Guards to enforce the revolution. It was a social and economic disaster for China.

Amelia Bloomer

Advocate of dress reform and health knowledge for women in the mid and late 19th century. Bloomer's did not catch on, but the idea that corsets were unhealthy gained mainstream acceptance and dress standards changed by the end of the century- wasp-waists were out. She was not an advocate of suffrage, but did advocacy for other rights for women.

Sarah Winnemucca

Advocated for rights of Native Americans and cultural preservation in 1890s. She wrote Life among the Paiutes which drew attention to the wrongs they suffered.

ANC

African National Congress; Oldest and largest black political organization in South Africa. Banned in 1960 after the Sharpeville Massacre, and its leaders (notably Nelson Mandela) imprisoned or exiled, it aimed to overthrow white rule in South Africa and to destroy apartheid.

Bargaining Failures

Definition: Bargaining failures are characterized by information asymmetries (both sides have private information that they are incentivized to keep secret), lack of the ability to make credible commitments (power asymmetries exist), and indivisible stakes (may have absolutized goals). Author: Walter Significance: The reasons behind bargaining failures explain why civil wars can occur rationally--they can provide important information to fill information asymmetry gaps and resolve issues of non-credible commitments. Example: In Chechnya, both sides have attempted to bargain but when the bargains failed, they entered civil war.

Dependency Theory

Definition: Developing countries lose out in the international system. Regions on the periphery remain dependent on the core (extractive) countries, for they must import manufactured goods from them. Author: Frank Significance: This theory presents a notion of how development and democracy relate to one another and is very important in political science because it explains why some nations that were once wealthy in ancient history have had a reversal of fortunes. Example: In Latin America, la Dependencia affected many countries because Europe and the United States imported raw resources such as agricultural goods and minerals and imported back more expensive, manufactured goods.

Democracy

Definition: Citizens are the most important feature of democracy. Control by elected officials. Frequent, fair elections. Practically all adults can vote and run for office. Citizens can express themselves, seek alternative sources of information, and form independent associations. Author: Schmitter and Karl Significance: Example: U.S.

Import Substitution Industrialization

Definition: Combats dependency on core countries. Close off from outside world in trade and focus on producing domestically. Critiqued by Easterly because he/she believes governments should focus on incentivizing investment. Author: Easterly Significance: It is a method to combat the dependency phenomenon, which is key to stimulating the economic development of nations who are heavily vested in the global economy but lack wealth. Example: India (the Nehru-Gandhi model)--high tariffs and import licensing. State was pursuing modernization.

Data

Collected through: Statistical Analysis-->large n studies, consider multiple alternatives at a time Case Studies-->small n studies, cause/effect, clinical details

Imagined Community

Definition: Nation is a sense of belonging to a collective, even if we do not know all the other members. Limited-not everyone is in the community. Sovereign-nations are not overshadowed by a theological or philosophical vision. Community-deeply horizontal bonds between citizens. Author: Anderson Significance: Example: Europe--Shared history, culture, system of values, Eurovision

Tragedy of the Commons

Definition: Focuses on a class of human problems=>"no technical solution problems." Overpopulation has no technical solution. Proposes that the state should step in and stop people from having children (in order to curb overpopulation). "Necessity of abandoning the commons in breeding" Author: Hardin Significance: Example: Overpopulation. State should step in and stop people from having children (only viable solution).

Institutions

Definition: Humanly devised constraints that structure political, economic, and social interaction. Must be observable, such as constitutions, codes of conduct, taboos, and laws. Beliefs are not institutions. Author: North Significance: Reduce transaction costs. Help solve problem of agency. Facilitate negotiation, measurement, enforcement. Permit specialization. Allow for credible commitments. Example: unregulated traffic intersections. Solutions: rules, signs

Nationalism

Definition: It is a sentiment of pride and belonging that encourages a desire for national sovereignty and territorial integrity. A nation is a sufficiently large body of people whose members regard themselves as members of a nation. The rise of a middle class and lesser gentry led to nationalism because of the subsequent increase in educational opportunities and use of a common language. Author: Hobsbawm Significance: Example:

Single Transferable Vote

Definition: It's a type of electoral system. King argues that the most confusing/complicated electoral system is STV. In it, voters get to rank candidates. Count 1st votes first. Count until first seat awarded. Add uncounted votes until next seat awarded Repeat until all seats filled. Author: King Significance: Example: GUSA

First Past the Post

Definition: It's a type of electoral system. Plurality: Candidate with largest number of votes wins. Author: Significance: Examples: UK and India

Totalitarianism

Definition: It's a type of regime. Elaborate guiding ideology. Extensive and intensive mobilization. Party has monopoly on all power. Unlimited, unpredictable leadership. Author: Linz and Stepan Significance: Example: Chairman Mao

Sultanism

Definition: Personal and arbitrary leadership. A form of authoritarian government characterized by the extreme personal presence of the ruler in all elements of governance. Glorification of ruler. Ruler may or may not be present in economical and social life, hence some economic and social pluralism. Ceremonial mobilization. Author: Linz and Stepan Significance: Example: Dominican Republic under Trujillo. His tyrannical rule was responsible for the death of at least 50,000, including 25,000 at the infamous Parsley Massacre (execution of Haitians living in borderland). Era of a classic personality cult--monuments were in abundance. Trujillo's rule brought the country more stability and prosperity than any living Dominican had previously known. However, the price was high — civil liberties were nonexistent and human rights violations were routine.

Religious Vitality

Definition: Religion is not refutable; both identity and ideology. Comparative politics, in its study of religion, should pay greater attention to religious doctrine. "A public and collective belief system that structures the relationship of the individual to the divine and the supernatural," religious vitality within the state Author: Gryzmala-Busse Significance: Religion has often played an important role in national identity & shaping state structures, so learning about vitality of religion might tell us something about future vitality of the nation and state. Example: Poland has high level of religious vitality amongst Catholics. Inhospitable environment fostered religious vitality. Pope John Paul II (Polish).

NACWC

Founded in 1896 by Well & Terrell & other educated elite black women. Black women were excluded from nearly all established women's clubs & associations. These highly educated black women from the middle & upper classes focused on 'racial uplift' w/ the motto "Lifting as we Climb" & community charity & education. This organization is still at work today.

NAOWS

Founded in 1911 to oppose suffrage, the National Association Opposed to Women's Suffrage was made up of distillers, brewers, southern congressmen and wealth business owners along with the elite women of Boston. They were unsuccessful.

Perils of Parliamentarism

Fragmentation. Fragment of leadership that can lead to crises (3rd and 4th French Republic) It is hard to create a government coalition.

Rebecca Nurse

Francis Nurse's wife. Rebecca is a wise, sensible, and upright woman, held in tremendous regard by most of the Salem community. However, she falls victim to the hysteria when the Putnams accuse her of witchcraft and she refuses to confess.

Slow Economic Development (synthesis)

Frank blames Dependency Theory. Easterly blames government. De Soto and North would agree with Easterly that the government gets in the way of growth.

Who is the current house representative from congressional district number 6 in Michigan?

Fred Upton

Rational Choice Approach

Emphasizes reason. A class of actions. Broad phenomena. Many cases compared in experiments.

Why was the voting rights act of 1965 amended?

Encourage the states to draw districts that that cone treated minorities together for a better chance to win seats

Mary Anderson

Friend of Jane Adams. Member of the WTUL and a labor rights advocate during the 1910 strike in Chicago. She headed of the Women's Bureau 1920-1944. She got the minimum wage written into Fair Labor Standards Act 1938. Was opposed to the ERA believing protective legislation was helpful to women. She lobbied in Congress to pass the Equal Pay Act in 1963.

Salt March

Gandhi led a march over 240 miles to protest the British monopoly on salt in India

Critical Junctures

Definition: Societies have embarked on divergent political-economic development paths at critical junctures in the past 500 years. Patterns of colonization could explain the positive association between income and democracy over the past 500 years. Author: Acemoglu, Johnson, Robertson, and Yared Significance: This theory presents a notion of how development and democracy relate to one another, offering commentary on the contention that either development or democracy must precede one another. Example: This theory could explain labor incorporation in Latin American countries, such as the exploitations of indigenous populations and Latin American natural resources by European colonizers. At a certain critical juncture, Europeans came to LA and asserted their dominance, setting the region on a path of dependency that would negatively affect their economic development.

Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology. New DNA may be inserted in the host genome by first isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using molecular cloning methods to generate a DNA sequence, or by synthesizing the DNA, and then inserting this construct into the host organism. Genes may be removed, or "knocked out", using a nuclease. Gene targeting is a different technique that uses homologous recombination to change an endogenous gene, and can be used to delete a gene, remove exons, add a gene, or introduce point mutations.

Microfinance

Definition: Supports local entrepreneurs, connects capital with uses, undercuts local lenders, creates solidarity, teaches business skills. Author: Significance: Example: Kiva

United States v One Package

In 1936 a federal appeals court ruled that federal gov could not interfere w/ dr.s providing contraception to their patients. Sanger had arranged for a shipment of diaphragms to be mailed to a sympathetic doctor in NYC to challenge the Comstock laws.

Poverty Line

In U.S., $23,850 for a family of 4. 15% of US citizens are currently below the poverty line. Advantages of line: correspond to actual living conditions, levels of development, and basic needs. Disadvantages: Not easily comparable cross-nationally, political manipulation of line, surveys are costly.

Minority Party

In both the House of Representatives and the Senate, the political party to which fewer than half the members belong

Where does most of the business of Congress take place?

In committees and subcommittees

Elizabeth Blackwell

In1849 she graduated from the only medical school which would admit her- the Geneva Medical School, NY. Most hospitals refused her as a medical practitioner. 1852 wrote The Laws of Life; with Special Reference to the Physical Education of Girls. In 1853 she opened and clinic in the slums of New York along with her sister, also a doctor and another female doctor. Together they expanded this clinic into a hospital, the New York Infirmary for Women and Children. They helped organize the New York Central Relief Association which sent medical aid to Union troops at the start of the Civil War.

Globalization

Increase in interdependence of countries, thickening of input/output

Afghan mujahideen

Islamic "holy warriors". Soviets fought against them in Soviet-Afghanistan war. Mujahideen gained control, aided by US, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Iran and China. US gave them Stinger missiles when it supported them against USSR...

Yitzhak Rabin

Israeli Prime Minister who signed the Oslo Accords which gave Palestinians in Gaza & West Bank limited self-rule

Konrad Adenauer

Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer (German pronunciation: [ˈkɔnʁaːt ˈhɛɐman ˈjoːzɛf ˈaːdənaʊɐ]; 5 January 1876 - 19 April 1967) was a German statesman. As the first post-war Chancellor of Germany (West Germany) from 1949 to 1963, he led his country from the ruins of World War II to a productive and prosperous nation that forged close relations with old enemies France and the United States.[1] In his years in power Germany achieved prosperity, democracy, stability and respect.[2] He was the first leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), a Christian Democratic party that under his leadership became, and has since remained, the most powerful party in the country.

Kosovo

Kosovo (/ˈkɒsəvoʊˌ ˈkoʊsəvoʊ/; Albanian: Kosovë, Kosova; Serbian: Косово or Космет / Kosovo or Kosmet[6]), sometimes referred to as Kosovo and Metohija (Serbian: Косово и Метохија, Kosovo i Metohija), is a region in southeastern Europe. In antiquity, the Dardanian kingdom, and later Roman province of Dardania was located in the region. It was part of Serbia in the Middle Ages, during which time many important Serbian Orthodox Christian monasteries, some of which are now UNESCO World Heritage sites, were built.

Who is the speakers top assistants

Majority leader

How is the House of reps selected?

Majority party members of HR and is after the VP in line of succession to the presidency; rep John boehner

1993 Gramm-Rudman Act

Mandated a maximum allowable deficit level each year until budget is balanced. Late 1990s it was successful but post 9-11 budgetary expenditures have far exceeded the act's mandates.

Great Cultural Revolution

Mao Zedong's great effort in the mid-1960s to weed out capitalist tendencies that he believed had developed in China

Mao Zedong

Mao Zedong, also transliterated as Mao Tse-tung About this sound listen (help·info), and commonly referred to as Chairman Mao (December 26, 1893 - September 9, 1976), was a Chinese communist revolutionary, politician and socio-political theorist. The founding father of the People's Republic of China from its establishment in 1949, he governed the country as Chairman of the Communist Party of China until his death. In this position he converted China into a single-party socialist state, with industry and business being nationalized under state ownership and socialist reforms implemented in all areas of society. Politically a Marxist-Leninist, his theoretical contribution to the ideology along with his military strategies and brand of policies are collectively known as Maoism.

Mao-Zedong

Mao led the communist revolution in China and emerged victorious in 1949. He led China until his death in 1976.

1996 Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)

Marriage is a legal union between a man and a woman

Abigail Adams

Married to Pres. John Adams, was one of the first feminists, and supported education and property rights for women

Josip Tito

Marshal Josip Broz Tito (born Josip Broz; Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: [jɔ̌sip brɔ̂ːz tîtɔ]; Serbian Cyrillic: Јосип Броз Тито; 7 May 1892[nb 1] - 4 May 1980) was the leader of the Yugoslav Partisans, Europe's most effective anti-Nazi resistance movement[8][9] and a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman, serving in various roles from 1945 until his death in 1980.[10] While his presidency has been criticized as authoritarian,[11][12][13] Tito was "seen by most as a benevolent dictator"[14] due to his successful economic and diplomatic policies and was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad.[15] Viewed as a unifying symbol,[16] his internal policies successfully maintained the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation. He gained international attention as the chief leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, working with Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Sukarno of Indonesia.[17]

Martin L. King Jr.

Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929 - April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience. King has become a national icon in the history of American progressivism.[1]

Roe v Wade 1973

Medical community has right to abort unwanted pregnancies

Anna Howard Shaw

Medical doctor & 1st female ordained Methodist minister, was a key leader of suffrage movement working w/ Carrie Chapman Catt & Susan B Anthony to unite the 2 factions creating a powerful single voice for suffrage. She led the NAWSA 1904-1915 and supported child labor laws and rights for women workers.

The Great Trek

Migration of Dutch to the north to escape British rule in South Africa

Mikhail Gorbachev

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (Russian: Михаи́л Серге́евич Горбачёв, tr. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov, IPA: [mʲɪxɐˈil sʲɪrˈɡʲejɪvʲɪt͡ɕ ɡərbɐˈt͡ɕof] ( listen); born 2 March 1931) is a former Soviet statesman, having served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991, and as the country's head of state from 1988 until its dissolution in 1991. He was the only general secretary in the history of the Soviet Union to have been born during Communist rule. Alongside East Germany's Egon Krenz and Poland's Wojciech Jaruzelski, Gorbachev is one of the last surviving leaders of an Eastern Bloc nation as of 2013.

Minority Leader

Minority Party's counterpart to the majority party's leadership.

Nationalization

Nationalization (British/Commonwealth spelling nationalisation) is the process of taking a private industry or private assets into public ownership by a national government or state.[1] Nationalization usually refers to private assets, but may also mean assets owned by lower levels of government, such as municipalities, being transferred to the public sector to be operated and owned by the state. The opposite of nationalization is usually privatization or de-nationalization, but may also be municipalization. Industries that are usually subject to nationalization include transport, communications, energy, banking and natural resources.

Nonaligned Nations

Nations such as India who did not take sides (at least officially) in the Cold War conflicts between the Soviet Union and the US.

What implies the Congress has powers beyond those expressed in the first 17 clauses of Article 1, Section 8?

Necessary and proper clause

The Republic of China

New government established by Mao after Communists took over mainland China.

Violeta Chamorro

Nicaragua

Fast track authority

This is an authority granted to the president to negotiate international agreements that congress can approve or disapprove at a later time. This is one of the many ways congress is able to check the exec branch

What are incumbents?

Those already holding office

Theo Colborn

Our Stolen Future,1996; work on endocrine disruptors; non-profit TDEX: led to Senate Bill 1361 The Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals Exposure Elimination Act introduced by John Kerry to US Senate in 2011 still working its way through Committee.

Mobutu

Overthrew Lumumba, the leader of the Congo, renamed the country Zaire, and ruled for 32 years (1965-97). He used a combination of force, one party rule, and gifts to supporters to run his country.

Benazir Bhutto

Pakistan

Current President Pro Tempore

Patrick Leahy

Westernization

Really a term for becoming like "Western" countries, that is, economically developed, urbanized and economically modern. Also could be called "modernization".

Benjamin Rush

Wanted to educate sons; wives are stewards/guardians of husband's property; positive moral effect on men; , 18-19th century American physician/psychiatrist. Signer of Declaration of Independence. Wrote Inquiry Upon Physical Causes Upon the Moral Faculty. Used bleeding and purging on his patients.

Opium War

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.

Inputs

What comes from the environment that impacts state institutions, such as interest groups, elections, riots, polling data

Julia Ward Howe

Wrote Battle Hymn of the Republic and infused abolitionist sentiment into the War rhetoric. She founded the American Women's Suffrage Association with Lucy Stone and advocated for the passage of the 15th Amendment.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Wrote Declaration of Sentiments in 1848 which 1st laid out issue of w's rights & established desire for right to vote as a central issue. Small group of activists including Susan B Anthony worked for w's rights. The groups divided over the 15th amendments exclusion of women from voting rights. Stanton sought a wider array of women's rights than the increasingly conservative suffrage movement. She successfully got New York to pass married women property rights & guardianship of children on husband's death or divorce. Other states followed.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Wrote uncle tom's cabin

Conference Committee

a special joint committee appointed to reconcile differences when bills pass the two chambers of Congress in different forms; it is also select

Proxy War

a war instigated by a major power that does not itself participate

What are the unique powers that the Senate holds?

advice and consent for judicial and upper-level executive branch appointments; trial of impeachment cases; advice and consent for treaties

India Partition

after India's independence from Britain in 1947, India divided into Hindu-dominated but nominally secular India & Muslim state of Pakistan

Whips of the Senate

an assistant who aids the majority or minority leader of the Senate

Anne Hutchinson

early 17th-century religious liberal who became one of the founders of Rhode Island after her banishment from Massachusetts Bay Colony.

what are the purposes of committees

ease congressional workload by diving legislative work among smaller groups allowing members to specialize on key issues and select key bills congress will consider Hold investigative public hearings on key problems and issue in the country and report out their finding (oversight function)

Maleficium

form of witchcraft that brings harm onto other people's property, health, kids, livestock, and food supply; EX - stillborns, spoiled milk, dead cows, etc.

majority leader of the house

formulates legislative agenda for party

Susan B. Anthony

founded NWSA

Isabelle Graham

founded the Society for the Relief of Poor Widows with Small Children in the early 19th century (early National Period) to address the problem of poverty in New York. She founded the first orphanage which became the oldest one in New York. She is an example of middle class women advocacy for women and children and the early moral reform movements concern for women and children.

Congress as a policymaker receives ___ and ____

frequent criticisms of Congress; the evidence is mixed

service to constituents

function liked by representatives

Thabo Mbeki

he took power after Mandela, poverty was an issue, crime skyrockets, the gaps between rich and poor widened, and despite all the assistance given by government, change has been slow.

Urbanization

The process of moving from the countryside to cities. Many cities do a poor job of absorbing the in-migrants, so urban poor and slums can result.

Veto point/ veto players

is a political actor who has the ability to decline a choice being made. Can agree or not on legislation

_____ try to land positions on committees that will help their constituents and better their prospects for re-election

lawmakers

instructed delegate

member votes with constituency

NAFTA

Signed in 1993: A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries.

Rachel Carson

Silent Spring 1962 Mother of Environmental movement. Testified on misuse of pesticides before Congress in 1963. Her work sparked regulation of chemical pesticides and passage of the Clean Air Act 1963; EPA 1970; Clean Water Act 1972.

Zakaria

"A Brief History of Human Liberty"--Liberty: "Freedom of the individual from the arbitrary authority of the state." Importance of parliaments and land in the development of democratic parliaments. Most important in limiting power of European kings and advancing liberty=a class of Yeomen (bourgeoisie) on the rise. Functionalist account of history (interpreting prior events as if intent was to solve a problem now) or endogenous account (prior rules of the game set the parameters and incentives for subsequent changes)?

Gurr

"A Causal Model of Civil Strife"--Levels of persisting deflation are consistently and directly related to their level of strife. Economic deprivation can lead to violence, individuals taking up arms, and civil strife. Gurr's theory: IV: growth, rising expectations, relative deprivation CL: coercive potential, institutionalization, facilitation, legitimacy DV: Civil strife, turmoil, conspiracy, internal war TLDR: The basic cause of civil strife is psychological. Persisting deprivation correlates with the magnitude of civil strife.

Smith

"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations"--Greatest improvement to productive powers of labor has been division of labor. Importance of free market capitalism. Invisible hand: individuals best benefit society, division of labor, government should only protect, not regulate the economy. TLDR: Yay for division of labor and free market capitalism.

De Tocqueville

"Author's Introduction"--To address political reality he observed, must: 1. educate democracy and reawaken religious beliefs. 2. Develop a knowledge of statecraft and "true interests" 3. Develop a new science of politics. America is prime example, democracy is inevitable and what we should aim for, history leads to democracy

Walter

"Bargaining Failures and Civil Wars"--Disputes within a nation's borders are especially susceptible to information and commitment problems. Information asymmetry caused by guerrilla warfare, rough terrain, and competing factions. Lack of ability to make credible commitments: weak institutions, fixed cleavages, and changing demographics. TLDR: Bargaining failures may contribute to civil wars for following reasons: 1. information asymmetries 2. inability of actors to credibly commit 3. indivisible states

Hall

"Beyond the Comparative Method"--Limitations of the comparative method. Comparativists have moved past method in 4 ways: 1. broaden object of inquiry 2. shift toward alternative conceptions of what can be explained 3. embraced theories that associate political outcomes with more complex causal processes 4. view that explanation consists of identifying causal processes

Elizabeth Bathory

"Bloody Countess" Victims: 20-650 Torture and murder of peasant girls 30 yrs of killing

Dixon

"Can Europe's House Divided Stand?"--Prescription for the European Union calls for: market discipline and tough love. Expects EU to survive, but will have to scale back.

Norris

"Choosing Electoral Systems"--There is no single, best electoral system for democracy. Depends on cleavages and homogeneity (3 types: majoritarian, semi-proportional/mixed system, and proportional representation). However, system that produces "strongest" governments is majoritarian electoral system.

Tilly

"Coercion, Capital, and European States"--EFFICIENT REVENUE EXTRACTION. "War makes the state and the state makes war." Those who controlled coercion sought to expand borders (IV) by way of war, which requires extracting the means of war i.e. taxation and administration (causal logic) which results in the formation of states. State: "coercion-wielding organizations that are distinct from households and kinship groups and exercise clear priority in some respects over all other organizations."

Lijphart

"Constitutional Choices for New Democracies"--Two fundamental choices confront new democratic constitutions: 1. choice b/w plurality elections and proportional representation 2. choice b/w parliamentary and presidential forms of government. Believes divided societies with contending ethnic groups should adhere to parliamentarism-PR system. The Westminster Model-Executives are more dominant in relation to their legislatures. Power concentrated in one cabinet (US, UK), winning party has mandate, bipartisanism, centralized governement, constitution flexibility

Yashar

"Contesting Citizenship: Indigenous Movements and Democracy in Latin America"--Author is a constructivist. Historical shocks activated indigenous movements: decline of state corporatism, improving democracy. Indigenous movements have emerged, with people mobilizing around their indigenous identity. Movements indicate weak process of democratization in Latin America. TLDR: Historical shocks activated indigenous movements: decline of state corporatism, improving democracy.

Lipset

"Economic Development and Democracy"--Economic development can be one important factor in explaining democracy and class conflicts. Four factors of economic development and democracy: wealth, industrialization, urbanization, and education. Economic development is fundamental to democracy, providing a path to follow (modernization theory): 1. industrialize and urbanize, 2. literacy/media growth, 3. develop participation, (all at a moderate pace) then establish democracy (avoid radicalization). "The more well to do a nation, the greater the chances that it will sustain a democracy." $6,055 rule: no democracy with a GDP per capita of this or above has ever transitioned back to authoritarianism. (GDP per capita of Argentina in 1975).--Przeworski TLDR: Wealthier nations are more likely to sustain democracies; economic development before democracy.

Soudriette and Ellis

"Electoral Systems Today: A Global Snapshot"--Currently, trend away from plurality and trend towards PR. Key factors in implementing an electoral system: electoral boundaries, voter education, modernization of election equipment, ballot papers and counting, and long-term sustainability.

Fearon and Laitin

"Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War"--Ethnic divisions are not primary cause of civil wars. In fact, poverty overshadows ethnicity in causing civil wars. Insurgency is most common with one dominant ethnic group. Ethnic dominance is more dangerous in poorest countries. Key to violence? Low per-capita income i.e. weakness of the state. Low explanatory power=grievances and ethnic differences. High explanatory power=state is relatively weak and capricious.

Skocpol

"France, Russia, China: A Structural Analysis of Social Revolution"--Social revolutions are structural transformations that result in massive class upheaval, depending on the previous regime, international pressures, and class mobilization. State-centered approach. Structural factors converge to produce social revolutions. Some groups we never thought would have political identities and power have attained it. TLDR: Thoroughgoing structural transformation and massive class upheavals belong to social revolutions.

Anderson

"Imagined Communities"--Nations are imagined political communities that are both limited and sovereign. IV: Decline of hegemonic religion. Rise of print capitalism. Causal Logic: Growth of national languages. New economic relations. DV: National "imagined communities"

Acemoglu, Johnson, Robertson, and Yared

"Income and Democracy"--Examining the relationship between income per capita and level of democratization. The cross-national correlation that exists between democracy and income is not causal, but instead is the result of critical junctures at which countries took divergent development paths. Colonization explains the positive association between income and democracy over the past 500 years. TLDR: Societies have embarked on divergent political-economic development paths at some critical juncture in past 500 years.

Sen 2

"Individual Freedom as a Social Commitment"--Freedom of choice is a very important criterion of development. Freedom concerned with the process of decision making and opportunities to achieve valued outcomes. Social movements can have huge implications--women: literacy leads to agency and empowerment. Wants freedom and development. Freedom as: process and opportunity. Importance of agency: to choose lives one values and has reason to value. "As competent human beings, we cannot shirk the task of judging how things are and what needs to be done." Challenging Fukuyama's view that there is no alternative to Western liberalism. TLDR: Freedom is an important criterion of development. Leads to agency and empowerment.

North

"Institutions"--Institutions structure economical, political, and social interaction. Must be observable, such as constitutions, codes of conduct, taboos, and laws. Beliefs are not institutions.

Rodrik

"Is Global Governance Feasible? Is it Desirable?"-- Contends that national governments are still addressing the majority of problems (domestic policy makers hold the power). Globalization has not undermined national governments, European Union as "exception to test the rule."

Lowery

"Is it Crazy to Think that We Can Eradicate Poverty?"--By 2030, World Bank seeks to raise global population to about $1.25 a day threshold. Very achievable standard-criticized for being too low. TLDR: World Bank seeks to eradicate poverty by 2030 by raising world population to $1.25 a day.

Mainwaring and Shugart

"Juan Linz, Presidentialism and Democracy: A Critical Appraisal"--Criticize Linz's assertion that presidentialism is geared towards winner-take-all results. They believe that parliamentarism leads to winner-take-all results as well. They believe that presidentialism has some advantages over parliamentarism.

Elizabeth Sprigs

"Letter to Her Father"; indentured servant; cut off from family and begging for forgiveness; tells of hardship as servant in America;

Linz and Stepan

"Modern Non-Democratic Regimes"--Four aspects of regimes: pluralism, ideology, mobilization, and leadership. Revised typology of regimes: democracy (United States), totalitarianism (North Korea), post-totalitarianism, sultanism (Trujillo), and authoritarianism.

Kuran

"Now Out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the East European Revolution of 1989"--Explains the phenomenon of preference falsification (individuals frequently tailor their choices to what appears socially acceptable in polls-has huge political and social consequences). This results in seemingly stable incumbent regimes being toppled overnight when long-submerged sentiments burst to the surface. Explains fall of Soviet bloc in 1989. Fear governs political views. "No longer did opponents feel they would be punished for being sincere." TLDR: Preference falsification--people conceal their political and social preferences in order to be socially acceptable. Hence, seemingly popular regimes get toppled overnight.

Cheibub

"Parliamentarism & Presidentialism"--With exception of U.S., all countries adopt form of constitutional govt. that is in some part parliamentary. Generally parliamentary regimes seem better than presidential, but this is not necessarily the case. Presidentialism stability: 1. term stability 2. existence of an office w/ national constituency

Tufte

"Political Control of the Economy"--From 1946 to 1976 the best way to beat the combination of inflation and unemployment in the short run was to hold a presidential election. The national economy accelerates in an election year (political motives align with economic policies in an election year). SR spurts in economic growth before an election benefit the incumbent. "The greater the electoral stakes, the greater the economic improvements." TLDR: Presidential elections boost economy in SR.

Huntington

"Political Order in Changing Societies"--The more complex a society, the more important is is to have strong political institutions. In underdeveloped areas, political institutions lag behind economic change and lead to political decay causing violence. The form of governance doesn't matter; the degree of governance does. "The primary problem of politics is the lag in the development of political institutions behind social and economic change." TLDR: Believes that decay in political order and political institutions that lag behind economic change explain violence and instability. Biggest difference in states is degree of government.

Weber

"Politics as a Vocation"--Nation has a monopoly on the legitimate use of force

Black Widows: Marie Besnard

"Queen of Poisoners" 13+ victims --> mostly relatives 3 trials over 20 yr. span, eventually acquitted of murders Poison

Lichbach and Zuckerman

"Research Traditions and Theory in Comparative Politics"--Rational Choice, Structural, and Cultural approaches. (reason, rules, and relations)

Acemoglu

"Root Causes: A Historical Approach to Assessing the Role of Institutions in Economic Development"--Tremendous differences in wealth around the world; proximate causes (nonfunctioning markets, lack of educated populace, outdated technology) and fundamental causes (geography and institutions). Good institutions: 1. Enforce property rights 2. Constrain action of elites, politicians, and powerful groups 3. Degree of equal opportunity How institutional change happens: Groups that want change become strong enough to impose change. Reversal of Fortunes: Countries that were rich hundreds/thousands of years ago (Mughals, Aztecs) are now poor, and vice versa. Condemns the geography hypothesis and supports the institutions hypothesis. TLDR: Institutions are the best explanation for differences in economic development. Reversal of fortunes defeats the geography hypothesis.

Singer

"Should this be the Last Generation?"--Solution to overpopulation is to make this the last generation

Krasner

"Sovereignty"--Argues that globalization is changing the scope of sovereign state control, but in a positive way. Sovereign state is not dead with globalism, just a minimal shift in scope in some areas

Malcolm

"The Case Against Europe"--Europe is problematic because linguistic, cultural and geographic differences make it impossible to imagine federation-wide mass politics. Also, EU might lead to revival of nationalist hostilities and economic process of leveling up is making Europe less competitive. Expects EU to survive, but will have to scale back.

Huntington

"The Clash of Civilizations"--Cultural and religious identities (civilizations) will be the primary sources of conflict in the post-Cold War era. Believes that cultures (IV) will lead to conflict/clash (DV) by way of civilizations and competition (causal logic).

Frank

"The Development of Underdevelopment"--Underdevelopment of developing countries is due to centuries-long participation in the process of world capitalist development. Dependency Theory: developing countries lose out in the international system (core extracts from periphery and sells manufactured goods back). To develop, must disconnect from world economy and stop importing final (manufactured) goods. TLDR: Developing countries have grown fastest when least linked to world trade.

Wintrobe

"The Dictator's Dilemma"--Using power to threaten subjects increases insecurity in office. Can't know if citizens truly love the dictator. Dictator and citizens must fear each other. Resolved by extreme repression or loyalty. Dictator and people cannot trust each other because of the bad equilibrium; signaling problem.

Fukuyama

"The End of History"--The West has triumphed; consumerist Western culture is dominating and Western liberalism/democracy is the final form of government. elieves the victory of liberalism is essentially a victory of ideas. Has defeated Fascism and Communism, leaving religion and nationalism as the only contenders to challenge Western Liberalism. Zakaria agrees with Fukuyama. "Total exhaustion of viable systematic alternatives to Western liberalism." TLDR: Western liberalism has won out as the final form of government.

Herbst and Mills

"The Invisible State"--DR Congo does not exist. Some failed states should no longer be regarded as states because no one is in control of them. No structure.

Fukuyama 2

"The Middle-Class Revolution"--Rise of a global midle class. Modern revolutions in Turkey, Brazil, and Arab Spring are led by young people (educated and social media-savvy).

Krugman

"The Myth of Asia's Miracle"--The secret of Asian growth is their willingness to defer gratification; to sacrifice current satisfaction for future gain. "Perspiration not inspiration." TLDR: Asia's success hinges on deferred gratification.

Fukuyama 1

"The Necessity of Politics"--In 1980s and 1990s, world shifted towards market-oriented democracies. Yet, we cannot impose our political beliefs if we want to form stable societies. Three components of political order: 1. state as defined by Weber (territorial monopoly on violence) 2. rule of law 3. accountability of government to non-state actors

Rotberg

"The New Nature of Nation-State Failure" --SECURITY AND INFRASTRUCTURE. "Nation states fail when they can no longer deliver positive political goods to their people"

Duverger

"The Number of Parties"--Simple-majority single ballot system favors the two-party system. Third parties lose out in this system.

Linz

"The Perils of Presidentialism"--Believes that parliamentarism is better than presidentialism because: 1. issue of dual legitimacy 2. rigidity of term limits 3. style is less propitious for democracy than parliamentary style 4. political outsiders more likely to win in presidential system 5. adheres to "winner-take-all" doctrine

Stepan, Linz and Yadav

"The Rise of 'State-Nations"--Three broad categories of states: 1. Robustly multinational (India) 2. Multicultural. No territory-based political groups (U.S.) 3. Culturally homogenous. Nation-state (France) vs. State-Nation (Belgium, Canada, India)

Levitsky and Way

"The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism"--Importance of hybrid regimes. Four criteria for modern democracies: 1. Open, free and fair elections 2. All adults have right to vote 3. Political rights & civil liberties 4. Elected authorities possess real authority to govern. Competitive authoritarianism violates these criteria frequently.

King, Keohane, and Verba

"The Science in Social Science"--Argument that differences between qualitative and quantitative research are simply that of style and technique (attempt to bridge gap between the two). Best social science is designed to make descriptive and causal inferences. Goal is interference. Procedures are public. Conclusions are uncertain. Content is the method.

Lovers: Carol Bundy (with Douglas Clark)

"The Sunset Strip Killers" Victims: 6-50 --> sexual homicides of young females Pedophilia Life in prison on 2 consecutive terms - Died in prison, 2003

Hardin

"The Tragedy of the Commons"--Focuses on a class of human problems=>"no technical solution problems." Overpopulation has no technical solution. Proposes that the state should step in and stop people from having children (in order to curb overpopulation). "Necessity of abandoning the commons in breeding"

Reid

"The United States of Europe"--The United States of Europe is widely hypothesized, theorized, and predicted to be a global power that equals or surpasses the U.S. in the 21st century. Smooth transition from European currencies to Euro, and positive effects on foreign exchange market. Also loves the European social system.

Florida

"The World is Spiky"--The economic playing field has not been leveled. Certain urban areas account for major economic dominance; concentrations of creative and talented people in a few U.S. and European cities (important for innovation). Spiky globalization is seen as political backlash against globalization. "Raising the valleys without shearing off the peaks will be among the top political challenges of the coming decades." TLDR: Freedom is constitutive of the process of development (go hand-in-hand).

Theodor de Bry

"Their Sitting at Meate" - engraving reveals a more egalitarian role of women; makes woman in picture look more enticing, sexual, and welcoming; makes man more dominant w/ muscles; makes it look like the two are married; made woman look more European; makes America look endlessly fertile

Easterly

"To Help the Poor" and "Governments Can Kill Growth"--In developing countries around the world, poverty is characterized by: missing women, debt bondage, child soldiers, and poor nutrition. Governments can implicitly and explicitly lower the incentive to invest in the future: 1. creating inflation 2. high black market premiums 3. import substitution industrialization 4. high budget deficits 5. closing economy to trade. Should be creating incentives for investment. Government should get out of the way of growth (incentivize investment). Critiques import substitution industrialization. TLDR: Most important factor in reducing poverty: economic growth (increasing income)/creating incentives for investment.

Linz and Stepan

"Towards Consolidated Democracies"--Five conditions of consolidating democracies: 1. Civil society 2. Political society 3. Rule of low that protects freedoms 4. State bureaucracy 5. Economic society. Democratic transition must be completed, rulers must govern democratically, and there must be a state. No democracy has ever coexisted with a pure command economy (like the Soviet economy, like Mao's economy) because all control is from the top-down. No democracy has ever coexisted with pure market. TLDR: Democracies can become consolidated if they meet five conditions.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

"Uncle Tom's Cabin" 1852. Her book was a best seller and shed a negative light on the slave system and the South. Her work is credited with increasing anti-slavery sentiment in the north.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

"Uncle Tom's Cabin" 1852. Her book was a best seller and shed a negative light on the slave system and the South. Her work is credited with increasing anti-slavery sentiment in the north.

Hall and Soskice

"Varieties of Capitalism"--Advanced capitalist economies are NOT converging on a single, "best" model; they are remaining different. Compared to European workers, U.S workers tend to possess general skills, as opposed to technical and specific skills. LMEs and CMEs (see terms). TLDR: There are two main types of capitalist economies--CMEs and LMEs. Neither is "best."

Arnold

"Vietnam Holds its Own Within China's Vast Economic Breakdown"--Vietnam is one of the biggest beneficiaries of China's rapid growth. It has won favor as an alternative to foreign investors. TLDR: Vietnam has benefited from China's rapid growth.

Herbst

"War and the State in Africa"--War is crucial to state formation because it leads to more efficient tax collection, nationalism. Africa is failing now because not enough war.

Schmitter & Karl

"What Democracy is... And is Not"--Do not have a teleological view of democracy/history. Most distinctive elements of democracies are citizens. Rulers held accountable by citizens through competition and cooperation of elected representatives, not always most efficient, orderly, or economically beneficial

Gryzmala-Busse

"Why Comparative Politics Should Take Religion (More) Seriously"--Religion is not refutable; both identity and ideology. Comparative politics, in its study of religion, should pay greater attention to religious doctrine. "A public and collective belief system that structures the relationship of the individual to the divine and the supernatural," religious vitality within the state IV: Competition, Opposition Causal Logic: Provide an alternative to other groups DV: Religious vitality

Sen 1

"Women's Agency and Social Change"--Empowerment of women is central issue of development for many countries today. Reach and power of women's agency: 1. promoting child survival 2. Helping reduce fertility rates. Time to take an agent-centered approach to women's agenda. "Changing agency of women is one of the major mediators of economic and social change." TLDR: Empowerment of women is key to development of many countries.

Victims: Strangers

#1: Children Patients, people in stores, businesses, and on the streets, people in homes, travelers, and others

Victims: Acquaintances

#1: Friends/members of own group Male suitors, children, older men and women, and others

2008 Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP)

$750 Billion Bail Out of Financial Institutions (TARP) - Provided funds to shore up the destabilized financial markets that loan funds to banks and credit institutions.

2009 American Recovery Reinvestment Act (ARRA)

$850 Billion Bail Out for the states and individuals. Provided funds to assist State governments with Medicaid and unemployment assistance, and individuals with foreclosure debts and underwater loans.

Sally Kristen Ride

( May 26, 1951- ) was the first American woman in space. Dr. _________'s first trip into space was aboard NASA's space shuttle Challenger (STS-7) in 1983 (June 18-June 24). Her second (and last) space flight was the eight-day Challenger (STS 41-G) mission (in October, 1984).

Christine de Pizan

(1363-1434) Renaissance writer who defended women and explored the reasons for their secondary status; she helped inaugurate the debate about women, gender roles and misogyny.

Isabella of Castile

(1451-1504) strong co-ruler (with Ferdinand) who united Spain, completed the Reconquista, expelled non-Catholics, sent Columbus overseas and started Spain's the New World empire.

Angela Merici

(1474-1540) a northern Italian woman who founded the Ursuline order of nuns (basically the female version of the Jesuits, or vice versa) and who helped promote the Catholic Reformation.

Catherine of Aragon

(1498-1504) daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, was Henry VIII's first wife and mother of Mary Tudor; it was Henry's attempt to divorce her (and the pope's refusal to grant it) that let to the English Reformation.

Mary Tudor

(1516-1558) daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, tried to reestablish Catholicism in England, was married to Philip II of Spain; sometimes called "Bloody Mary."

Elizabeth I

(1533-1603) daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, reigned for 45 years, firmly established Anglicanism, expanded English power overseas, defeated the Spanish Armada, never married and the Tudor Dynasty died with her.

Madame de Pompadour

(1575-1642) mistress of Louis XV who exerted much influence over the court at Versailles, she had many enemies who resented her scandalous influence over the king; she was also a great patron of the arts.

Marie de' Medici

(1575-1642) wife/widow of France's Henry IV, became queen-regent upon his assassination and ruled in the name of nine-year-old Louis XIII until Cardinal Richelieu took over as first minister.

John Locke

(1632-1704) Enlightenment philosopher who reconceptualized the relationship between the state and the people (also family); Two Treatises of Government; advocated for replacement of monarchy with democracy; all people possess unalienable/natural rights to life, liberty, and property; advanced idea of social contract; consent of the governed - govt.s are formed by the people to protect the people's natural rights and can be dissolved by the people if the rulers are exercising absolute/monarchal power over them; people are autonomous, independent, self-determining; WHAT PEOPLE DON'T KNOW ABOUT LOCKE... He also applied these concepts to the family; family and state are not the same; relations of family = obedience, deference, and mutual responsibility with the father at the head of the family; old ideas of family (colonial); fathers shouldn't rule their sons with fear, though; no corporal punishment

Madame Geoffrin

(1699-1777) hosted one of the most popular Paris salons during the Enlightenment, at which famous philosophes discussed literature, philosophy, science and politics.

Madame du Chatelet

(1706-1749) French aristocratic woman with a passion for science, she translate Newton's "Principia Mathematica" into French and was good friends with Voltaire.

Maria Theresa

(1717-1780) Austrian empress whose throne was guaranteed by the Pragmatic Sanction, but whom Frederick the Great successfully challenged in the War of the Austrian Succession (taking Silesia for Prussia), mother of the enlightened despot Joseph II.

Catherine the Great

(1729-1796) enlightened despot who brought the Enlightenment to Russia, corresponded with Voltaire, expanded Russia's territory (at Poland and Turkey's expense), crushed rebellions and strengthened serfdom.

Olympe de Gouges

(1748-1793) self-taught French writer/feminist of the late Enlightenment who pushed for equal rights for women in the "Declaration of the Rights of Woman."

Marie Antoinette

(1755-1793) Austrian princess who married Louis XVI, despised by the revolutionary Parisians for her extravagant lifestyle, considered disloyal because of her Austrian background, guillotined by the National Convention.

Mary Wollstonecraft

(1759-1797) English writer/feminist of the late Enlightenment who pushed for equal rights for women in "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman." She was also the mother of Mary Shelley, who wrote "Frankenstein."

Germaine de Staël

(1766-1817) brilliant Franco-Swiss writer who promoted Romanticism, her work "On Germany" praised the passion and spontaneity of Germany artists, and tried to convince French artists to value the same emotional ideals.

Mary Anning

(1799-1847) was an early British fossil hunter who began finding fossils as a child, and supported herself and her family by finding and selling fossils. She lived on the southern coast of England, in Lyme Regis. She found the first fossilized plesiosaur and Ichthyosaurus. She found many important fossils, including Pterodactylus, sharks, and many other reptiles and fish.

Amandine Aurore Lucie Dupin

(1804-1876) French writer who achieved fame and wealth by scandalously exploring sex, freedom, and individualism; used the nom de plume George Sand

Mary Ann Evans

(1819-1880) English writer/Realist author who examined how society shapes the individual in "Middlemarch: A Study of Provincial Life;" used the pen name George Eliot.

Queen Victoria

(1819-1901) longest reigning monarch in UK history, who ruled Great Britain during its nineteenth century golden age (which is often referred to as the Victorian Age/Era/Period), and was not a big fan of the suffrage movement.

Harriet Tubman

(1820 - 1913) devoted her life to fighting slavery, helping slaves and ex-slaves, and championing the rights of women. An incredibly brave woman, she was known as the "Moses of her people." Araminta Harriet Greene was born a slave in Maryland. In 1844, She married John ___________, who was a free man. She escaped slavery in 1849 and traveled north. She then became a conductor for the Underground Railroad and helped slaves flee to freedom in the North (both to Northern US states and to Canada). The Underground Railroad was a secret system of people of all races who helped slaves escape to the North - it was not an actual railroad. She made 19 dangerous rescue trips over 10 years, rescuing over 300 slaves from Southern states. Among the people she saved were many members of her family. She helped John Brown recruit soldiers for his raid on Harpers Ferry (1859). She worked as a nurse, scout, and a spy for the Union during the US Civil War (in South Carolina). She continued to help rescue Southern slaves during the war. After the war, she lived in Auburn, New York, where she founded the ________________ Home for Aged Negroes and worked for the voting rights of blacks. She died on March 10, 1913.

Elizabeth Blackwell

(1821-1910). When she was graduated as a doctor of medicine in 1849, she became the first woman doctor in the United States. Her enrollment in the Medical Register of the United Kingdom in 1859 made her Europe's first modern woman doctor. It was in 1844 that she decided to become a doctor. Because no medical school would admit her, she studied privately with doctors in the South and in Philadelphia. In 1847 the Geneva Medical School of western New York accepted her. The acceptance evoked a storm of ridicule and criticism, but in spite of slights and embarrassments She pursued her studies. In 1849 she was graduated at the head of her class.

Ida Henrietta Hyde

(1857-1945) was an American physiologist who invented the microelectrode in the 1930's. The microelectrode is a small device that electrically (or chemically) stimulates a living cell and records the electrical activity within that cell. She was the first woman to graduate from the University of Heidelberg, to do research at the Harvard Medical School and to be elected to the American Physiological Society.

Juliette Low

(1860-1927). Girl Scouts in the United States celebrate October 31 as Founder's Day. It is the birthday of _______________________, who organized the first Girl Guides in the United States at her home in Savannah, Ga., on March 9, 1912. The Girl Guides soon took the name of Girl Scouts. She became their first president. She was a talented artist and helped organize the Savannah Art Club. Her chief interest, however, was the Girl Scouts. Although deaf, she overcame the handicap and traveled widely to interest people in the Girl Scout movement.

Mary Henrietta Kingsley

(1862-1900) was a British explorer who made two pioneering trips to West and Central Africa. She was the first European to enter remote parts of Gabon.

Louise Arner Boyd

(1887-1972), known as the "ice woman," was an American who repeatedly explored and photographed the Arctic Ocean; she was also the first woman to fly over the North Pole. Born in San Rafael, California, (near San Francisco), She inherited the family fortune (made by her father's investment company) when she was 33 years old (in 1920).

Charles de Gaulle

(1890-1970) French General who Led the French resistance during WWII. Organized the Free French military forces that battled the Nazis until France was liberated in 1944. Later was president of France. Felt US was too powerful in NATO and tried to increase influence of France in Europe.

Dr. Virginia Apgar

(1909-1974), a professor of anesthesiology at the New York Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, devised the ________Scale in 1953. The _________scale is a simple, easy-to-perform, standardized scale that is used to determine the physical status of an infant at birth. The _______________scale is administered to a newborn at one minute after birth and five minutes after birth. It scores the baby's heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex response, and color. This test quickly alerts medical personnel that the newborn baby needs assistance.

Marion Donovan

(1917-1998) was an American mother, inventor, and architect who invented the disposable diaper in 1950. Her first leak-proof diaper were fast-selling "Boaters," plastic-lined cloth diapers (diapers lined with pieces cut from a shower curtain, and later with surplus parachute nylon). She, then developed a completely disposable diaper. She was unsuccessful at selling this invention to established manufacturers, so she started her own company, which she later sold. She produced many other consumer-based inventions and held more than a dozen patents.

Isabella Helen Lugoski Karle

(1921- ) is a American physical chemist who invented new methods of X-ray Crystallography. She used electron diffraction and then x-ray diffraction to study the structure of molecules. She developed a three-dimensional modeling process, enabling her to identify and show the structures of hundreds of complex and important molecules (including alkaloids, ionophores, steroids, toxins, and peptides [amino acid compounds]). Because of her process, the number of published molecular analyses has jumped from about 150 to over 10,000 per year. She received the National Medal of Science in 1995. She is a senior scientist and head of the Naval Research Laboratory's (NRL) x-ray diffraction section in the Laboratory for the Structure of Matter. Her husband, Jerome _______, is a Nobel Prize winner in chemistry.

Colonel-Engineer Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova

(1937- ) was a Soviet cosmonaut and the first woman in space. She was on the Vostok 5 mission which launched on June 16, 1963, and orbited the Earth 48 times. The flight lasted 2.95 days. The spacecraft was recovered on June 19, 1963, in the Soviet Union.

Roberta Lynn Bondar

(1945-) was the first Canadian woman to go into space. She was the payload specialist on NASA's space shuttle Discovery during Mission STS-42, January 22-30, 1992. A neurobiologist, She is a professor at University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.

Cultural Revolution

(1966-1976) Political policy in started in China by Mao Zedong to eliminate his rivals and train a new generation in the revolutionary spirit that created communist China. The Cultural Revolution resulted in beatings, terror, mass jailings, and the deaths of thousands.

Yom Kippur War

(1973) War between Israel and Egypt and Syria in which Israel defeated the both capturing land from each.

Iranian Revolution

(1978-1979) a revolution against the shah of Iran led by the Ayatollah Khomeini, which resulted in Iran becoming an Islamic republic with Khomeini as its leader

What is the Gramm-Rudmann-Hollings Act?

(Balanced budget and emergency deficit control act) THis act established accross the board automatic cuts if congress failed to reach their target deficit, but automatic cuts were considered unconstitutional so a revision was passed in 1987 but failed to reduce deficits.

Sue Hendrickson

(December 2, 1949 - ) is a self-taught fossil hunter (specializing in fossil inclusions in amber), marine archaeologist, adventurer and explorer. In South Dakota in 1990, She found the remarkable T. rex fossil that is now known as Sue. This T. rex fossil is the largest and most complete T. rex found to date. Sue (the fossil) is now displayed at the Field Museum in Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Madam C. J. Walker

(December 23, 1867 - May 25, 1919) was an inventor, businesswoman and self-made millionaire. Sarah Breedlove McWilliams ________________ was an African-American who developed many beauty and hair care products that were extremely popular. She started her cosmetics business in 1905. Her first product was a scalp treatment that used petrolatum and sulphur. She added _____________ to her name and began selling her new "__________System" door-to-door. She soon added new cosmetic products to her line. The products were very successful and she soon had many saleswomen, called "_______________Agents," who sold her products door to door and to beauty salons.

What does a minority leader do

(Exits in both chambers) to organize the opposing party's positions and steer and negotiate legislation

Isabelle Eberhardt

(Feb. 17, 1877 - October 21, 1904) was an explorer who lived and traveled extensively in North Africa.

Mae C. Jemison

(October 17, 1956 - ) was the first African-American woman in space. Dr. _______ is a medical doctor and a surgeon, with engineering experience. She flew on the space shuttle Endeavor (STS-47, Spacelab-J) as the Mission Specialist; the mission lifted off on September 12, 1992 and landed on September 20, 1992.

Sexual Double Standard

(different from sexual single standard of 17th century) Men are allowed greater sexual freedom than women (new) - lusty but less likely to be punished if they act on lust Women are held primarily responsible for the sexual values of the community b/c women are more moral, chaste, and pure than men - pay a higher price when they can't/don't control men's lust - charged for fornication/bastardy and MEN ARE NOT - socially: ostracism, shame, poverty - physically: death in childbirth, STDs, abortion attempts Premarital pregnancies on the rise b/c young people are freer from 17th century sexual restraints and therefore women are more vulnerable in a changing world to sexual abuse or exploitation Sex is more dangerous for women

Characteristics of Monarchy

- Began with a traditional claim to legitimacy; traditional claim of authority - Familiar relationships - Religion claim; representatives of islamic systems of governments - Repressive

Characteristics of One Party State

- Democratic institutions (possess parliament, court, vote, elections...) - Leadership embedded in the party (within that political party there is competition: voting - systematic institutionalize structure) - Corruption - More limited form of violence

Characteristics of Military Rule

- Military hierarchy ceases control of the state = Junta. Claim that it will be temporary. Incredibly stable as long as soldiers follow the rules - Highly repressive systems

Characteristics of Personalist Dictatorship

- Single charismatic leader - Violence (non legal force of violence; 'murder club') - Isolation - Kleptocracy: government run for the profit of the elite; the corruption feeds the charisma of the leader

Li and Ren

- Tradition and humanness/ respect - Without Li, you can't have Ren

Central differences between Parliamentary and Presidential democracy

- the name of the head of government, and wether they can resigned or not - the way they are elected and by who - their positions and functions in the cabinet, and how the decisions are made

Puritans

- wanted to "purify" church of England - 16/17th century - facing persecution in England - family = foundation of Godly communities - women submit to husbands through patriarchy/hierarchy for the good of the family unit

What are hill styles of senate members?

-100 members 6 year terms so they can have many close relationshups with colleagues -constituencies large so must be generalists -more committee assignments larger staff -more media coverage -concerned w foreign policy

Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)

-Closed many loopholes that existed in the Sherman Anti-Trust Act -Made corporate officers personally responsible for violations of antitrust laws

The Federal Election Campaign Act (1974)

-Created the Federal Election Commission -Tightened reporting requirements for campaign contributions -Provided full public financing for major party candidates in the general election

What are the inferior federal courts?

-District courts: federal trials -court of appeals: 11 circuits w/circuit judges (focusing on error correction)

The War Powers Resolution (1973)

-Enacted to give Congress a greater voice in presidential decisions regarding military forces to hostile situations -Requires that president notify Congress within 48 hrs. of deploying troops -Requires president to bring troops home in 60-90 days unless extended by Congress

The Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

-Enacted to help Congress regain powers previously lost to the executive branch -Created the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) to evaluate the president's budget -Established a budget process that includes setting overall levels of revenues and expenditures

USA Patriot Act (2001)

-Expands the definition of terrorism to include domestic terrorism -Authorized searches of a home or business without the owner's permission or knowledge -Increases the ability of law enforcement agencies to search communications and records -potential conflict with amendment 4

Civil Rights Act of 1957

-Gave the attorney general the power to sue in federal courts on behalf of blacks denied their right to vote because of race. -prevent people from voting in federal election = federal crime

What are home styles of house members?

-House members are usually very close with their constituencies bc they're smaller -constituencies often have high approval ratings of house members -house members go out of their way for constituencies bc they seek reelection -incumbents almost always reelected

Brady Bill

-Imposed as an interim measure of waiting a period of 5 days before a licensed importer, manufacturer, or dealer may sell, deliver, or transfer a handgun to an unlicensed individual. -Waiting period only applies in states without an acceptable alternate system of conducting background checks on handgun purchases

Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)

-Increased power of federal gov (federalism) -Required employers/ public facilities to make "reasonable accommodations" for people with disabilities -Prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in the employment -Extends the protection of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to people with physical or mental disabilities.

The Clear Air Act (1970)

-Increased the power of the federal government relative to the state governments (federalism) -Established national air quality standards -Required states to administer the new standards & to appropriate funds for their implementation

Welfare Reform Act (1996)

-Increased the power of the states relative to the federal government -Illustrated the process of devolution by giving states greater discretion to determine how to implement the federal goal of transferring people from work to welfare

Equal Pay Act of 1963

-Made it illegal to base an employee's pay on race, gender, national origin, or religion. -Important to Women's movement & civil rights

What are the three theories of interpretation?

-Plain meaning of the text: word for word -Living constitution: changes with time period and adapts -Original intent: what original writers meant

Article II Section 3

-President must give annual state of the union -issues at hand deemed to be the most important -state of the union outlines congress agenda for the year

Title IX, Higher Education (1972)

-Prohibits gender discrimination by intuitions of higher edu. That receive federal funds. -Increased funding for women-only programs (ex. Women's sports)

No Child Left Behind Act (2001)

-Requires the state to set standards and measurable goals that can improve individual outcomes in edu. -Requires states to develop assessments in basic skills to be given to all students in certain grades

Gramm-Rudman-Hollings (1985)

-Set budget reduction targets to balance budget -Failed to eliminate loop-holes

Legislative reorganization act 1946

-Signed by Harry Truman -Reformed and reduced the numbers of committees in both houses -Raised congressional pay raise

What is leadership in the house like?

-Speaker of house highest position in congress (3rd in line to presidency) -Majority and minority leaders -Majority and minority whips -Committee Chairs -Rules Commitee -Power very centralized and highly favors majority party

Strategic Foreign Policies

-national security -military actions -peacekeeping operations -foreign relations -defense expenditures -international affairs -foreign aid

What are the home styles of senators?

-senators have larger constituencies so hard to be close with them -not impossible for incumbent to lose reelection bc senator approval ratings not always very high

What are the informal rules of lobbying?

-tell the truth, under promise and over deliver, no pestering, working w staffers, lobbying both parties, and listening carefully

What are hill styles of house members?

-there are 435 members who serve 2 year terms in the house making it difficult to have close relationships with colleagues. House members are very specialized in areas of importance to their constituency, and have fewer committe assingments with smaller staff. House members concern themselves with tax and revenue policy and relations are very formal.

What are some reasons a president would veto a bill?

-unconstitutional, encroaches on Presidents independence, unwise public policy, can't be administered, costs too much

Hindu National Party

...

Party

...

Policy Level

...

Reservation System

...

Minimum number of representatives in the House per state

1

5 Reasons for elections in authoritarianism

1 - Legitimacy: external (abroad, international) and internal (for the nation) 2- Gather information - Dictator's Dilemma 3- Show support & shows that the opposition is marginal 4- Coaptation: the idea of using someone's power and make it your own 5- Internal Party Dynamics: managing the people within the system

how many seats is each state guaranteed

1 seat & any additional seats are based on reapportion,eat ratio for 2012 = 723,000

Claims that increase the legitimacy of an authoritarian leader (case of Putin) - how do you win?

1- Real improvement in society (GDP, income, jobs...) 2- Corruption fight 3- Nationalism: give back a sense of nationalism to the people 4- Charismatic claim to authority 5- Clientelism & Corruption 6- Control the media 7- Split the opposition: the more parties, the more percentages of votes are split, and so the easier to win when the party is strong 8- Election rigging - suppress turnout

Comparative Advantage: Absolute Advantage: Competitive Advantage:

1. Country 1 produces Product A better; Country 2 produces Product B better. 2. Produce all products more efficiently than other countries. 3. Intervention from state.

Reapportionment occurs ever ___ after each national census is completed. It reallocates the number of Representatives IN TOTAL each state gets. This is done on the ___.

10 years; national level

What percent of bills ever go to the full house for a vote

10-20%

How many members are in the United States Senate?

100

Number of Members in the Senate

100

Angels of Death: Genene Jones

11+ victims (46 possible) --> infants Killing via lethal injection, rush in and try to save them Motivated by issues of power and control Only convicted on 2 cases, serving 99 and 60 in TX prison - Eligible for parole

Indian Wars

1675-76: King Phillip's War; Fighting over the Northeastern Frontier; British/Indian alliance fighting other Indians; 1689-97: King William's War; British/Iroquois vs. French/Indians; Fighting over NE frontier again

Republican Motherhood

1780s & 1790s Gives women a political role and public responsibility while still denying them full citizenship and rights. Mothers had a patriotic duty to educate their sons to be virtuous citizens of the republic (democratic state) and to educate their daughters to be good republican mothers. Wives also had a responsibility to encourage civic duty in their husbands

Enlightenment

18th century intellectual movement in England/Europe and America

Deng Xiaoping

1904-1997; brought huge economic growth to China, but created tons of corruption. Suppressed many of Mao Zedong's reforms and started new ones, including the One-Child policy.

Apartheid

1948-1994: A South African policy of complete legal separation of the races, including the banning of all social contacts between blacks and whites.

Chinese-Soviet split

1950-64: Though both communist nations, relationship bt China & Soviet Union had problems: 1) China resented having to grant USSR territorial concessions (reminded them of Euro. imperialism & unequal treaties), 2) clashes over border areas 3) competition for influence in Asia and Africa, 4) China thought USSR was being cheap with its aid to them, 5) USSR thought China was too aggressive in its relationship w/ West & would cause a war, 6) USSR didn't like China pursuing nuclear weapon capability

The Hungarian Challenge

1956: After Soviet control eased a little after the death of Stalin, Hungary demanded democracy and breaking of ties to Moscow and the Warsaw Pact. Soviets responded by entering with tanks and crushing all resistance.

Griswold v Connecticut

1965 Supreme Court Ruling struck down 1 of the remaining contraception Comstock laws in Connecticut & Massachusetts. Married couples had a right to contraception.

The Prague Spring

1968: Sweeping series of reforms instituted by communist leader Alexander Dubcek in Czechoslovakia. Reforms were meant to provide more freedoms. The movement was crushed by a Soviet invasion.

War Powers Act

1973. A resolution of Congress that stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat.

Iran-Iraq War

1981 to 1989: between Iraq and Iran fighting over contested territory. US remained officially neutral but supported Iraq (led by Saddam Hussein) because they did not want a victory by Iran's Islamic government, which was clearly hostile to the United States. During this war, the United State led an international arms embargo against Iran.

Geraldine Ferraro

1st female vice president candidate

Eleanor Roosevelt

1st lady in the U.S from 1938-1945

Jackie Kennedy Onassis

1st lady of the U.S, fashion icon, most beloved 1st lady.

Christa McAuliffe

1st teacher/private in space

Rosa Parks

1st to resist bus reservation

Wuornos: 1st and Last Murder

1st victim: 1989 - Richard Mallory Last victim: 1990 - Peter Siems

Billie Jean King

1st woman athlete to earn 100,000 in prize money. tennis hall of fame

Robin Roberts

1st woman sportscaster in the country

Elizabeth Blackwell

1st woman to get a medical degree from medical school

Sandra Day O'Connor

1st woman to serve on supreme court

Annie Oakley

1st woman to take a mans role shooting a gun

How long is the term for the House of Representatives?

2 years

Length of term for the House of Represenatives

2 years

Angels of Death: Beverly Allitt

4 victims (23 others attacked) Lethal injections Munchausen syndrome by proxy 13 life terms in prison --> released around 2023 Motives: power and control

debate time in HR?

5 mins or less

Lovers: Gwendolyn Graham and Catherine May Wood

5 murders - 5 attempted - Elderly females in Alpine Manor Care Facility - Suffocation Lesbians who had sexual thrills with killing Wood turned on Graham - Wood - 20-40 yrs. - Graham - multiple life sentences

How long can an individual serve in the Senate?

6 years

Length of term for the Senate

6 years

Hickey's Research

64 Female SK (61 cases) Tend to act alone 93% white Atypical of female criminality 1826-1969 - 32 cases 1970-2004 - 29 cases Avg. number of victims ranges between 7-10 2/3 from middle to upper class

Motives

73% were motivated at least partially by money 26% only for money Other reasons: - Response to abuse - Unfulfilled needs - Control - Enjoyment

What are some characteristics of congress

835 voting members Occupations- lawyers, public service/politics, business, banking, education Typically white, middle-aged males Average age 50 Slowly beginning to elect the racial & gender diversity of the nation

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

: She wrote the Declaration of Sentiments in 1848 which first laid out the issue of women's rights and established the desire for the right to vote as a central issue. A small group of activists including Susan B Anthony worked for women's rights. The groups divided over the 15th amendments exclusion of women from voting rights. Stanton sought a wider array of women's rights than the increasingly conservative suffrage movement. She successfully got New York to pass married women property rights and guardianship of children on husband's death or divorce. Other states followed. Her Daughter was Harriot Stanton Blatch.

Boxer Rebellion

A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.

Abolitionism

A 19th century movement based on the sentiment that slavery should be abolished. Those that worked for abolitionism sought to end slavery. This did not mean that they also believed in racial equality. Some did, as the Grimke's did. Other's did not and advocated for second class citizenship or removal of African Americans back to Africa. Garrison's 1833 American Anti-Slavery society marks the beginning of an organized effort to end slavery.

Margaret Brent

A Catholic emigrant leaving persecution behind in England, she settled in the catholic colony of Maryland. She was a single woman and large land holder. First woman to demand right to vote in the English Colonies in 1648 before the Maryland Assembly. She was made the executrix of Governor Calvert's will, as a distant cousin and as such had power of attorney for Lord Baltimore's, then in England. Her handling of payments to Calvert's military prevented continuation of an anti-Catholic uprising in the colony.

Bail Out

A bailout is a colloquial pejorative term for giving a loan to a company or country which faces serious financial difficulty or bankruptcy. It may also be used to allow a failing entity to fail gracefully without spreading contagion.[1] The term is maritime in origin being the act of removing water from a sinking vessel using a smaller bucket.[2]

Coalition

A coalition is a pact or treaty among individuals or groups, during which they cooperate in joint action, each in their own self-interest, joining forces together for a common cause. This alliance may be temporary or a matter of convenience. A coalition thus differs from a more formal covenant. Possibly described as a joining of 'factions', usually those with overlapping interests rather than opposing.

Command vs. Market Economy

A command economy is one in which a central authority decides on supply and demand issues. This is typical of communist/socialist governments. A market economy is one in which demand and supply is guided by people's preferences and choices. This approach is typical of capitalist democracies.

Conference Committee

A committee appointed by the presiding officers of each chamber to adjust differences on a particular bill passed by each in different form.

Commune

A commune is an intentional community of people living together, sharing common interests, property, possessions, resources, and, in some communes, work and income. In addition to the communal economy, consensus decision-making, non-hierarchical structures and ecological living have become important core principles for many communes. Andrew Jacobs of The New York Times wrote that, contrary to popular misconceptions, "most communes of the '90s are not free-love refuges for flower children, but well-ordered, financially solvent cooperatives where pragmatics, not psychedelics, rule the day."[1] There are many contemporary intentional communities all over the world, a list of which can be found at the Fellowship for Intentional Community.[2]

rule of law

A condition in which laws are passed according to the constitution, government officials are not above the law, and society respects contracts as legally binding.

Fair Labor Standards Act 1938

A federal minimum wage was established, forcing factories to pay the a minimum wage (this applied to both men and women) based on the advocacy of Mary Anderson of the Women's Bureau. Mary Anderson of the Women's Bureau got the equal minimum wage regardless of sex added to the Act.

Seduction Novels

A genre of literature that emerged in the 18th century that had innocent, sweet, virtuous, white, elite teenage girls as protagonists and was widely read by women and girls. These protagonists were naïve, romantic, almost always removed/away from their family or community (i.e. boarding school) and always fell in love with handsome, charismatic, dashing, often older men who were also often soldiers. These novels were sexually exploitive because the young women/girls were "seduced" by men using the men's charm and promises of marriage. Fine line between rape and seduction with no force...

Taliban

A group of fundamentalist Muslims who took control of Afghanistan's government in 1996. Grew out of the earlier mujahideen.

Joint Venture

A joint venture (JV) is a business agreement in which the parties agree to develop, for a finite time, a new entity and new assets by contributing equity. They exercise control over the enterprise and consequently share revenues, expenses and assets. There are other types of companies such as JV limited by guarantee, joint ventures limited by guarantee with partners holding shares. In European law, the term 'joint-venture' (or joint undertaking) is an elusive legal concept, better defined under the rules of company law. In France, the term 'joint venture' is variously translated as 'association d'entreprises', 'entreprise conjointe', 'coentreprise' or 'entreprise commune'. But generally, the term societe anonyme loosely covers all foreign collaborations. In Germany, 'joint venture' is better represented as a 'combination of companies' (Konzern).[1]

old institutionalism

A label for the traditional approach of political science to the study of political institutions, common from the late 1800s into the middle 1900s, which was highly descriptive.

Bicameral legislature

A law making body made of two houses (bi means 2). Example: Congress (our legislature) is made of two house - The House of Representatives and The Senate.

Global North and South

A metaphor to indicate the large difference in wealth between "Northern" countries and "Southern" countries. North includes most European countries and North America.Some southern countries such as , Australia and New Zealand, are "global north".

Standing Committee

A permanent committee established in a legislature, usually focusing on a policy area

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry

African National Congress (ANC)

A political group formed in protest of the policy of Apartheid in South Africa. It was outlawed due to their violent tactics, and Nelson Mandela, one of its leaders, was imprisoned for over thirty years. The most powerful political party in South Africa since the end of Apartheid (1994).

semiauthoritarianism

A political system in which elements of democracy are integrated into an otherwise authoritarian system.

unitary system

A political system in which the central government has authority over lower levels of government, and lower levels have no powers reserved for them.

semidemocracy

A political system that is similar to semiauthoritarianism but has more democratic features.

federal system

A political system that provides lower levels of government with designated powers that the central government cannot take away.

authoritarianism

A regime type defined by its rule by a single leader or small group of leaders, limited political participation, existent but limited autonomy of society from state control, lack of an overarching ideology, and limited control over the economy.

democracy

A regime type that involves the selection of government officials through free and fair elections, a balance between the principle of majority rule and the protection of minority interests, and constitutional limitations on government actions.

political institution

A set of rules or a purposive organization created to establish or influence rules that apply across society.

Shantytown

A shanty town is a slum settlement of plywood, corrugated metal, sheets of plastic, and cardboard boxes. They are usually found on the periphery of cities, public parks, or near railroad tracks, rivers, lagoons or city trash dump sites. Sometimes called a squatter, informal or spontaneous settlement, shanty towns often lack proper sanitation, safe water supply, electricity, hygienic streets, or other basic human necessities. Shanty towns are mostly found in developing nations, but also in some parts of developed nations.[1][2][3]

Ethnic Cleansing

A term to indicate the deliberate government policy of forcing a minority group out of an area by force and killing. Hitler's policies toward Jews in Germany is a dramatic example.

new institutionalism

A theoretical perspective emphasizing the importance of political institutional arrangements and the extent to which the political system represents historical changes, shapes individual choices, and reflects underlying values and identities.

sociological new institutionalism

A theoretical perspective that sees institutions as reflecting society's underlying culture rather than as the product of rational choices in the pursuit of increased efficiency.

party authoritarianism

A type of authoritarian system that involves the control of an authoritarian system by a single political party.

War Crime

A war crime is a serious violation of the laws applicable in armed conflict (also known as international humanitarian law) giving rise to individual criminal responsibility. Examples of war crimes include "murder, the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied territory to slave labor camps," "the murder or ill-treatment of prisoners of war," the killing of prisoners, "the wanton destruction of cities, towns and villages, and any devastation not justified by military necessity."[1]

Welfare State

A welfare state is a "concept of government in which the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens. It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life. The general term may cover a variety of forms of economic and social organization."[1] The sociologist T.H. Marshall identified the welfare state as a distinctive combination of democracy, welfare, and capitalism. Scholars have paid special attention to the historic paths by which Germany, Britain and other countries developed their welfare state.

Mary Boykin Chestnut

A white southern plantation mistress who kept a journal leading up to and through the Civil War. Her work sheds insights into plantation life. She also documented the prevalence of mulatto slaves on plantations and thus noting the sexual exploitation of enslaved women.

Censure

A written condemnation stating strong disapproval with the behavior/action. Requires 2/3 vote

Nelson Mandela

ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected as president of South Africa in 1994.

Republican Motherhood

Abigail Adams, Eliza Pickney, Mercy Otis Warren and Judith Sargent Murray all are examples of this new feminine ideal. The belief developed during the Revolution that women should be educated companions of their husbands and that women's key role in the new Republic was to rear virtuous, educated children. They did not gain the equal representation they had sought however.

Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell

Abolitionists who worked with Garrison and the American Anti-slavery society. Stone and Blackwell formed in 1869 the American Women's Suffrage Association: This group admitted men and women and sought state by state women's suffrage. They supported the passage of the 15th amendment which was ratified in 1870.

Acid Rain

Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it possesses elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals and infrastructure. Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. Governments have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce the release of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere with positive results. Nitrogen oxides can also be produced naturally by lightning strikes and sulfur dioxide is produced by volcanic eruptions. The chemicals in acid rain can cause paint to peel, corrosion of steel structures such as bridges, and erosion of stone statues.

Constructivist

Acquired through history, culture, and experience. Activated differently in different settings (economic, political, and social). Hobsbawm/Anderson.

Congressional Budget Act

Advises Congress on the probable consequences of its decisions, forecasts revenues, and is a counterweight to the president's Office of Management and Budget.

Pauli Murray

Advocate for black civil rights in 1940s & 50s on Presidents Commission on status of women formed in part by Ester Peterson with backing of Eleanor Roosevelt. She got data on black women included in report.

Amelia Bloomer

Advocate of dress reform & health knowledge for women in the mid and late 19th century. Bloomer's did not catch on, but the idea that corsets were unhealthy gained mainstream acceptance & dress standards changed by 1900- wasp-waists were out. She was not an advocate of suffrage.

Mary Harris "Mother Jones"

Advocated 1870s through early 1900s for protective labor legislation for women & child labor laws. She marched maimed children across New York in 1903 to bring attention to the problem of child labor & unsafe working conditions.

Alice Paul

Advocated for Suffrage. Formed NWP in 1916 & organized picketing of White House during WWI. Her very public tactics push president to shift his position & support suffrage. Introduced ERA amendment in 1923. Successfully advocated for the inclusion of "sex" into the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

de-Stalinization

After 1953, Khrushchev's policy of purging the Soviet Union of Stalin's memory; monuments of Stalin were destroyed; Stalin's body was moved; censorship became less strict; Khrushchev did this because he disliked Stalin for jailing and killing loyal Soviet citizens.

Leonara Barry & Knights of Labor

After her husband died she went to work in the textile mills in the 1880s to support her children. She joined the Knights of Labor and headed up it w's division investigating working conditions of women in industrial work. She advocated for protective legislation.

Social Security Act 1935

Aid to Families w/ Dependent Children. Grace Abbott 2nd Director of the Children's Bureau & Katherine Lenroot 3rd Director of the Children's Bureau together wrote the funding for women & children into the New Deal program. Under Title V of the Social Security Act of 1935, the Children's Bureau was given responsibility for 3 imp children's programs: maternal & child health, services for "crippled children," & child welfare services.

Alexander Dubcek

Alexander Dubček (Slovak pronunciation: [ˈalɛksandɛr ˈduptʃɛk]; 27 November 1921 - 7 November 1992) was a Slovak politician and, briefly, leader of Czechoslovakia (1968-1969). He attempted to reform the communist regime during the Prague Spring. Later, after the overthrow of the government in 1989, he was Chairman of the federal Czecho-Slovak parliament.

Commercial Economy

All agricultural activity generated for the purpose of selling, not necessarily for local consumption global markets growing importance of cash, wages, capitalism growing class stratification women get low-status, low-paying jobs women continue to be dependent on men - harder to achieve economic independence - NEED to get married to survive women = primary consumers, no longer producers

Harriet Jacobs

Also known as Linda Brent. Her Incident's in the Life of Slave Girl highlight the sexual exploitation inherent in slavery. She hid for years in an attic. Abolitionists published her work but were uncomfortable with the fact that she had willingly taken a white lover who was not her owner as a form of resistance to sexual exploitation.

Black Widows: Belle Paulsdatter Gunness

America's 1st Black Widow 1859 - 19?? 16-49 victims 2 husbands, several children, male suitors, farmhands Money was primary motive (life insurance) Poison

Anne Bradstreet

America's first published poet. Her work met with a positive reception in both the Old World and the New World.

Mercy Otis Warren

American poet, dramatist, and historian whose proximity to political leaders and critical national events gives particular value to her writing on the American Revolutionary period. She is considered by some to be the first American woman to write primarily for the public, rather than for herself.

Special Enterprise Zone

An Urban Enterprise Zone is an area in which policies to encourage economic growth and development are implemented. Urban Enterprise Zone policies generally offer tax concession, infrastructure incentives, and reduced regulations to attract investments and private companies into the zones. Urban Enterprise Zones are common in the United Kingdom and the United States.[1] Urban Enterprise Zones are areas where companies can locate free of certain local, state, and federal taxes and restrictions. Urban Enterprise Zones are intended to encourage development in blighted neighborhoods through tax and regulatory relief to entrepreneurs and investors who launch businesses in the area.[2] In other countries, regions with similar economic policies are often referred as export-procession zones, tax and duty free zones, and Special Economic Zone most predominantly present in China and India.[3]

confederation

An affiliation of two or more states involving a relatively weak central governing authority set up to facilitate cooperation between them.

What is an appropriation?

An appropriation authorizes a program or government entity to spend government money. The appropriations committee is in charge of setting expenditures for programs, and is one of the most powerful committees with the most influential members.

Environmentalist

An environmentalist broadly supports the goals of the environmental movement, "a political and ethical movement that seeks to improve and protect the quality of the natural environment through changes to environmentally harmful human activities".[1] An environmentalist is engaged in or believes in the philosophy of environmentalism. Environmentalists are sometimes referred to using informal or derogatory terms such as "greenie" and "tree-hugger".[2]

Ideology

An ideology is a set of conscious and unconscious ideas that constitute one's goals, expectations and actions. An ideology is a comprehensive vision, a way of looking at things (compare worldview) as in several philosophical tendencies (see political ideologies), or a set of ideas proposed by the dominant class of a society to all members of this society (a "received consciousness" or product of socialization). Ideologies are systems of abstract thought applied to public matters and thus make this concept central to politics. Implicitly every political or economic tendency entails an ideology whether or not it is propounded as an explicit system of thought.

Speaker of the House

An office mandated by the Constitution. The Speaker is chosen in practice by the majority party, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line to succeed to the presidency should that office become vacant.

Parliament

Assembly that assures the representation of the population in democratic states. It is a legislature = a state's internal decision making legislative. Parliament has 3 functions = representation, legislation, and parliamentary control

What is Authorization?

Authorization refers to legislation permitting a government program to engage in activities and exist

Francis Willard

Became president of WCTU in 1879, largest w's organization & moved this very conservative organization into supporting suffrage. Susan B. Anthony 1st advocated to her, the secretary of WCTU on behalf of w's suffrage in 1876. In 1894, the WCTU begins to publicly support w's suffrage

Afrikaner National Party

Became the majority political party in the all-white South African legislature in 1948; worked to form the rigid system of racial segregation called Apartheid.

New York's Married Women's Property Rights Act 1848

Became the model for the rest of the states in granting women the right's to their property and income.

Brinkmanship

Brinkmanship (also brinksmanship) is the practice of pushing dangerous events to the verge of—or to the brink of—disaster in order to achieve the most advantageous outcome. It occurs in international politics, foreign policy, labour relations, and (in contemporary settings) military strategy involving the threatened use of nuclear weapons. This maneuver of pushing a situation with the opponent to the brink succeeds by forcing the opponent to back down and make concessions. This might be achieved through diplomatic maneuvers by creating the impression that one is willing to use extreme methods rather than concede. During the Cold War, the threat of nuclear force was often used as such an escalating measure.

Mary Rowlandson

Captured and lived briefly among Weetamoo's tribe in the Early Colonial period. Her captivity narrative documented life in the Wampanoag community though her outlook was decidedly negative compared to the experience of Mary Jemison.

What kind of cases does the Supreme court take on?

Cases that raise important questions of statutory and constitutional interpretation.

Hypotheses

Casual explanations that have not yet been proven. To become theories, must be tested for data and applicable to many scenarios

Report cards

Certain organizations will keep records of each members votes and display them to the public to show where they stand on public policy or party loyalty. Often times these report cards can't be trusted because the orgs have an agenda, so they often don't include context.

Lui Shaoqi

Chairman of the PRC during Mao's reign during which he implemented policies of economic reconstruction in China; disappeared from public life in 1968 and was labeled China's premier 'Capitalist-roader' and a traitor

Chancellor

Chancellor (Latin: cancellarius) is the title of various official positions in the governments of many nations. The original chancellors were the Cancellarii of Roman courts of justice—ushers who sat at the cancelli or lattice work screens of a basilica or law court, which separated the judge and counsel from the audience. A chancellor's office is called a chancellery or chancery. The word is now used in the titles of many various officers in all kinds of settings (government, education, religion etc.). Nowadays the term is most often used to describe:

Proportional Representation (PR)

Characterize electoral systems by which divisions in an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. It is the representation of party in percentage with the number of seats (vote for party, no politicians, but the lists of candidates is available) PR reduces polarization and favor multiple parties.

Charles De Gaulle

Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (/ˈtʃɑrlz/ or /ˈʃɑrl dəˈɡɔːl/; French: [ʃaʁl də ɡol] ( listen); 22 November 1890 - 9 November 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first president from 1959 to 1969.[1]

Veto

Chief executive's power to reject a bill passed by a legislature

Great Leap Forward

China's second five-year plan under the leadership ofMao, it aimed to speed up economic development while simultaneously developing a completely socialist society. This plan failed and more than 20 million people starved between 1958 and 1960.

Jiang Jeishi (Chiang Kai-Shek)

Chinese Nationalist leader who lost to Mao in 1949. He went to Taiwan to set up the Republic of China, which the United States recognized as the "official" China until 1971.

Sun Yat Sen

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.

Loa Tse

Chinese philosopher traditionally regarded as the founder of Daoism and author of the Tao-te-Ching, its most sacred scripture

(First) Great Awakening

Christian revival movement (Evangelical) that began in England, spreads to New England (1750s-1770s) - Women own idea of moral superiority - Draws converts to protestant denominations - connects women to Christianity w/ feminine sensibility - emphasized personal relationship with God/Jesus - Don't need a hierarchy, which is empowering - Rejected Calvanist notions of God (harsh, patriarch, judgment) - Turn to New Testament (forgiveness, love, compassion) - MATERNAL sense of God and godliness - more women than men became Christians - women become responsible for men's morality - women = drawn to Christianity - get involved - counseling and big roles in church - INVOLVEMENT IN SOCIETY

Climate Change

Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions, or in the distribution of weather around the average conditions (i.e., more or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change is caused by factors that include oceanic processes (such as oceanic circulation), biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions, and human-induced alterations of the natural world; these human-induced effects are currently causing global warming, and "climate change" is often used to describe human-specific impacts.

Marcia Greenberger and Nancy Campbell

Co-founded the National Women's Law Center (NWLC) in 1972 to advocate for women's civil rights. Their advocacy led to federal enforcement of Title IX & continued enforcement, end of forced sterilization of poor women, the creation of child support enforcement laws, played a lead roll in passage of the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978. They continue to advocate for maintaining the childcare & dependent tax credit.

Collectivization

Collective farming and communal farming are types of agricultural production in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise.[1] This type of collective is essentially an agricultural production cooperative in which member-owners engage jointly in farming activities. Typical examples of collective farms are the kolkhozy that dominated Soviet agriculture between 1930 and 1991 and the Israeli kibbutzim.[2] Both are collective farms based on common ownership of resources and on pooling of labor and income in accordance with the theoretical principles of cooperative organizations. They are radically different, however, in the application of the cooperative principles of freedom of choice and democratic rule. The creation of kolkhozy in the Soviet Union during the country-wide collectivization campaign of 1928-1933 was an example of forced collectivization, whereas the kibbutzim in Israel were traditionally created through voluntary collectivization and were governed as democratic entities. The element of forced or state-sponsored collectivization that was present in many countries during the 20th century led to the impression that collective farms operate under the supervision of the state,[3] but this is not universally true, as shown by the counter-example of the Israeli kibbutz.

1943 GI Bill

College or home buying benefits for military veterans; now titled the Montgomery GI Bill which includes dependent privileges.

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years - can't get married until after term of service - life was harsh / difficult conditions - housework was primitive - put to work in tobacco fields - physical and sexual abuse - child would become IS too - high death rate - physical isolation b/c plantations are spread out

The Yom Kippur War - 1973

Combined attack on Israel during holy days. Egypt, Syria, and Iraq lead Arab surprise attack in October 1973. Israel pushes Arab armies back with American assistance

Interest Aggregation

Combines different demands into policy proposals backed by significant political resources

How is the evidence mixed for Congress as a policymaker?

Congress has, at times, fashioned broad and coherent national policies in response to tangible problems and strong majority opinions

Select committee

Congress investigate the conduct and ethics of govt officials and members of congress Investigations by congress may lead to new legislation or re,ovine officials from office Collect evidence, subpoena witnesses, and grant witnesses immunity but are not trials

Containment

Containment was a United States policy to prevent the spread of communism abroad. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, Africa, and Vietnam. It represented a middle-ground position between appeasement and rollback. The basis of the doctrine was articulated in a 1946 cable by U.S. diplomat George F. Kennan. As a description of U.S. foreign policy, the word originated in a report Kennan submitted to U.S. Defense Secretary James Forrestal in 1947, a report that was later used in a magazine article. It is a translation of the French cordon sanitaire, used to describe Western policy toward the Soviet Union in the 1920s.

Victoria Woodhull

Controversial figure in polite society of the 19th century. Advocated Free Love & an array of w's rights. Made suffrage seem like a mainstream idea in comparison.

Wuornos Sentence

Convicted of the Mallory murder No contest plea - 3 victims Guilty plea - 2 victims Executed 2002

How does the court act as a referee?

Court acts as a referee between congress and the president by protecting unpopular or politically weak ideas and minority groups without having to worry about reelection.

1974 Federal Election Campaign Act

Created Federal Election Commission, provided public financing for presidential primaries and general elections. Unwittingly created Political Action Committees (PACs)

1787 Northwest Ordinance

Created a system for governments in the western territories

1840 Independent Treasury Act

Created a system of national banking not under Congressional control

1862 Morrill Land Grant Act

Created agricultural colleges of federal lands

1917 Espionage Act

Crime to make false statements with intent of interfering with American Military Forces. Can't use mail to send material violating the law or advocating treason, insurrection, or forcible resistance to any law of the US.

1974 Congressional Budget (Impoundment Act)

Curbs "impoundment power" of the president. Chief executive "must" spend what is allocated or Congress withdraws the funding.

Harriet Stanton Blatch

Daughter of Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Worked for passage of 19th Amendment. She & Alice Paul formed National Women's Party to fight for passage of the Equal Rights Amendment.

Nation-State

Definition: A state is a geopolitical entity, while a nation is a cultural and ethnic one. In a nation-state, the two ideas coincide. The concept represents a place with a cohesive political identity, where people also share a common culture and language. Theoreticians differ over the state or nation comes first--arguably, either one can precede the other in the formation of a nation-state. Author: Stepan, Linz, and Yadav Significance: Example: In France, the state came first and the nation did not come along until the Dreyfus Affair in the 20th century. He makes this argument based off the fact that only half of the people living in France during the French Revolution could speak French.

State

Definition: An administrative unit governed by leadership that enjoys a monopoly on the legitimate use of force within its territory; recognized and afforded sovereignty by other states. Also: Territorial control-Stalin. Efficient revenue extraction-Tilly. Security & infrastructure-Rotberg. State is formed by nations who are seeking to expand borders and security. Formed by war (coercion and capital). Author: Weber Significance: Example:

Majoritarianism/Plurality

Definition: Considered by Norris to produce the "strongest" governments, who have a clear mandate and are able to implement decisive policies. Pursuant to Duverger's Law, only two parties can reasonably compete in this system. Plurality: Person with most votes wins. Better demonstrates will of the voters. Majoritarian: Candidate must have over 50% of votes to win. Gives clearer mandate to voters. Author: Norris. Duverger. Significance: Electoral systems are a fundamental issue in political science, as they affect how governments are structured and how they function. The type of political system can affect the number of parties, the type of government (coalition, majority), and the potential conflicts (deadlock, vote of confidence). Example:

Prisoner's Dilemma

Definition: Game Theory: a situation in which two players each have two options whose outcome depends crucially on the simultaneous choice made by the other, often formulated in terms of two prisoners separately deciding whether to confess to a crime. Author: Significance: Example:

Competitive Authoritarianism

Definition: Importance of hybrid regimes. Four criteria for modern democracies: 1. Open, free and fair elections 2. All adults have right to vote 3. Political rights & civil liberties 4. Elected authorities possess real authority to govern. Competitive authoritarianism violates these criteria frequently. Author: Levitsky & Way Significance: Example:

Invisible Hand

Definition: Individuals are the economic actors that are best at making choices that benefit society. The marketplace has self-regulating behavior. Individuals can make profit, and maximize it without the need for government intervention. Author: Smith Significance: This is a notion that explains how a certain type of political economy can govern itself without the need of outside intervention. Example: This notion is key to Laissez-Faire economics, which dictates that the government should take a hands off approach to the economy and let the "invisible hand" ensure that everything works out the right way.

Preference Falsification

Definition: Individuals frequently tailor their choices to what appears socially acceptable in polls, which has huge political and social consequences. This results in seemingly stable incumbent regimes being toppled overnight when long-submerged sentiments burst to the surface. Author: Kuran Significance: This concept is extremely significant because it indicates why seemingly stable, dominant regimes can be toppled overnight. Example: In 1989, the Eastern European communist bloc showed no serious signs of collapse. However, on November 9, thousands of Germans took to the streets to tear down the Berlin Wall. This symbolized the end of the Cold War, and in just two years, all of the Eastern European communist regimes collapsed. The fall of the Berlin Wall served as a tipping point.

Presidentialism

Definition: It is a style of democratic governance in which both the executive and legislative have a strong claim to democratic legitimacy, however the executive does not derive its democratic legitimacy from the legislature. The head of the government and the head of the state tend to be the same person. Linz criticizes this style, arguing that it has the issues of rigid term limits and dual legitimacy. Author: Linz Significance: Example:

Westminster System

Definition: It's a political system. It implies a plurality electoral system and a parliamentary form of government. It has a tendency towards a two-party system and the head of the government tends to represent the majority party. Author: Lijphart Significance: Electoral systems are a fundamental issue in political science, as they affect how governments are structured and how they function. The type of political system can affect the number of parties, the type of government (coalition, majority), and the potential conflicts (deadlock, vote of confidence). Example: UK-We see a clear tendency towards a two-party system and a majority head of government, although it has shown its limitations in the previous election.

Consensus System

Definition: It's a political system. It implies a proportional representation electoral system with multiple parties and a decentralized federal government. Politics is about uniting disparate peoples and finding common solutions. Emphasizes finding mutually-agreeable solutions and sharing power. Balance between executive and legislature. More rigid constitution. Author: Significance: Electoral systems are a fundamental issue in political science, as they affect how governments are structured and how they function. The type of political system can affect the number of parties, the type of government (coalition, majority), and the potential conflicts (deadlock, vote of confidence). Example: Swiss Federal Council

Post-Totalitarianism

Definition: It's a type of regime. Pluralism and Protest. Limited, technocratic leadership. "Parallel society." Weakened ideology. Mobilization is declining (and participation is routine). Author: Linz and Stepan Significance: Example: Open questioning regime

Defining Revolution: "Social Revolutions"

Definition: Overturning of existing political order. New system. They are characterized by thoroughgoing structural transformation and massive class upheavals. State administration and classes matter most in enabling social revolutions. Author: Skocpol Significance: Example:

Authoritarianism

Definition: Rule by one or a few. No ideology, but there is a "mentality." No mobilization. Limited political pluralism, some social and economic pluralism. Author: Linz and Stepan Significance: Example: Muammar Gaddafi, Libya

Proportional Representation

Definition: Seats awarded on basis of share of the vote received by each candidate or party. In multi-member districts, M+1 parties remain viable (with M being the number of available seats). Author: Significance: Electoral systems are a fundamental issue in political science, as they affect how governments are structured and how they function. The type of political system can affect the number of parties, the type of government (coalition, majority), and the potential conflicts (deadlock, vote of confidence). Example:

Consolidated Democracy

Definition: The process by which a new democracy matures, in a way that means it is unlikely to revert to authoritarianism without an external shock. Their thesis is that is that democracy is consolidated by the presence of the institutions supporting and surrounding elections (for example the rule of law). Author: Linz and Stepan Significance: This is relevant because it addresses how democracies can become more stable so that they are protected from reverting back to authoritarianism. Example: The United States is considered to fit this model because it meets these five conditions: 1. Civil society 2. Political society 3. Rule of law that protects freedoms 4. State bureaucracy 5. Economic society.

Conditional Cash Transfers

Definition: These programs aim to reduce poverty by making welfare programs conditional upon the receivers' actions. The government (or a charity) only transfers the money to persons who meet certain criteria.Direct cash payments, usually to mothers (to address children not being in school). Based on assessed need. Measurable compliance. Recognizing opportunity costs. Author: Significance: Example:

Social Revolutions

Definition: These revolutions are characterized by thoroughgoing structural transformation and massive class upheavals. Structural factors converge to cause these types of revolutions; common factors include class conflicts and a crisis of the state. Author: Skocpol Significance: These types of revolutions have great significance in that they result in changes in class relations, types of regimes, and economic systems in countries. Example: In China, Chairman Mao launched the Cultural Revolution in 1966 which sought to pursue communist ideology and marked the return of Mao to power after the Great Leap Forward.

Coordinated Market Economy

Definition: This is a type of capitalism. It is a collaborative market arrangement characterized by strategic interaction among firms, with tripartite coordination between firms, workers, and the government. Workers cultivate specific skills, and the labor market is defined by long apprenticeships, government financed job training programs, and high unionization. Have comparative advantage in machinery, tools, cars, etc. (manufacturing). Sometimes corresponds with proportional representation and social democracy. Author: Hall and Soskice Significance: Varieties of capitalism are significant because many political scientists such as Fukuyama and Zakaria argue that society has converged on a final form of political-economic system. However, Hall and Soskice disprove this theory by demonstrating that different systems still exist. Example: In Germany, students take exams when they are 14 years old to determine what their vocation will be. They then attend specific vocational schools and participate in long apprenticeships to cultivate specific skills. Workers tend to stay at the same firm for decades.

Dictator's Dilemma

Definition: Using power to threaten subjects increases insecurity in office. Can't know if citizens truly love the dictator. Dictator and citizens must fear each other. Resolved by extreme repression or loyalty. Dictator and people cannot trust each other because of the bad equilibrium; signaling problem. Author: Wintrobe Significance: Example: Chile--Pinochet. NO campaign.

Revolutionary Tipping Point

Definition: Very similar to preference falsification. Essentially, once revolution reaches a critical mass of people with signals from authority, the masses follow the select original few who took to the streets because it is now socially acceptable to be open with political views (logistics curve). Author: Kuran Significance: This concept is extremely significant because it indicates why seemingly stable, dominant regimes can be toppled overnight. Example: In 1989, the Eastern European communist bloc showed no serious signs of collapse. However, on November 9, thousands of Germans took to the streets to tear down the Berlin Wall. This symbolized the end of the Cold War, and in just two years, all of the Eastern European communist regimes collapsed. The fall of the Berlin Wall served as a tipping point.

Dmitry Medvedev

Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev (Russian: Дми́трий Анато́льевич Медве́дев, tr. Dmitriy Anatolyevich Medvedev, IPA: [ˈdmʲitrʲɪj ɐnɐˈtolʲjɪvʲɪt͡ɕ mʲɪˈdvʲedʲɪf] ( listen); born 14 September 1965) is the tenth and current Prime Minister of Russia, incumbent since 2012.[2][3] He previously served as the third President of Russia, from 2008 to 2012. When he took office at the age of 42, he was the youngest of the three Russian Presidents who have served.

Dr. Rosalyn Sussman Yalow

Dr. Solomon A. Berson (1919-1972) and____________________________________(1921- ) co-invented the radioimmunoassay (RIA) in 1959. The radioimmunoassay is a method of chemically analyzing human blood and tissue and is used diagnose illness (like diabetes). RIA revolutionized diagnoses because it uses only a tiny sample of blood or tissue and is a relatively inexpensive and simple test to perform. Blood banks use RIA to screen blood; RIA is used to detect drug use, high blood pressure, infertility, and many other conditions and diseases. For inventing RIA, she won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1977 (She accepted for Berson, who died in 1972). She and Berson did not patent the RIA; instead they allowed the common use of RIA to benefit human health.

Structural Approach

Economic/political structures, classes, and relationships between groups. The effects of economic or social groups.

Mary Church Terrell

Educated & wealthy black women, one of 1st w/ a college degree in the 1880s. She advocated for suffrage. She helped found the NACWC advocating for awareness, rights and race elevation. She was a strong advocate for education and served on the DC Board of Education.

Ida B. Wells

Educated black woman best known for her work exposing the problem of lynching of black men in the South. Helped to found NACWC and NAACP which advocate for black civil rights.

Eight Fold Path

Eight steps to end suffering according to Buddhist tradition.

Features of a president

Elected for set term Head of state and chief executive Leader of military Power of veto

E-Commerce

Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or eCommerce, is a type of industry where the buying and selling of products or services is conducted over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. Electronic commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at one point in the transaction's life-cycle, although it may encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail, mobile devices social media, and telephones as well.

Children's Bureau

Established in 1912. Heavily advocated for by Lillian Wald & Florence Kelley. Lathrop was 1st director from 1912-122. 1st Federal program (and first worldwide) to study the welfare, health, safety, education & prospects of children in the US. At time 1 in 10 children died before their 1st birthday. 1 of their first big campaigns was to save 100,000 babies. The Children's Bureau was a precursor to social welfare programs that developed during Great Depression. This organization still is a part of the US Department of Health and Human Services and still advocates. The first Federal program (and first worldwide) to study the welfare, health, safety, education and prospects of children in the US. At the time 1 in 10 children died before their first birthday. One of their first big campaigns was to save 100,000 babies. The Children's Bureau was a precursor to the social welfare programs that developed during the Great Depression for improving the lives of children and families The Children's Bureau focuses on adoption, child abuse and neglect, child welfare services and foster care services and guardianship. The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974 was another milestone for the Children's Bureau.

Ethnic Cleansing

Ethnic cleansing is a the process or policy of eliminating unwanted ethnic or religious groups by deportation, forcible displacement, mass murder, or by threats of such acts, with the intent of creating a territory inhabited by people of a homogeneous or pure ethnicity, religion, culture, and history. Ethnic cleansing usually involves attempts to remove physical and cultural evidence of the targeted group in the territory through the destruction of homes, social centers, farms, and infrastructure, and by the desecration of monuments, cemeteries, and places of worship.

Spinning Bees

Events organized by Patriot women to promote American production of yarn. It was meant to help the boycott of British clothing. Way of women to have active political roles during the American Revolution.

Mental Defects

Exhibit many of the traits of males Psychopathic traits

David Ben-Gurion

First prime minister of Israel

Harriet Tubman

Fled from slavery in Maryland in 1849 after he master was selling her. She returned to bring her family north and eventually about 300 others. Her narrative was widely publicized by abolitionists. She served as a union spy in the Civil War. She was also an advocate for women's rights.

Progressivism & W's Activism

Focused on minimum wages, protective labor laws, public schooling, food and drug regulation, public sanitation and parks and women's suffrage.

Freida Miller

Followed Mary Anderson as director of Women's Bureau in 1944. Argued that it was the Patriotic duty of women following war to return home to their "proper sphere" and leave jobs to veterans. This advocacy led to a decline in the value of working mothers. She advocated for better childcare for working women, when work was a necessity.

US Sanitary Commission

Formed from the medical support network of Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell who helped found the New York Central Relief Agency, this commission was officially recognized by the US Army in 1861. Its purpose was to support Union troops medically. Dorothea Dix a well-known nurse and hospital administrator was appointed as head. This organization got federal support and recognition and later became the Army Medical Corp.

Jane Addams

Founded Hull House Settlement House in Chicago in 1889 w/ Ellen Starr after visiting settlement houses in London. Considered the Mother of American Social Work. Many w who lived and worked in Hull House went on to gain appointments to federal positions. Was a leading Progressive Era reformer who advocated for safer conditions, better pay and education for laboring classes, she opposed child labor, advocated for compulsory education and protective labor legislation for women. She was a suffragist and was vice-president of the National American Women Suffrage Association. She opposed US involvement in WWI and became chairman of the Women's Peace Party in 1915. She was also a founding member of the ACLU. In 1931 she was the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Hull House is a museum today.

American Woman's Suffrage Association (AWSA)

Founded by Julia Ward Howe, Lucy Stone, & Henry Blackwell to support the 15th amendment & seek state by state legislation giving women the right to vote.

National Women's Suffrage Association (NWSA)

Founded in 1869 by Stanton & Anthony w/ goal of achieving a national amendment giving women the right to vote.

WCTU

Founded in 1874. W's Christian Temperance Union & their campaign of "Protection of the Home" successfully advocated for banning of alcohol in 18th amendment. This organization under leadership of Francis Willard advocates successfully for suffrage & passage of 19th amendment. Still in existence, current focus is on education teachers in tobacco & alcohol use prevention education

Clara Barton

Founded red cross. Angel of the Battlefield

FD Roosevelt

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (/ˈroʊzəvɛlt/ roh-zə-velt or /ˈroʊzəvəlt/ roh-zə-vəlt; January 30, 1882 - April 12, 1945), commonly known by his initials, FDR, 32nd President of the United States (1933-1945), served for 12 years and four terms until his death in 1945, the only president ever to do so, and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic depression and total war. A dominant leader of the Democratic Party and the only American president elected to more than two terms, he built a New Deal Coalition that realigned American politics after 1932, as his domestic policies defined American liberalism for the middle third of the 20th century.

Francois Mitterrand

François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (French: [fʁɑ̃swa mɔʁis mitɛˈʁɑ̃] ( listen)) (26 October 1916 - 8 January 1996) was the 21st President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra, serving from 1981 until 1995. He is the longest-serving President of France and, as leader of the Socialist Party, the first figure from the left elected President under the Fifth Republic.

13th Amendment

Freed African Americans from Slavery. This meant African American women no longer were property and offspring were under the guardianship of parents. Marriages were legally recognized and family could not be sold away. Very significant changes for African American women in the South.

Fundamentalist

Fundamentalism is the demand for a strict adherence to orthodox theological doctrines usually understood as a reaction against Modernist theology, primarily to promote continuity and accuracy.[3] The term "fundamentalism" was originally coined by its supporters to describe five specific classic theological beliefs of Christianity, and that developed into a movement within the Protestant community of the United States in the early part of the 20th century, and that had its roots in the Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy of that time.[4] The term usually has a religious connotation indicating unwavering attachment to a set of irreducible beliefs.[5] "Fundamentalism" is sometimes used as a pejorative term, particularly when combined with other epithets (as in the phrase "right-wing fundamentalists").[6][7]

Chiang Kai Shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.

Douglas McArthur

General of the Army Douglas MacArthur (26 January 1880 - 5 April 1964) was an American general and field marshal of the Philippine Army who was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the Philippines Campaign, which made him and his father Arthur MacArthur, Jr., the first father and son to be awarded the medal. He was one of only five men ever to rise to the rank of General of the Army in the U.S. Army, and the only man ever to become a field marshal in the Philippine Army.

German Reunification

Germany was divided after World War II. with Eastern Germany under control of the Soviet Union. With the fall of the Wall in 1989, The two Germanys, East and West were unified a year later in 1990

Post-Colonial Africa

Ghana was the first sub-Saharan country to gain independence in 1957. Kenya gained independence from Britain in 1963, after some violent struggles. South Africa, independent since the early 20th century, instituted apartheid, a racial segregation of blacks and whites. The system fell apart in 1994, when the modern state of South Africa was established and racial discrimination was outlawed.Congo(known as Zaire for a time) achieved independence in 1960, after brutal colonial government under the Belgians, as the Republic of Congo.

Violence Against Women Act 1994

Gives grants to States for coordinating community prevention education to courts, law enforcement, prosecutors, victim services on domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking and support for victims.

Glasnost

Glasnost (Russian: гла́сность, IPA: [ˈɡlasnəsʲtʲ] ( listen), "lit. publicity") was a policy that called for increased openness and transparency in government institutions and activities in the Soviet Union. Introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the second half of the 1980s,[1] Glasnost is often paired with Perestroika (literally: Restructuring), another reform instituted by Gorbachev at the same time. The word "glasnost" has been used in Russian at least since the end of the 18th century.[2]

Global Warming

Global warming is the rise in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans since the late 19th century and its projected continuation. Since the early 20th century, Earth's mean surface temperature has increased by about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980.[2] Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and scientists are more than 90% certain that it is primarily caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.[3][4][5][6][7] These findings are recognized by the national science academies of all major industrialized nations.[8][A]

Divided Government

Governance divided between the parties, as when one holds the presidency and the other controls one or both houses of Congress.

What is grassroots lobbying?

Grassroots lobbying is attempting to influence legislation by changing the public opinion with respect to certain legislation and encouraging others to take action

Green Revolution

Green Revolution refers to a series of research, development, and technology transfer initiatives, occurring between the 1940s and the late 1960s, that increased agriculture production worldwide, particularly in the developing world, beginning most markedly in the late 1960s.[1] The initiatives, led by Norman Borlaug, the "Father of the Green Revolution" credited with saving over a billion people from starvation, involved the development of high-yielding varieties of cereal grains, expansion of irrigation infrastructure, modernization of management techniques, distribution of hybridized seeds, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides to farmers.

Harry Truman

Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 - December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945-1953). The final running mate of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944, Truman succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when Roosevelt died after months of declining health. Under Truman, the U.S. successfully concluded World War II; in the aftermath of the conflict, tensions with the Soviet Union increased, marking the start of the Cold War.

Wuornos Targets

Hated men Very aggressive when provoked Other criminal arrests Killed like many male SK Atypical of female SK

first woman elected to Senate

Hattie Wyatt Caraway

General MacArthur

He was one of the best-known American military leaders of WWII in the Pacific. He liberated the Philippines and organized the Japanese surrender at Tokyo in 1945. He imposed a democratic style constitution on Japan. When North Korea invaded in 1950, He led the efforts to defeat North Korea. The war ended in a stalemate that exists today. During the Korean War, MacArthur was fired by Truman because he assured Truman that defeating the communists in North Korea would not bring in the Chinese. When the Chinese invaded North Korea, Truman as Commander-in Chief, fired the general.

Molly Dewson

Head of W's Division of the Democratic Party 1930s. Advocated for appointment of women to high level posts in gov. Instrumental in getting Frances Perkins appointed as labor secretary. Battled for equal power for w in gov. Had been a leader in NCL and an active lobbyist for the federal minimum wage. In 1933 she had a list of 100 women who deserved federal jobs, by 1935 at least 50 women had been appointed to federal jobs.

What are some ways Congress keeps the exec branch accountable?

Hearings and investigations, authorization process, appropriations process, inspector generals, informal communication, Government Accountability office, and individual efforts

Perceptions of Female SKs

Heckert & Ferraiolo - Most do not have a conceptualization of a female SK Misconception that females can't be brutal These perceptions distract what a true female SK looks like

What does the majority leader do

Helps plan the party's legislative program, steers important bills through the house and makes sure the chair persons of the many committees finish work on bills important to the party

Florence Kelley

Henry Street Settlement resident reformer. Headed up the National Consumers League 1899 & successfully lobbied for passage of 1908 Pure Food and Drug Act to provide federal regulation of the cleanliness & safety of food & drug production. Advocated against child labor & for protective labor legislation. She had proposed a Commission on Children. She along w/ Lillian Wald advocated for the creation of a Federal Children's Bureau which was established in 1912 to study and protect children nationally. It took 11 bills and six years of work to get the Children's Bureau passed in 1912.

Mary Jemison

Her early 18th century life among the Seneca group of the Iroquois documented the different types of housework Native American women engaged in versus European colonial women. Adopted into a family she married and had children and became accustomed to the Seneca way of life. She helped around the home, with the skins, the children and documented the semi-nomadic/semi-agrarian lifestyle of the Seneca during the colonial period.

Anne Hutchinson

Her early colonial period trial recorded her willingness to speak out and preach before men and women regardless of the Puritan rules of the day which did not allow women to teach or preach in public, let alone to men. She was ultimately banished from the colony, but not without challenging the idea that women should not preach before men. Enough of the colonists had been coming to her to cause consternation among those in leadership positions illustrating a beginning of a shift in thinking about women's role in religion.

Incumbency

Holding a political office for which one is running

What is constitutional interpretation?

How judges interpret and apply constitutional legislation when laws are challenged to be unconstitutional

What is statutory interpretation?

How judges interpret and apply statute legislation

What do whips try to know

How many party members intend to vote on bills, persuade members to vote as the party wants and pushes for party members to be present to vote

Political Socialization

How political messages are spread to the people. All aspects that reinforce/transform the political culture.

Julia Lathrop

Hull House resident reformer. 1st director of the federal Children's Bureau established in 1912, the first social advocacy/welfare program in the US. She was 1st woman to ever head a federal bureau. She first supported national health insurance legislation that sought to fund pregnant women's health care which did not succeed. However, reformers activism resulted in the 1921 The Sheppard Towner Maternity and Infancy Act was passed which dedicated grant money to states in order to fund for maternal and child health clinics. She died in 1932 before the Social Security Act was written which continued and continues to provide federal money for social services aimed at children.

Grace Abbott

Hull House resident reformer. She became the second director of the Children's Bureau and helps write the Aid to Dependent Children section of the Social Security Act 1935 during the New Deal.

1934 Hatch Act

Illegal for federal civil service employees to take an active part in political management or political campaigns, soliciting funds, running for office, endorsing a candidate or being a delegate.

Default

In law, a default is the failure to do something required by law or to appear at a required time in legal proceedings. In the United States, for example, when a party has failed to file meaningful response to pleadings within the time allowed, with the result that only one side of a controversy has been presented to the court, the party who has pleaded a claim for relief and received no response may request entry of default. In some jurisdictions the court may proceed to enter judgment immediately: others require that the plaintiff file a notice of intent to take the default judgment and serve it on the unresponsive party. If this notice is not opposed, or no adequate justification for the delay or lack of response is presented, then the plaintiff is entitled to judgment in his favor. Such a judgment is referred to as a "default judgment" and, unless otherwise ordered, has the same effect as a judgment entered in a contested case.

Surplus

In mainstream economics, economic surplus (also known as total welfare or Marshallian surplus (named after Alfred Marshall)) refers to two related quantities. Consumer surplus or consumers' surplus is the monetary gain obtained by consumers because they are able to purchase a product for a price that is less than the highest price that they would be willing to pay. Producer surplus or producers' surplus is the amount that producers benefit by selling at a market price that is higher than the least that they would be willing to sell for. In some schools of heterodox economics, the economic surplus denotes the total income which the ruling class derives from its ownership of scarce factors of production, which is either reinvested or spent on consumption. In Marxian economics, the term surplus may also refer to surplus value, surplus product and surplus labour.

Satellites

In the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an artificial object which has been intentionally placed into orbit. Such objects are sometimes called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as the Moon. The world's first artificial satellite, the Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. Since then, thousands of satellites have been launched into orbit around the Earth. Some satellites, notably space stations, have been launched in parts and assembled in orbit. Artificial satellites originate from more than 50 countries and have used the satellite launching capabilities of ten nations. A few hundred satellites are currently operational, whereas thousands of unused satellites and satellite fragments orbit the Earth as space debris. A few space probes have been placed into orbit around other bodies and become artificial satellites to the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Vesta, Eros, and the Sun.

Summit

In topography, a summit is a point on a surface that is higher in elevation than all points immediately adjacent to it. Mathematically, a summit is a local maximum in elevation. In terms of elevation opposite to it are foothills. The topographic terms "acme", "apex", "peak", and "zenith" are synonyms.

1878 Bland-Allison Act

Increased Federal Coinage of silver and greenbacks

Pakistan/Bangladesh

India was partitioned into (Muslim) Pakistan (East and West) and India to give Muslims a homeland in 1947. Eventually East Pakistan became independent from Pakistan in 1971 as Bangla Desh.

The Elephant and the Dragon

India: From democracy to development (challenging Lipset logic). 1947--partition and independence. Democratic development begins. Need to industrialize, urbanize, and improve education. State pursued modernization (license Raj--businesses had to register with this authority), import substitution industrialization (close down trade so people produce domestically), and socialism with low expectations. By 2030, India will be most populous nation on Earth. Economists also predict it will overtake Japan by 2030 as world's third largest economy (behind China and U.S.) By 2030, India will have nearly 1 billion people of working age (jump from just 270 million in 2006) If jobs are not created for this growing demographic of working-age people, India will be mired in hopelessness and poverty. Must fully unleash its economy to propel hundreds of millions of people out of poverty China: From development to democracy (following Lipset logic). Mao's Cultural Revolution devastated China, "crushing its intellectual, scientific, and artistic capabilities, eliminating China's educational system, and ruining its economy" Since he died in 1976, Communist Party has done an about-face to join world economy, move towards market economy, and engage in an industrial revolution. 100 million people have already been lifted out of poverty Belief that 2008 Beijing Olympics will drastically redefine China, by launching it onto the world's stage

Jawaharlal Nehru

Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister

Dorothea Dix

Initially she was a reformer who addressed the miserable condition of the insane during the 19th century. She helped establish and ran mental hospitals for those with mental illness removing them from jails. She was appointed to head the US Sanitary Commission, which formed form the New York Central Relief Agency in 1861. This organization provided medical and sanitary support to the Army. Branches in each state ran Sanitary Fairs raising money and food and clothing donations. Ultimately they provided over $20 million in supplies. This organization later become the Army Medical Corp.

1932 Norris-La Guardia

Injunction restricted in labor disputes.

Insolvency

Insolvency is the inability of a debtor to pay their debt.[1] Cash flow insolvency involves a lack of liquidity to pay debts as they fall due. Balance sheet insolvency involves having negative net assets—where liabilities exceed assets. Insolvency is not a synonym for bankruptcy, which is a determination of insolvency made by a court of law with resulting legal orders intended to resolve the insolvency. A business can be cash-flow insolvent but balance-sheet solvent if it holds market liquidity assets, particularly against short term debt that it cannot immediately realize if called upon to do so. Conversely, a business can have negative net assets showing on its balance sheet but still be cash-flow solvent if ongoing revenue is able to meet debt obligations, and thus avoid default: for instance, if it holds long term debt. Some large companies operate permanently in this state.

Structures

Institutions or agencies (ex. political parties, executives, interest groups, bureaucracies, legislatures, courts)

Bernice Sadler

Instrumental in researching, writing, lobbying for passage of Title IX. Considered the "godmother" of Title IX. She worked with NOW and WEAL on its passage for the passage of title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 to the Civil Rights Act. She was appointed to the first federal Advisory Committee on Women and Educational Equity in 1975.

Interdependence

Interdependence is a relationship in which each member is mutually dependent on the others. This concept differs from a dependence relationship, where some members are dependent and some are not. In an interdependent relationship, participants may be emotionally, economically, ecologically and/or morally reliant on and responsible to each other. An interdependent relationship can arise between two or more cooperative autonomous participants (e.g. - co-op). Some people advocate freedom or independence as the ultimate good; others do the same with devotion to one's family, community, or society. Interdependence can be a common ground between these aspirations.

Iroquois Women

Iroquois clan leaders who owned the longhouses and the land. They chose male council members, or sachems to rule the Iroquois Confederacy and replaced them if they did a bad job!

Unitary system

Is a state governed as a single entity. The central government is supreme, and the administrative divisions exercise only powers that the central government has delegated to them. (example: Sweden)

Nikita Khruschchev

Leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964. Famous for inducing the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 and erecting the Berlin Wall in 1961.

Lech Walesa

Lech Wałęsa (/ˌlɛk vəˈwɛnsə/ or /wɔːˈlɛnsə/; Polish: [ˈlɛx vaˈwɛ̃sa] ( listen);[1][2] born 29 September 1943) is a Polish politician, trade-union organizer, and human-rights activist. A charismatic leader, he co-founded Solidarity (Solidarność), the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland between 1990 and 1995.[3]

1973 War Powers Act

Limit of 60 days on sending troops into conflict unless a declaration of war. President must report to Congress in 48 hours. Commitment must end in 60 days unless Congress passes a declaration of war or issues a resolution that extends the deadline.

MAD

MAD sometimes referred to as MAD studio or MAD architects is a studio that builds futuristic architecture based on contemporary interpretation of the eastern spirit of nature. Based in Beijing, China and Tokyo, Japan, MAD gained first international attention in 2006 when it was commissioned to design two residential towers in Mississauga, Canada.

Civil Rights Act of 1991

Made employers liable for up to $300,000 in damages for findings of discrimination

1918 Espionage Act II

Made it a crime to utter print , write or publish disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive language used to incite resistance.

1873 Comstock Act

Made it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious" materials through the mail, including contraceptive devices & information

Fatah Party

Major Palestinian political party, faction of PLO, nationalist, rival of hamas, founded by palestinian diaspora, WANT: to liberate the palestinian homeland

Communism in China (1949)

Mao triumphed over the Nationalists in 1949 and established mainland China as a communist state as the Peoples Republic of China (PRC).

Margaret Thatcher

Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG OM PC FRS (née Roberts, 13 October 1925 - 8 April 2013) was a British politician who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and the Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She was the longest-serving British Prime Minister of the 20th century and is the only woman to have held the office. A Soviet journalist called her the "Iron Lady", a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style. As Prime Minister, she implemented policies that have come to be known as Thatcherism.

Modernization

Modernization or modernisation refers to a model of an evolutionary transition from a 'pre-modern' or 'traditional' to a 'modern' society.[citation needed] The teleology of modernization is described in social evolutionism theories, existing as a template that has been generally followed by societies that have achieved modernity.[1][2][citation needed] Historians link modernization to the processes of urbanization and industrialisation, as well as to the spread of education. As Kendall (2007) notes, "Urbanization accompanied modernization and the rapid process of industrialization."[3] In sociological critical theory, modernization is linked to an overarching process of rationalisation. When modernization increases within a society, the individual becomes that much more important, eventually replacing the family or community as the fundamental unit of society.[4][citation needed] Modernization theory and history have been explicitly used as guides for countries eager to develop rapidly, such as China. Indeed, modernization has been proposed as the most useful framework for World history in China, because as one of the developing countries that started late, "China's modernization has to be based on the experiences and lessons of other countries.".[5]

what percent since 1950 has incumbents in the house won reelection

More than 90 percent

Daisy Bates

NAACP president of Little Rock chapter & key leader & community organizer in Little Rock Nine desegregation in 1957.

NWP

National Women's Party was founded by Alice Paul in 1916. Focused on bringing in working class w & radicalized movement by supporting picketing & a broader array of women's rights issues. The NWP introduced the ERA in 1923.

Pueblo Women

Native American women from the southwest who lived in a matrilineal and matrilocal community. Women built the houses and worked crops and thus has substantial power within the society

Process Functions

Necessary for Policy making Articulation->Aggregation->Policymaking->Implementation->Adjudication

Indira Gandhi

Nehru's daughter and Prime Minister of India, she was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards

Neo-Nazis

Neo-Nazism consists of post-World War II social or political movements seeking to revive Nazism.[1][2][3][4] The term neo-Nazism can also refer to the ideology of these movements.[5][6] Neo-Nazism borrows elements from Nazi doctrine, including militant nationalism, racism, xenophobia, homophobia, and antisemitism. Holocaust denial is a common feature, as is incorporation of Nazi symbols and admiration of Adolf Hitler. It is related to the white nationalist and white power skinhead movements in many countries.

Nikita Khrushchev

Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev[a] (April 15 [O.S. April 3] 1894 - September 11, 1971) led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War. He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the partial de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union, for backing the progress of the early Soviet space program, and for several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy. Khrushchev's party colleagues removed him from power in 1964, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin as Premier.

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. An oil cartel of countries to set the price of oil. OPEC states became more wealthy as a result.

Yasser Arafat

Palestinian statesman who is chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (born in 1929)

The Intifada

Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation, living conditions, and to demand independence

Wuornos Childhood

Parents were troubled - Both teens, father took off, mom abandons them Pregnant at 14, prostituting as pre-teen (food, cigarettes) Lots of drugs

Median Voter Theorem

Parties seek a minimum winning coalition. Just over 50% of the vote. Gets them in office, and allows them to share resources among the smallest set of supporters.

The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974

Passed in response to growing recognition of problem of children who were being abused or neglected by their caregivers. This created a National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect.

Perestroika

Perestroika (Russian: перестро́йка, IPA: [pʲɪrʲɪˈstrojkə] ( listen))[1] was a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s (1986), widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (meaning "openness") policy reform. The literal meaning of perestroika is "restructuring", referring to the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system. Perestroika is often argued to be the cause of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe, and the end of the Cold War.[2]

Discharge Petition

Petition that, if signed by majority of the House of Representatives' members, will pry a bill from committee and bring it to the floor for consideration.

Dorothea Lange

Photography during Great Depression. Took the haunting photo images of w & children suffering. Created support for New Deal social policy shifts.

Bundy

Physically abusive parents Unpopular at school Sexually abused by father Promiscuous to keep friends Wooed and then degraded by Clark

Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)

Political & military organization regarded as the sole representative of the Palestinian people; considered to be freedom-fighters by many Arabs and terrorists by the US and Israel.

Deborah Sampson Gannett

Poor orphan woman and indentured servant who was invested in the patriot cause; served as a soldier; dressed as a man in the 4th Massachusetts Regiment; "Robert"; served for 18 months until her boobs were discovered (lol) and she received honorable discharge; Went on a speaking tour as a proud patriot; argued for a pension for her service and her husband received benefits after her death;

Pope John Paul II

Pope John Paul II (Latin: Ioannes Paulus II), sometimes called Blessed John Paul or John Paul the Great, born Karol Józef Wojtyła (Polish: [ˈkarɔl ˈjuzɛf vɔjˈtɨwa]; 18 May 1920 - 2 April 2005), was the head of the Catholic Church from 16 October 1978 to his death in 2005. He was the second longest-serving pope in history and the first non-Italian since Pope Adrian VI, who died in 1523.

Hindley

Pornography and bondage Killing over 2 yr. period Convicted in 1966, Life in prison Neither confessed until 1986 Died in 2002

Reserved powers

Powers designated to a particular level of government that another level of government cannot take away.

shared powers

Powers held by both the central and the lower levels of government.

Theories

Precisely formulated & well supported statements about casual relationships among general classes of people (causes, testable, explains specific cases)

Federal Disability Law/ Pregnancy Discrimination Act 1978

Pregnant women allowed disability benefits and medical leave time.

Carrie Chapman Catt

President of NAWSA from 1900-1904 & then again from 1915 to 1919. Moved NAWSA to new activism in 1916 by mimicking Alice Paul's marches & adopting street speaking & bringing in working class w alongside elite w & traditional lecture routes, petitioning, & lobbying of Congress. Grows the membership & gathers more press. Opposed to Alice Paul's picketing of the White House

Mikhail Gorbachev

President of the Soviet Union who introduced reforms (glasnost and perestroika) that ultimately led to the end of the Soviet Union in 1991

War Powers Act of 1973

Presidents must.. -consult congress before introducing troops into hostilities -tell congress 48 hours ahead of time of commitment of troops -terminate use of force within 60 days if congress does not declare war or extend time period -no pres has fully accepted act

De Las Casas

Priest who spoke out against Spanish treatment of Native Americans

Sentencing

Prison time - 67% Death row - 19% Psychiatric hospital - 5% Never caught - 5% Killed before trial - 4% 2/3 not fully prosecuted for all murders, poison cases are hard to prove

Female Academies

Private schools that began providing advanced education to teenage girls in the late 1700s. Because of Republican Motherhood. First ones are for elite/rich women. Cause dramatic rise in women's literacy.

Propaganda

Propaganda is a form of communication aimed towards influencing the attitude of the community toward some cause or position by presenting only one side of an argument. Propaganda statements may be partly false and partly true. Propaganda is usually repeated and dispersed over a wide variety of media in order to create the chosen result in audience attitudes. As opposed to impartially providing information, propaganda, in its most basic sense, presents information primarily to influence an audience. Propaganda often presents facts selectively (thus possibly lying by omission) to encourage a particular synthesis, or uses loaded messages to produce an emotional rather than rational response to the information presented. The desired result is a change of the attitude toward the subject in the target audience to further a political, religious or commercial agenda. Propaganda can be used as a form of ideological or commercial warfare. While the term propaganda has acquired a strongly negative connotation by association with its most manipulative and jingoistic examples (e.g. Nazi propaganda used to justify the Holocaust), propaganda in its original sense was neutral, and could refer to uses that were generally benign or innocuous, such as public health recommendations, signs encouraging citizens to participate in a census or election, or messages encouraging persons to report crimes to law enforcement, among others.

What are appropriations bills?

Proposed laws to authorize spending money

1935 Social Security Act

Provides a minimal level of sustenance for retiring Americans. It has expanded to include disabled, and widows and surviving children of recipients. It also established national assistance programs for poor children, known as Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC).

2002 Patriot Act

Provides federal government the means to secure and protect the citizenry by restricting due process provisions.

Pendelton Act

Provides for merit system of hiring and the elimination of patronage - Civil Service.

Little Red Book

Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung (simplified Chinese: 毛主席语录; traditional Chinese: 毛主席語錄; pinyin: Máo zhǔxí yǔlù), is a book of selected statements from speeches and writings by Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung), the former leader of Chinese Communist Party, published from 1964 to about 1976 and widely distributed during the Cultural Revolution. The most popular versions were printed in small sizes that could be easily carried and were bound in bright red covers, becoming commonly known in the West as the Little Red Book. It is one of the most printed books in history.[1]

Segregation

Racial segregation in the United States, as a general term, included the racial segregation or hypersegregation of facilities, services, and opportunities such as housing, medical care, education, employment, and transportation along racial lines. The expression is most often used regarding the legally or socially enforced separation of African Americans from other races, but is also used regarding the separation of other minorities from the majority mainstream communities.

Williams v. Saxbe 1976

Recognizes sexual harassment is a form of discrimination

START

START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) was a bilateral treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms. The treaty was signed on 31 July 1991 and entered into force on 5 December 1994.[1] The treaty barred its signatories from deploying more than 6,000 nuclear warheads atop a total of 1,600 ICBMs, submarine-launched ballistic missiles, and bombers. START negotiated the largest and most complex arms control treaty in history, and its final implementation in late 2001 resulted in the removal of about 80 percent of all strategic nuclear weapons then in existence. Proposed by United States President Ronald Reagan, it was renamed START I after negotiations began on the second START treaty. The START I treaty expired 5 December 2009. On 8 April 2010, the replacement New START treaty was signed in Prague by U.S. President Obama and Russian President Medvedev. Following ratification by the U.S. Senate and the Federal Assembly of Russia, it went into force on 26 January 2011.

longest Speaker of the House

Sam Rayburn

Helen Hunt Jackson

Saw the abuse of Native Americans as a moral issue. She wrote and congress read A Century of Dishonor which highlighted the broken treaties and abuses of Native Americans by America. Her work resulted in the Dawes Act which sought to empower Native American by granting them individual land holding and forced education of their children into American culture

Shaw v. Reno

Says states can take race into account as long as it was not the "dominant and controlling " factor

Cleveland Board of Education v. La Fleur 1974

Schools can't force women off work due to pregnancy

Political Recruitment

Selection of people for political activity and government offices

A filibuster may take over the senate floor to delay or stall a vote

Senate

Allows unlimited debate on bills (no rules committee )

Senate

President pro tempore is the presiding officer when vp is absent & is selected by

Senate

house fewer rules than house

Senate

vp can only vote to break a tie

Senate

Who can determine their rules of operation every 2 years for their own chamber

Senate & HR

Separatism

Separatism is the advocacy of a state of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, governmental or gender separation from the larger group. While it often refers to full political secession,[1] separatist groups may seek nothing more than greater autonomy.[2] Some groups refer to their organizing as independence, self-determination, partition or decolonization movements instead of, or in addition to, autonomist, separatist or secession movements.[citation needed] While some critics may equate separatism and religious segregation, racial segregation or sexual segregation, separatists argue that separation by choice is not the same as government-enforced segregation and may serve useful purposes.[3][4][5][6][7]

Gunness: Early Years

Series of arsons - insurance money Deaths of children, 1st husband, 2nd husband (after 8 months of marriage) Disappearances of foster child and drifters and male suitors 1908: Homestead fire - body of her proportions found, was it her?

2001 No Child Left Behind Act

Sets federal standards for educational achievement and financially reprimands school districts that do not meet these standards. Federal monies are provided for schools that agree to achieve set standards.

Policy Adjudication

Settling disputes about policy application

Types: Sexual

Sex is a secondary status Power/Control issues Likely history of failed interpersonal relationships

Mary Lyon

She advocated for women's education and created Mount Holyoke in the early 19th century as a female seminary which continues as an educational institution today. She advocated that women be educated to be missionaries and teachers.

Deborah Sampson

She dressed as a man and fought in the Revolutionary War, an uncommon experience for women. Most women ran farms during the revolutionary war. 35,000 troops were supported by wives at home who continued to run businesses and farms without them

Penelope Baker

She formed the Edenton Tea Party which consisted of 51 ladies who publically renounced British tea imports. They were part of a larger unorganized patriotic effort of ladies to boycott British goods. They avoided all imports including tea and cloth and turned to drinking local herbal teas and making their own homespun clothing as part of the war effort.

Catherine Beecher

She founded a school for girls and strongly advocated for the education of women as teachers. She promoted women educators in common schools across the west.

Lucretia Mott

She founded the Female Anti-Slavery society of Philadelphia in 1835. She and her husband -both Quakers and outspoken abolitionists- also worked with Elizabeth Cady Stanton on women's rights issues.

Lillian Wald

She founded the Henry Street Settlement in 1893 in New York to serve poor immigrant neighborhoods. Through the settlement job training, clubs, exercise, arts and education were provided to the community. She & Jane Addams essentially found the profession of social work. She raises the idea of a Federal Children's Bureau to Florence Kelley. The Children's Bureau finally came to be in 1912.

Emma Willard

She lobbied the New York legislature to provide public funding for girls education. Though she was not successful she did draw enough support to endow a school for girls and in 1821 opened the Troy Seminary. Her education was female focused and religious in nature. She was part of the increasing number of people arguing for increased women's education.

Clara Barton

She volunteered as a nurse during the Civil War. She advocated for improved sanitation among the northern encampments. Sanitation efforts such as hers lead to a significant reduction in death due to disease compared to the earlier Mexican American War. Later she founded and lobbied the US government successfully to recognize the American Red Cross.

Molly Brant

She was an Iroquois woman whose common law marriage to an Indian Administrator made her a cultural bridge between British colonial society and Native American society. Often Native American women served as cultural liaisons in the trade relationships that formed in frontier society. She was instrumental in maintaining Iroquois support for the British during the Revolutionary War.

Mary Dyer

She was banished in 1638 from Massachusetts and followed Anne Hutchison whose teaching she supported to Rhode Island. She went to England in 1650 and there she joined the Quakers. She return Boston in 1857 and was arrested based on the new Anti-Quaker law. She returned preaching several times was arrested and expelled. In 1658 Massachusetts passed a new law administering death to Quakers. She challenged Massachusetts anti-Quaker law and was arrested and hanged as one of the three Boston Martyrs in 1660. The hanging, particularly of a woman, marked the end of extreme religious intolerance. 1661 King Charles II forbade Massachusetts from hanging Quakers and in 1684 the crown revoked their charter, the new assembly passed a religious toleration law in 1689.

Sybil Ludington

She was like Paul Revere in that she also road over the countryside calling out the militia's of New York in face of the oncoming British troops during the Revolutionary War.

Pocahontas

She was the daughter of Powhatan, leader of Pamunkeys. She observed the English land in Virginia in 1607. She may have asked for John Smith's life in a ritualized ceremony. She delivered messages and brought traded furs and food for trade with the Virginian colonists. By 1608 the demands of the desperate and starving English lead to hostilities. She was captured 1613 in a trading ruse. The English demanded release of prisoners and corn from Powhatan. A year later, she was still in captivity when the English attack Powhatan's village. She married John Rolfe, bringing about a temporary peace. She adopted Christianity and the name Rebecca Rolfe. She and John went to English and attended Court as an Indian Princess credited with saving the Virginia colony.

Elizabeth Key Grinstead

She was the first enslaved African American woman to sue for her freedom and win. She won her sue in July 1656 in Virginia. She also successfully sued for gained the freedom of her infant son. She won her suit based on the fact that her father was an Englishman and she was s baptized Christian. Hers was one of the earliers "freedom suits. In response to her suit, and a few others, the Virginia House of Burgesses passed the 1662 Servant and Slave code declaring that the status of the mother rather than father would now determine the status of the child. This reverse English common law.

Eliza Deitz Clymer and the General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC)

She was the first president of the GFWCs 1890. By 1914, 500 state and local w's clubs had affiliated & a million women had joined. She (& other activists & GFWC members like Jane Addams, Julia Lathrop, & Florence Kelley) & the GFWC focused on lobbying & activism for child labor laws, creation of libraries, compulsory education & food & drug regulations. The GRWC endorsed w's suffrage in 1914. GFWC still in existence, 100,000 members today. They support the arts, preservation of natural resources, education, healthy lifestyles, civil involvement and promotion of peace.

Susan B Anthony

She worked with Stanton on women's rights and suffrage. She and Stanton formed the National Women's Suffrage Association (NWSA) and did not support the 15th Amendment and its exclusion of women. She traveled a lecture circuit and organized petition drives across the East for greater women's rights and for women's suffrage. NWSA did not support the 15th amendment and focused on a wider range of women's rights. She eventually helped orchestrate the successful merger of the NWSA and the AWSA into the NAWSA group in 1890. She was a powerful symbol of the Suffrage Movement and critical in mobilizing the push for the 19th amendment

Judith Sargent Murray

She wrote "On the Equality of the Sexes" published in 1790. She also wrote "The Gleaner." She argued women were intellectual equals and should be educated. Her work was widely read by the elite of the New Republican period/early nineteenth century.

Elizabeth Keckley

She wrote her autobiography "Behind the Scenes Or, Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years in the White House". She was the seamstress for Mary Todd Lincoln and her work documented life in the White House and shed light on race relations in DC during the Civil War.

Lydia Maria Child, "An Appeal of That Class of Americans Called Africans" 1833

She wrote on behalf of African Americans and her work was a strong voice for abolitionism. Her influence moved more into abolitionist thinking.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

She wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which stated that men and women were equal

What does a cloture vote do (senate)

Shuts down a filibuster ; requires 60 votes & gives each senator 1 hour to debate

Winston Churchill

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, DL, FRS, Hon. RA (30 November 1874 - 24 January 1965) was a British politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 (that is, for most of the Second World War) and again from 1951 to 1955. Widely regarded as one of the greatest wartime leaders of the 20th century, Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian, a writer, and an artist. He is the only British Prime Minister to have received the Nobel Prize in Literature, and was also the first person to be made an honorary citizen of the United States.

Forward

Siumut (lit. Forward) is a social-democratic political party in Greenland[3] and a consultative member of the Socialist International.[4] It is led by Aleqa Hammond, member of the Greenlandic Parliament, who is the first woman ever to lead the party. In legislative elections, on 15 November 2005, the party won 30.7% of the popular vote and 10 out of 31 seats in the Landsting. In the 2009 legislative elections, it won 26.5% of the popular vote and 9/31 seats and in the 2013 legislative elections, it won 42.8% of the popular vote and 14/31 seats.

Slobodan Milosevic

Slobodan Milošević (pronounced [slɔbɔ̌dan milɔ̌ːʃɛʋit͡ɕ] ( listen); Serbian Cyrillic: Слободан Милошевић; 20 August 1941 - 11 March 2006) was a Serbian and Yugoslav politician who was the President of Serbia (originally the Socialist Republic of Serbia) from 1989 to 1997 and President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1997 to 2000. Among his supporters, Milošević was known by the nickname of "Sloba". He also led the Socialist Party of Serbia from its foundation in 1990. His presidency was marked by the breakup of Yugoslavia and the subsequent Yugoslav Wars. In the midst of the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, Milošević was charged with war crimes including genocide, and crimes against humanity in connection to the wars in Bosnia, Croatia and Kosovo by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY).[2]

Gloria Steinem

Social activist, writer, editor, and lecturer she has been an outspoken champion of women's rights since the late 1960s

Social Security

Social security is a concept enshrined in Article 22 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which states, Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality. In simple terms, the signatories agree that society in which a person lives should help them to develop and to make the most of all the advantages (culture, work, social welfare) which are offered to them in the country.[1]

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

The _______ is next in line after the vice president to succeed a president who resigns, dies in office, or is impeached.

Speaker of the House

Title of the presiding officer in the House

Speaker of the House

What is cracking

Spreading apart like minded voters a cross multiple districts to dilute their voting power in each district

Sputnik

Sputnik 1 (Russian: "Спутник-1" Russian pronunciation: [ˈsputnʲɪk], "Satellite-1", ПС-1 (PS-1, i.e. "Простейший Спутник-1", or Elementary Satellite-1))[1] was the first artificial Earth satellite. It was a 58 cm (23 in) diameter polished metal sphere, with four external radio antennae to broadcast radio pulses. The Soviet Union launched it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on October 4, 1957. It was visible all around the Earth and its radio pulses detectable. The surprise success precipitated the American Sputnik crisis, began the Space Age and triggered the Space Race, a part of the larger Cold War. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments.[2][3]

what committee is in both chambers and are set up by topic

Standing committee

what committee is most of the work on bills is done through?

Standing committees

Susan B. Anthony

Started National Woman Suffrage Association, and petitioned Congress every year for women's suffrage

Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education 1999

Supreme Court ruled school districts now liable for failing to stop student from sexually harassing another student.

Bradwell v. Illinois 1873

Supreme court case ruled that Myra Bradwell did not have the right to be admitted to the bar of State of Illinois. Upheld & legalized the practice of sex discrimination in professions.

Anita Hill

Testified before Congress in 1991 on Clarence Thomas's appointment to Supreme Court that Thomas made sexual overtures to her while she worked under him at Department of Education & at EEOC. Testimony ignited concern about sexual harassment in work place & led to greater conversations about what constitutes sexual harassment. W in politics also discussed the lack of women on the Judiciary Committee and the fact that there were only 2 women in the Senate in 1991. In 1992 4 new women and one reelection brought the number of women in the Senate to 5. In 2013 20 women served in the Senate (20% representation).

Chechnya

The Chechen Republic (/ˈtʃɛtʃɨn/; Russian: Чече́нская Респу́блика, Chechenskaya Respublika; Chechen: Нохчийн Республика, Noxçiyn Respublika), commonly referred to as Chechnya (/ˈtʃɛtʃniə/; Russian: Чечня́, Chechnya; Chechen: Нохчийчоь, Noxçiyçö), also spelled Chechnia or Chechenia, sometimes referred to as Ichkeria (English: Land of Minerals), is a federal subject (a republic) of Russia. It is located in the North Caucasus, situated in the southernmost part of Eastern Europe, and within 100 kilometers of the Caspian Sea.[11] The capital of the republic is the city of Grozny. As of the 2010 Census, the republic had a population of 1,268,989 people,[6] predominantly of the Chechen ethnic group with a notable Russian minority.

Chernobyl

The Chernobyl disaster (Ukrainian: Чорнобильська катастрофа, Chornobylska Katastrofa - Chornobyl Catastrophe) was a catastrophic nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine (then officially the Ukrainian SSR), which was under the direct jurisdiction of the central authorities of the Soviet Union. An explosion and fire released large quantities of radioactive particles into the atmosphere, which spread over much of the western USSR and Europe. The Chernobyl disaster is widely considered to have been the worst nuclear power plant accident in history, and is one of only two classified as a level 7 event (the maximum classification) on the International Nuclear Event Scale (the other being the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011).[1] The battle to contain the contamination and avert a greater catastrophe ultimately involved over 500,000 workers and cost an estimated 18 billion rubles.[2] The official Soviet casualty count of 31 deaths has been disputed, and long-term effects such as cancers and deformities are still being accounted for.

Five-Year Plan

The Five-Year Plans for the National Economy of the Soviet Union (USSR) (Russian: пятилетка, Pyatiletka) were a series of nation-wide centralized economic plans in the Soviet Union. The plans were developed by a state planning committee based on the Theory of Productive Forces that was part of the general guidelines of the Communist Party for economic development. Fulfilling the plan became the watchword of Soviet bureaucracy. (See Overview of the Soviet economic planning process) The same method of planning was also adopted by most other communist states, including the People's Republic of China. In addition, several capitalist states have emulated the concept of central planning, though in the context of a market economy, by setting integrated economic goals for a finite period of time. Thus are found "Seven-year Plans" and "Twelve-Year Plans". Nazi Germany emulated the practice in its Four Year Plan designed to bring Germany to war-readiness.

Four Modernizations

The Four Modernizations were goals first set forth by Zhou Enlai in 1963, and enacted by Deng Xiaoping from 1978, to strengthen the fields of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology in China.[1] The Four Modernizations were adopted as a means of rejuvenating China's economy in 1978 following the death of Mao Zedong, and were among the defining features of Deng Xiaoping's tenure as head of the party.

GATT

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was a multilateral agreement regulating international trade. According to its preamble, its purpose was the "substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis." It was negotiated during the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment and was the outcome of the failure of negotiating governments to create the International Trade Organization (ITO). GATT was signed in 1947 and lasted until 1994, when it was replaced by the World Trade Organization in 1995.

Deficit

The Government budget balance, also commonly referred to as general government balance,[1] public budget balance, or public fiscal balance, is the overall result of a country's general government budget over the course of an accounting period, usually one year. It includes all government levels (from national to local) and public social security funds. The budget balance is the difference between government revenues (e.g., tax) and spending. A positive balance is called a government budget surplus, and a negative balance is called a government budget deficit.

Great Leap

The Great Leap Forward (simplified Chinese: 大跃进; traditional Chinese: 大躍進; pinyin: Dà yuè jìn) of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was an economic and social campaign by the Communist Party of China (CPC) from 1958 to 1961. The campaign was led by Mao Zedong and aimed to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a communist society through rapid industrialization and collectivization. The campaign led to the Great Chinese Famine.

Cultural Revolution

The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, commonly known as the Cultural Revolution, was a social-political movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from 1966 to 1976. Set into motion by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to enforce communism in the country by removing capitalist, traditional and cultural elements from Chinese society, and to impose Maoist orthodoxy within the Party. The revolution marked the return of Mao Zedong to a position of power after the failed Great Leap Forward. The movement paralyzed China politically and significantly affected the country economically and socially.

According to the constitution, where must revenue bills originate from?

The House

Articles of impeachment must be passed by what?

The House

Iron Curtain

The Iron Curtain symbolized the ideological conflict and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. The term symbolized efforts by the Soviet Union to block itself and its dependent and central European allies off from open contact with the west and non-communist areas. On the East side of the Iron Curtain were the countries that were connected to or influenced by the former Soviet Union. On either side of the Iron Curtain, states developed their own international economic and military alliances:

Japanese Self-Defense Forces

The Japan Self-Defense Forces (自衛隊 Jieitai?), or JSDF, occasionally referred to as JSF or SDF, are the unified military forces of Japan that were established after the end of the post-World War II Allied occupation of Japan. For most of the post-war period the JSDF was confined to the islands of Japan and not permitted to be deployed abroad. In recent years they have been engaged in international peacekeeping operations.[7] Recent tensions, particularly with North Korea,[8] have reignited the debate over the status of the JSDF and its relation to Japanese society.[9] New military guidelines, announced in December 2010, will direct the Jieitai away from its Cold War focus on the Soviet Union to a focus on China, especially regarding the dispute over the Senkaku Islands.[10]

Nonaligned

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a group of states which are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. As of 2012, the movement has 120 members and 17 observer countries.[1] The organization was founded in Belgrade in 1961, and was largely conceived by India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru; Indonesia's first president, Sukarno; Egypt's second president, Gamal Abdel Nasser; Ghana's first president Kwame Nkrumah; and Yugoslavia's president, Josip Broz Tito. All five leaders were prominent advocates of a middle course for states in the Developing World between the Western and Eastern blocs in the Cold War. The phrase itself was first used to represent the doctrine by Indian diplomat Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon in 1953, at the United Nations.[3]

Corporation NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; /ˈneɪtoʊ/ nay-toh; French: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique Nord (OTAN)), also called the (North) Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, one of the 28 member states across North America and Europe, the newest of which, Albania and Croatia, joined in April 2009. An additional 22 countries participate in NATO's "Partnership for Peace", with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programs. The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of the world's defence spending.[4]

NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization. A military alliance created 1949 among North American and European countries to provide defense against the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union formed the Warsaw Pact in response in 1955.

Golden Dawn

The Popular Association - Golden Dawn[5][6] (Greek: Λαϊκός Σύνδεσμος - Χρυσή Αυγή Laïkós Sýndesmos - Chryssí Avgí), usually known simply as Golden Dawn (Greek: Χρυσή Αυγή, Chryssí Avgí pronounced [xriˈsi avˈʝi]), is a right-wing extremist[7] Greek political party. It is led by Nikolaos Michaloliakos.

Truth Commission

The TRC was set up by Mandela in 1996 to grant amnesty to anyone who confessed to crimes or violence during Apartheid. This was done to gain a more accurate record of history and put the past behind.

Warsaw Pact

The Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance,[1] more commonly referred to as the Warsaw Pact, was a mutual defense treaty between 8 communist States of Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The founding treaty was established under the initiative of the Soviet Union and signed on 14 May 1955, in Warsaw. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the communist States of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was in part a Soviet military reaction to the integration of West Germany[2] into NATO in 1955, per the Paris Pacts of 1954 [3][4][5] but was primarily motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Eastern Europe.[6]

2008 Debt Crisis

The U.S. subprime mortgage crisis was a set of events and conditions that led to a financial crisis and subsequent recession that began in 2008. It was characterized by a rise in subprime mortgage delinquencies and foreclosures, and the resulting decline of securities backed by said mortgages. These mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDO) initially offered attractive rates of return due to the higher interest rates on the mortgages; however, the lower credit quality ultimately caused massive defaults.[1] Several major financial institutions collapsed in September 2008, with significant disruption in the flow of credit to businesses and consumers and the onset of a severe global recession.

Vietnam War

The US got involved in Vietnam after the French left in 1954. The US was actively involved from about 1955 to 1975, with heavy involvement starting in 1964. The goal was to keep South Vietnam from falling to communists. When Saigon fell in 1975, the US left and Vietnam became a communist country.

WHO

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that is concerned with international public health. It was established on 7 April 1948, with its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. WHO is a member of the United Nations Development Group. Its predecessor, the Health Organization, was an agency of the League of Nations.

WTO

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an organization that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade. The organization officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakech Agreement, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948.[5] The organization deals with regulation of trade between participating countries; it provides a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements, and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participant's adherence to WTO agreements, which are signed by representatives of member governments[6]:fol.9-10 and ratified by their parliaments.[7] Most of the issues that the WTO focuses on derive from previous trade negotiations, especially from the Uruguay Round (1986-1994).

constitutionalism

The belief that constitutions should limit government power, that government officials must obey the country's laws, and that a government's legitimacy comes from obeying these limitations and laws.

Civil Rights Movement

The civil rights movement was a worldwide series of political movements for equality before the law that peaked in the 1960s. In many situations it took the form of campaigns of civil resistance aimed at achieving change through nonviolent forms of resistance. In some situations it was accompanied, or followed, by civil unrest and armed rebellion. The process was long and tenuous in many countries, and many of these movements did not fully achieve their goals, although the efforts of these movements did lead to improvements in the legal rights of previously oppressed groups of people. The main aim of the civil rights movement included, and include, ensuring that the rights of all people are equally protected by the law, including the rights of minorities. Civil rights movements ranging from the global LGBT rights movement to the global Women's rights movement to various racial minority rights movements around the world continue.

Cold War

The conflict between the USSR and the USA from 1945 to about 1992. No direct hostilities occurred directly between the two countries, but each side backed other countries in "proxy wars".

Euro

The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the currency used by the Institutions of the European Union and is the official currency of the eurozone, which consists of 17 of the 28 member states of the European Union: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain.[2][3] The currency is also used in a further five European countries and consequently used daily by some 334 million Europeans as of 2013.[4] Additionally, 210 million people worldwide as of 2013 — including 182 million people in Africa — use currencies pegged to the euro.

Feminist Movement

The feminist movement (also known as the Women's Movement, Women's Liberation, or Women's Lib) refers to a series of campaigns for reforms on issues such as reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, women's suffrage, sexual harassment, and sexual violence, all of which fall under the label of feminism. The movement's priorities vary among nations and communities and range from opposition to female genital mutilation in one country or to the glass ceiling in another.

Mrs. Josephine Garis (W. A.) Cochran

The first dishwasher was patented in 1850 by Joel Houghton; his machine was a hand-turned wheel that splashed water on dishes - unfortunately, it wasn't very effective at washing dishes. The first working automatic dishwasher was invented by______________________, of Shelbyville, Illinois, in 1889. Her dishwasher was a wooden tub with a wire basket in it - the dishes went in the basket, and rollers rotated the dishes. As a handle on the tub was turned, hot, soapy water was sprayed into the tub, cleaning the dishes. Her machine was first shown at the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago, Illinois. At first, her machine was only bought by some restaurants and hotels. Her small company was eventually associated with the KitchenAid company. The dishwasher didn't become widespread as a labor-saving machine until the 1960s.

Human Rights

The general principle that all people have basic rights to pursue their goals. Many countries (including the United States) have been accused of violating human rights by abuse of government power.

Babe Didricksen- Zaharias

The greatest female athlete of all time

Majority Leader

The head of the majority party in the Senate; the second-highest-ranking member of the majority party in the House

United Nations

The international organization founded in 1945 as a successor to the League of Nations. A fifteen-member Security Council with 5 permanent members (US, Russia, China, Great Britain and France) can effectively veto any proposals in the organization.

Nirvana

The lasting peace that Buddhists seek by giving up selfish desires

Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi

The leader of Iran after World War II that was supported by Western governments (CIA) and Western oil companies, considered to be a dictator by many. Limited the role of religion in the gov't by limiting power of Islamic legal and academic experts. He was forced to flee from Iran in January 1979 in the Iranian Revolution.

feme covert

The legal position of married women in the colonial period was covered by her husband. He was in charge of her property, finances, income, children and legal being. She could not make contracts, sue or be sued or sell what had been her property.

Office of Management and Budget

The main function of this office is to assist the president with preparing the budget, and is also the largest office within the executive branch. It also measures the quality of agency programs, policies, and procedures to make sure they are complying with the presidents policies.

Who is the most powerful person in the Senate?

The majority leader

Who controls the standing committees of each house?

The majority party

Where do the House and Senate committees have a majority of their members from?

The majority party in that chamber

Pork

The mighty list of federal projects, grants, and contracts available to cities, businesses, colleges, and institutions available in a congressional district.

systems theory

The name given to the efforts by David Easton to model the political process as a set of inputs (demands and supports) that feed into the political system and outputs (policies) that flow from it.

Gender Division of labor

They mainly just had the idea that men should go hunt and woman stay home and take care of house work and care for the children.

Ruth Bader Ginsburg

This attorney became 2nd w to serve on Supreme Court 1993. The ACLU Women's Rights Project was born in 1972 under Ginsburg's leadership. In the course of her work she was instrumental in striking down Air Force policy in 1973 which automatically gave housing and medical benefits to male service member, but not to female service members.

Women's Bureau

This federal organization was established in 1920, it was founded to provided data on w to congress & advocate for protective labor legislation & better working conditions. This was first headed by Mary Anderson who helped write the idea into federal law with the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act. This organization still exists as a department within the US Department of Labor & still studies & advocates for women today focusing on equal pay, job flexibility, higher paying jobs for women employment for homeless veterans.

Senatorial Courtesy

This is a custom where presidential appointments are confirmed only if there is no objection to them by the senators from the same state as the person being nominated. Strictly observed with appointments of federal district court judges, US attorneys, federal marshalls

NAFTA

This is a free trade agreement between Canada, MExico, and the U.S. This agreement got rid of tariffs and barriers to trade to allow for more trade and investment between countries.

What is the fiscal year?

This is the accounting period for the federal government which begins October 1st, and ends September 30th of the following year.

Bundling

This is when organizations collect donations from several individuals, and then make one contribution to a representative from the org. This is a way for individuals to get around the donation limits.

Reverse Lobbying

This is when the congress member goes to a lobbyist and tries to gain legislative input or campaign funds. Congrss members can also use lobbyists to stir up media attention for certain issues or legislation.

Impoundment of funds

This is when the presidents uses unauthorized government funds, but was made illegal under the Budget and impoundment control act of 1974.

1691 Statute Outlawing Interracial Union

This law banned interracial marriage. Those that married people of different races were fined and the married couple had to leave the state. Marriages with slaves and among slaves were not legally recognized.

Phyllis Schlafly

This lawyer & conservative author organized the STOP ERA ("stop taking our privileges") campaign in the 1970s which successfully blocked ratification of Equal Rights Amendment in 1977. Her argument that the ERA would take away gender specific privileges such as "dependent wife" status under Social Security Benefits, women's exclusion from the draft & separate women's bathrooms.

feme sole

This legal position designated a woman's legal independence in the eyes of the court. With this status a woman could sue and be sued and make contracts. She could also retain control of her property and income. Married women's husbands could attest to their wives' status so that they could legally handle business while they were away. Fathers could grant daughters property rights separated from that of their husbands.

Desmond Tutu

This man was the leading spokesman of passive resistance to apartheid in the 1980's. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983 for his attempts to replace apartheid with a racially equal South African society.

Mercy Otis Warren

This prominent elite Boston woman was a printer and writer who supported the Revolutionary cause. She published work supporting the revolution and supporting the Bills of Rights.

1662 Virginia Slave Law

This shifted common law considerably. Until this point in time a child's status was that of its father. It was in fact the property of the father in essence. With this law a child of a slave woman became the property of the owner regardless of the status of the father-even if the father and mother were married.

Resolution of Inquiry

This type of resolution is when one or both chambers calls on the president to provide specific information or paper to them that relate to their current legislation.

Francis Perkins

This w was 1st w appointed to a Presidential cabinet level position - Secretary of Labor -under Franklin D. Roosevelt during Depression. Helped push Progressive Era reform concerns, such as child labor laws & minimum wages into federal legislation. W/ Freida Miller advocated that w return home from jobs they had assumed during WWII.

"Lowell Offering and Voice of Industry"

This was published by the women workers of the Lowell Mills in the early 19th century. Girls shared stories, poetry and advocated for better conditions. This is an early example of the voice of female factory workers.

Woman's Rights Convention 1851

This was where Stanton and Anthony met. They were introduced by Amelia Bloomer. This would be a powerful friendship and forge a coalition that would ultimately win women the right to vote.

Sarah Hale

This widow became the editor of Godey's Ladies Book a magazine for women with a very large readership in the first half of the 19th century. She promoted the concept of the women's sphere, advocated for women's property rights and for expanded educational opportunities for women. She did not advocate for women's right to vote however.

Phillis Wheatly

Though enslaved in Colonial Boston this woman was unusual in that she received an education and was well known for the sophisticated poetry she wrote. Her education and life undermined the belief that Africans were intellectually inferior.

Richard Nixon

US president from 1969-74; Republican; Vietnam: advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos, created a "credibility gap," was president during first moon landing; pursued new policy of "detente" between US and Soviet Union; Watergate scandal: became first and only US president to resign

Yulia Tymoshenko

Ukraine

In the Senate bills are brought to the floor if they have...?

Unanimous consent

Coverture

Under English common law, a woman's civil identity was merged with that of her husband;

Title of the presiding officers in the Senate

Vice President, President Pro Tempore

Lovers: The Moors Murders, Ester Myra Hindley (with Ian Brady)

Victims: 5-10, mostly juveniles Sexual homicides

Aileen Wuornos

Victims: 7 men Men were shot and robbed of personal effects, automobile or both Motive: Sexual homicide connected to the crime of prostitution

Chinese Civil War

War between communist Mao Zse Tong and nationalist Chaing-Kai Shek. The communists took over and forced the nationalists to retreat to Taiwan

When did congress declare war?

War of 1812, Mex-Am war 1856, Span-Am war 1898, WW1 1917, WW2 1941

Katherine Lenroot

Was 3rd Director of the Children's Bureau & helped write the Social Security Act Aid to Dependent Families and Children w/ Grace Abbot former director of the Children's Bureau and Mary Anderson of the Women's Bureau.

Ester Peterson

Was appointed in 1961 as Assistant Secretary of Labor & Director of Women's Bureau by President Kennedy. Instrumental (along w/ Eleanor Roosevelt who was Commissions first Chair) in getting The Presidents Commission on Women 1961 established. The 1963 Report on the Status of Women found inequality. Annual Conferences on the Status of Women begin following this. At the 3rd annual conference a coalition of women form NOW. Peterson's work was key to passage of 1963 Equal Pay Act. She was also president of the National Consumers League which continued to advocate for regulated, safe food.

Outputs

Ways in which policy decisions affect society, culture, & economy. Forms of: EXTRACTION of resources (economic), REGULATION of behavior, DISTRIBUTION of benefits/service to all intended population

The Boer Wars

Were two wars fought during 1880-1881 and 1899-1902 by the British Empire against Dutch settlers in South Africa. The British would ultimately prove victorious. Fought over the Transvaal and the Orange Free State.

Functions

What enables government to formulate, implement, and enforce policies. Any work/purpose carried out by a structure.

Susan B. Anthony

Worked w/ Stanton on women's rights & suffrage. She & Stanton formed National Women's Suffrage Association (NWSA) & did not support the 15th Amendment and its exclusion of women. She traveled a lecture circuit & organized petition drives across East for greater women's rights & for women's suffrage. At the end of the 19th century, she helped pull 2 divided Suffrage organizations together to the form the NAWSA with Anna Howard Shaw and Chapman Catt of the (AWSA). To form this coalition, Anthony had to reduce her focus from a broader array of women's rights to Suffrage and let be a host of other women's rights concerns.

Susanna Rowson

Wrote "Charlotte Temple". Published in the late 18th century this best seller catered to women readers. It was a tale of seduction and woe- a morality tale- a common genre of the day. It was a cautionary tale warning girls of the dangers of licentious men. It fostered concern for fallen girls moral reform associations were increasingly concerned about.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Wrote "Vindication of the Rights of Women." This British woman's work was widely read and supported the idea that women should have rights. She laid the intellectual framework for the growing women's rights movement of the early 19th century.

Julia War Howe

Wrote the "Battle Hymn of the Republic" which became the anthem of the north during the Civil War, and she also worked for women's rights.

Betty Friedan

Wrote the 1963 Feminine Mystique & labeled the "problem that has no name" touching off what is now known as the second wave of feminism & help fuel support for the 1964 Civil Rights Act. She formed NOW in 1966 after the failure of EEOC and government to support women's rights. Advocate for ERA & was instrumental in passage of Title IX of Educational Amendments.

Did indigenous politics just "emerge"?

Yashar's theory may apply more broadly to any group formerly incorporated in corporatist structures. Case: Zapatista Rebellion 1/1/1994 began the day NAFTA went into effect. Government negotiated with the to meet some demands; mediated by Catholic Church.

Zaibatsu

Zaibatsu (財閥?, literally financial clique) is a Japanese term referring to industrial and financial business conglomerates in the Empire of Japan, whose influence and size allowed control over significant parts of the Japanese economy from the Meiji period until the end of World War II.

Trustee

a legislator who acts according to her or his conscience and the broad interests of the entire society

Delegate

a legislator who is an agent of the voters who elected him or her and who votes according to the views of constituents regardless of personal assessments

Discharge petition

a petition signed by 218 House members to force a bill that has been before a committee for at least 30 days while the House is in session out of committee and onto the floor for consideration

Congressional Review

a process whereby congress can nullify agency regulations by a joint resolution of legislative disapproval

Golan Heights

a region that was formerly part of southwest Syria that Israel has occupied since the 1967 war

Apartheid

a social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites

Uttar Pradesh

a state in northern India

The Balfour Declaration

a statement of British support from Arthur Balfour for a jewish homeland in Palestine

Select Committees

a temporary legislative committee established for a limited time period and for a special purpose

Mau Mau

a violent movement against European settlers that eventually led to Kenya's decolonization from Britain

Cloture

a vote to end a filibuster or a debate; requires the votes of 3/5 of the membership of the Senate

Jane Fonda

an American actress and activist who is perhaps most well known for her series of aerobic-exercise videos from the 1980s.

Ruth Bader Ginsberg

an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

American Anti-Slavery Society

an abolitionist society founded by Garrison, Lucretia Mott and her husband and the Beechers. This group grew to encompass the Grimke's, Sojourner Truth, Tubman. The ASS expanded to allow women speakers in 1836 and they also began advocating for the right of women alongside the right of African Americans. The issue of women's rights in 1840 caused a split ********** . The separate Foreign American Anti-Slavery Society did not allow women to vote in its proceedings and did not advocate for the rights of women.

Lucy Stone

an activist and a pioneer in the women's rights movement

Dolores Huerta

an activist and labor leader who co-founded what would become the United Farm Workers.

Politico

an approach to the representation in which legislators behave as delegates on issues that are highly visible to their constituents, while acting as trustees on other questions

West Bank

an area between Israel and Jordan on the west bank of the Jordan river

Logrolling

an arrangement in which two or more members of Congress agree in advance to support each other's bills

Whips in the House

an assistant who aids the majority or minority leader of the House

Margaret Sanger

an early feminist and women's rights activist who coined the term "birth control" and worked towards its legalization

Dorothea Dix

an educator and social reformer whose devotion to the welfare of the mentally ill led to widespread international reforms.

Clara Barton

an educator, nurse, and founder of the American Red Cross

Gertrude Stein

an imaginative, influential writer in the twentieth century and a major patron of the arts

Muslim League

an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations

Summarize introducing a bill

announced in the Senate after member is recognized by the presiding officer; there is also a hopper

Phyllis Schlafly

anti-feminist who led the campaign to defeat the ERA claiming it would undermine the american family

1947 Taft Hartley Act

anti-union ruling that prevents labor strikes that will affect the nation's welfare. President can invoke a 60 day cooling off period for negotiations.

1968 Civil Rights Act

banned discrimination in buying housing rental. (Open Housing Act)

1787 Northwest Ordinance

banned slavery in the western territories. This meant for African American women that they and/or their children would not be sold to slavery in the Northwest.

Apportionment

based on population in the House of Representatives (435) AND equal representation of the states in the Senate (100)

Gerry Mock

became first woman to fly solo around world in 1964

Billie Jean King

best known for her long and successful tennis career.

how else can we fragment power?

by creating a system where no political system can win the majority and take control of the house. In other words, by creating coalition and proportional representation (PR) = tyranny of the plurality. For example: Dutch election, 11 parties. Impossible to entirely take control over government with only 1 party = party fragmentation

Treaty of Najing

china lost war open ports repay britain. debt (indemnity), extraordinary, unequal treaty, a treaty in which the British gained the right to trade in five Chinese ports and China was forced to give up the island of Hong Kong and repay Britain for the opium destroyed during the Opium War

Caucuses pressure for ____

committee meetings and hearings and for votes on bills

little legislatures

committees

Checks and balances

counterbalancing influences by which an organization or system is regulated, typically those ensuring that political power is not concentrated in the hands of individuals or groups of one specific branch

Reciprocity

deferral by members of Congress to the judgment of subject-matter specialists, mainly on minor technical bills; currently declining in favor of deference to party leaders

Agenda setting (Public-Education Function)

determining which public-policy questions will be debated or considered by Congress

Great Leap Forward

economic and social plan used in China from 1958 to 1961 which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern industrial society.

When are the elections held for the House of Representatives?

entire membership elected in November of even-numbered years

Redistricting is the redrawing of congressional district lines to ensure that each district is roughly ___ in population. This is done on the ___.

equal; state level

Harriet Tubman

escaped slavery to become a leading abolitionist. She led hundreds of enslaved people to freedom along the route of the Underground Railroad

Eisenstadt v Baird 1972

extended the right to use contraceptives to single people

Frances Perkins

first female to serve in the U.S. presidential cabinet. As secretary of labor, she helped with the New Deal and Social Security

Sandra Day O'Conner

first woman appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court. She was considered a moderate conservative and served for 24 years.

conflict resolution function

function which doesnt work properly

Widow's Dower

guaranteed widow 1/3 of her husband's estate; ensures that women will be economically provided for; Puritans don't want women to be wards of the state; laws (finally) recognize women's economic contribution to the household; ONLY for use during her life - not ownership; was less enforced in 19th century

Zitkala-Sa

highly education Sioux woman who lobbied for passage of the 1924 Indian Citizenship Act to allow Indians right to vote. She was a founder of the National Council of American Indians in 1926 and lobbied for the passage of the 1934 Indian reorganization Act which gave back Indian lands to the control of Indian governments and ended the forced Americanization programs in Indian schools

Oprah Winfrey

hosted her own internationally popular talk show since 1986. She is also an actress, philanthropist, publisher, and producer

Karma

in Hindu belief, all the actions that affect a person's fate in the next life

Dharma

in Hinduism, the duties and obligations of each caste

Salem Witchcraft Trials

in the 1690s hysteria hit in Salem Massachusetts. Over a hundred people were accused of witchcraft. 20 were killed, over three quarters were women. This occurred during a period of social turmoil and highlights the precarious position of poor cranky women who don't conform to ideals. The trials ended once a fair number of respectable women were being charged. This also highlights the colonial belief that women were more sinful and susceptible to the devil.

1884 Dawes Act

individualize land holding and sought to end Native American culture by incorporating Native Americans into the broader society. Forced Americanization in education is one of the hallmarks of this Act as is the cultural and land loss of Native American tribes. American patriarchal gender rolls erased matriarchal rolls of traditional Native groups and Native American women lost access to land ownership and thus food production.

What are the differences in the Senate

informal, open, nonhierachical; leaders have only a few formal powers; members may serve on two or more major committees; less specialized; unrestricted floor debate; unlimited amendments possible; amendments need not be germane; unlimited time for debate unless shorted by unanimous consent or halted by invocation of cloture; more prestige; more reliance on staff; minority party plays a larger role

List the steps for becoming a law

introducing a bill; committee action; floor action; conference committee; presidential action

Stephanie Louise Kwolek

invented Kevlar and was first marketed by DuPont in 1971. Kevlar (poly[p-phenyleneterephtalamide]) is a polymer fiber that is five times stronger than the same weight of steel. Kevlar is used in bullet-proof vests, helmets, trampolines, tennis rackets, and many other commonly-used objects.

Mary Anderson

invented the windshield wiper in 1903 to help streetcars operate safely in the rain. In 1905 she patented her invention, which allowed the car operator to control the external, swinging arm wipers from within the car. Windshield wipers became standard equipment on cars a decade later. She was from Alabama, USA.

Federalism

is a system of government in which the state is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units (such as states or provinces). So regional governments have an existence that is independent from national power.

Passbook Laws

laws that required nonwhites to carry books containing personal information with them at all times, failure to do so could result in imprisonment

president pro tempore

leader in senate- sr. member

Nelson Mandela

leader of the African National Congress who was jailed for his opposition to apartheid in South Africa. He was later elected president in 1994 when free elections were established, and was instrumental in a new democratic constitution being written in 1996.

Lucretia Mott

leading social reformer of her time and helped to form the Free Religious Association.

Committee assignments: Seniority

length of service

Warlords

local military rulers

Americans tend to approve of their own representatives and senators, but have ___ for Congress as an institution

low regard

Untouchables

lowest class of people in the caste system of Hinduism, do all the dirty work of society

Rachel Carson

marine biologist, environmentalist and writer who alerted the world to the environmental impact of fertilizers and pesticides.

joint committee

members from both chambers

What are the frequent criticisms of Congress

members judged on individual attributes and service to districts and interest groups, not on performance of Congress as a whole; Congress cannot tackle the nation's most difficult problems or think about solutions in general terms

Sikhs

members of an indian religious minority

Only ________ can formally submit a bill for congressional consideration.

members of the House or senators

British Invasion

mid 1960's: British Rock 'n' Roll bands grew in popularity in the United States, including The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, and The Who.

Dowry

money or property brought by a woman to her husband at marriage

The Transvaal

new colony by Dutch

Separation of powers

no one branch of legislature can have more power than the other

Emily Dickinson

one of the most widely known, most revered poets in history.

When are the elections held for the Senate?

one-third of the members are elected in November of even-numbered years

Jane Addams

opened a settlement house called the "Hull House" in Chicago. and became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize

The real differences between the House and the Senate lie in their ________ and ___________.

organization; centralization of power

Committee staff

organize hearings, research & write legislation; target of lobbyists

Seneca Falls Convention 1848

organized by Stanton Mott and Motts sister and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. This is seen as the foundation of the Women's Rights Movement.

Mary "Mother" Jones

organized the United Mine Workers for better working conditions

What are the unique powers that the House of Representatives has?

origination of revenue bills; bringing of impeachment charges

Marilyn Monroe

overcame a difficult childhood to become of the world's biggest and most enduring sex symbols.

Hellen Keller

overcame the adversity of being blind and deaf to become one of the 20th century's leading humanitarians, and co-founder of the ACLU.

Who does Congress have committees?

process the huge flow of business; serve as screening devices; islands of specialization

Pork

projects designed to bring to the constituency jobs and public money for which the members of Congress can claim credit

Student and Middle Class Rebellion

protesting China's government response to the Treaty of Versailles

Franking privilege

public subsidization of mail from members of Congress to their constituents

Incumbents usually win ___ and have extremely ___ rates.

re-election; high re-election

how are the house bills scheduled?

reps drop it in hopper Speaker sends bill to the appropriate committee for study, discussion and review Bills that survive the committee vote go on the house calendar which lists bills that are up for consideration on the floor

1830 Indian Removal Act

resulted in the removal of 45,000 Indians from the American Southwest. The Cherokee trail of tears is the most famous and deadly removal. Americanized Native American nations of the east were uprooted and forced west.

Dynastic Cycle

rise and fall of Chinese dynasties according to the Mandate of Heaven

What are the differences of the House?

rule-bound, hierarchical; leaders have many formal powers; members restricted to one major committee; more specialized; restricted floor debate; limited amendments possible; amendments must be germane; limited time for debate; less prestige; less reliance on staff; minority party plays a smaller role

Summarize the floor action for how a bill becomes a law

rules committee where a bill will appear on the legislative calendar and terms under which bills will be debated by the house; closed rule; after debate the entire membership of the chamber votes on the bill

What do committee and subcommittee chairs do

schedule meetings and control agenda; control committee staff; manage committee funds; appoint members to conference committees

Committee assignments: Steering Committees Minority leaders chair their ____

steering committees

Alice Paul

suffragette who spent her life advocating women's rights. She was incarcerated several times, went on hunger strikes and picketed the White House

1965 Voting Rights Act

suspended literary tests and all other devices to prevent voting. Also, federal examiners to encourage voting.

Select (or Special) Committee

temporary committee appointed for a specific purpose

Majority and Minority Floor Leaders of the Senate

the chief spokesperson of their parties who directs the legislative program and party strategy

Pearl Buck

the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Her novel The Good Earth won the Pulitzer in 1932.

Speaker in the House

the presiding officer in the House of Representatives; they are always a member of the majority party and is the most powerful and influential member of the House

Reapportionment

the reallocation of House seats among the states, done after each national census, to ensure that seats are held by the states in proportion to the size of their populations

Redistricting

the redrawing of congressional district lines within a state to ensure roughly equal populations within each district

Oversight

the responsibility Congress has for following up on laws it has enacted to ensure that they are being enforced and administered in the way Congress intended

Summarize the committee action of how a bill becomes a law

there is a discharge petition

What is the purpose for having the six constraints on Congress?

they act as ways to make sure that this branch of government does not get too powerful

Yin and Yang

two forces in the universe, according to Chinese Theory: Yin is the passive, negative force, and Yang the active, positive force

What are the rules and norms for the Senate?

unanimous consent; filibuster; cloture

How many representatives are there per state for the House of Representatives?

varies by size of state's population (minimum of 1 per state)

Sarah Cloyce

very brave; devoted to her sisters - goes to a court to clear their names; extremely, genuinely pious; sent away for two years to farm in chicken coop; uses "Eve" to prove women's value

Summarize the presidential action of how a bill becomes a law

veto; pocket veto

Sarah E. Goode

was a businesswoman and inventor. She invented the folding cabinet bed, a space-saver that folded up against the wall into a cabinet. When folded up, it could be used as a desk, complete with compartments for stationery and writing supplies. She owned a furniture store in Chicago, Illinois, and invented the bed for people living in small apartments. Her patent was the first one obtained by an African-American woman inventor (patent #322,177, approved on July 14, 1885).

Barbara Walters

was on the Today show for 11 years. She is also the first woman to co-anchor a network (ABC) evening news program

Sheppard Towner Act/ Maternity & Infancy Act

was the first Federal law providing grants to States to fund human social services. Heavily lobbied for by Rankin, Wald, Kelley, Hamilton and other progressive era professional, this act allocated Federal money for promoting maternal and child health clinics and education. The act was repealed in 1929, but Grace Abbott the 2nd Director of the Children's Bureau and Katherine Lenroot 3rd Director of the Children's Bureau wrote similar funding into the New Deal Social Security Acts.

Middle Kingdom

what the ancient Chinese called China because they thought that China was the center of the earth

What is judicial activism?

when a judge is said to make a ruling based on his/her own personal values or beliefs rather than dictates of the law. Libs and cons often disagree about charges of judicial activism

Deputy Husband

when a married woman took over her husband's work on the farm or in a business while he's away; legal access to property; Abigail Adams and Eliza Lucas Pickney

gerrymandering

when state legislatures redistrict unfairly giving the majority party an electoral advantage Unethical The political party that is in the majority in the state may drawn the district boundaries to gain an advantage that helps their party for the next 10 years

Subcommittees

where bills go to be marked up and have public hearings. Most of the work takes place here for bills on the National level

Camp Followers

women who travelled with the army; perceived to be poor prostitues, but actually usually soldiers' wives (poor men's wives) who couldn't support themselves; Martha Washington; supported the army with their services (i.e. laundry, food, etc.); perpetuated women's traditional roles (bad) but also helps women gain rights by showing their bravery and patriotism and respect from men

indentured servitude

¾ of those that arrived in Virginia and Maryland during the colonial period were this. This means that they owed money for their passage and had agreed to work for a term, usually seven years. Masters could sell them time. They could not marry without masters consent and female ones who became pregnant while serving their indentures had their time extended.

Liberation Theology

Liberation theology[1] is a political movement in Roman Catholic theology which interprets the teachings of Jesus Christ in relation to a liberation from unjust economic, political, or social conditions. It has been described as "an interpretation of Christian faith through the poor's suffering, their struggle and hope, and a critique of society and the Catholic faith and Christianity through the eyes of the poor",[2] and by detractors as Christianized Marxism.[3]

Is wealth required for democracy?

Lipset says yes, otherwise democracy will be fragile.

What is lobbying?

Lobbying is the act of attempting to influence congress to create legislation in favor of a particular group or interest.

World Slavery Convention 1840

Lucretia Mott was not allowed to be a delegate at the convention. Women had to sit in the balcony seats. She met Elizabeth Cady Stanton there. They would eventually organize the Women's Rights Convention of 1848 at Seneca Falls

majority floor leader of senate

real leader in senate

Land Reform

redistributing land

Gerrymandering

redrawing electoral district lines to give an advantage to a particular party or candidate

Oversight of Executive branch

reviewing the performance of executive branch agencies to ensure that laws are being properly administered and that power is not being abused; an important legislative responsibility of Congress; primarily managed by the committees and subcommittees - hearings & impeachment

Ida Tarbell

uncovered the unfair businesses practices of Standard Oil which she published in McClure's magazine

Townships

underdeveloped living areas

debate time in senate?

unlimited

European model of democracy

A term used by Robert Dahl to discuss democratic systems that combine parliamentary and PR arrangements.

Majority-minority districts

districts drawn to ensure that a racial minority makes up the majority of voters

Katherine Graham

owner and publisher of news publications. Her best-selling autobiography, Personal History, earned a Pulitzer Prize in 1997

Article III Section 1

-Congress is able to establish inferior courts

Elizabeth Knapp

...

1887 Dawes Act

An attempt to break up tribal identity among Native Americans

What are constituents?

People in districts represented in Congress

What are 2 ways gerrymandering occur?

Cracking, packing

Afrikaners

Dutch settlers and their descendants in South Africa

Weeks v Southern Bell 1969

Ended protective labor legislation directed at women

first Speaker of the House

Frederick Muhlenberg

Types: Lovers

Hetero and Homosexual

Types: Question of Sanity

Kill in a seemingly haphazard way Cases are rare

What is not allowed to be collected in congress

Honoraria

Interest Articulation

Individuals/groups express needs and demands

The pork barrel and casework are examples of what?

Opportunities for credit-claiming by members of Congress

Government

Policy making parts of a political system

Nationalism, Democracy, Livelihood

Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People

Marie Curie

(1867-1934) Polish-born physicist who, along with her husband Pierre, pioneered the study of radiation and subatomic particles. She died from complications caused by exposure to radiation from her ground-breaking experiments.

Marshal Tito

(1892-1980) Dictator who ruled Yugoslavia with an iron hand from 1945 until his death, resisted soviet control which led to a major split with Stalin.

Condoleezza Rice

U.S secretary of state for George Bush

Structural-Functional Approach

1. The same structure in different countries may perform different functions. 2. Institutions DON'T have a monopoly on any one function

Reorganization of society in totalitarianism

1. trying to urbanize people 2. educate people 3. eliminate the egalitarianism: no middle class. Only capitalists (the state) and the workers (people)

Characterization of Totalitarianism

1. violent, brutal, oppressive 2. State centered civil society 3. large repression aparates (large state security system to discipline the people - secret police) 4. very string leadership (charismatic leader engage in violence inside the political elite and the masses)

Victims

1/3 killed only family 1/2 killed at least one family member Strangers usually not primary target, but stranger killings on the rise Tend to kill in close proximity Victims already helpless, older than male SK victims

Committee assignments: Steering Committees Speaker controls ___ of votes for majority party

1/4

Edenton Women

51 women, led by Penelope Barker, met on October 25, 1774, and signed a statement of protest vowing to give up tea and boycott other British products "until such time that all acts which tend to enslave our Native country shall be repealed" "Edenton Tea Party"

Total Members of Congress

535

A Senate seat is up for election every ___ years.

6

Number of Non-Voting Members in the House

6

Only ___ of all bills filed make it to final passage and enacted into law

6 percent

Civil Disobedience

A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences.

Impeachment

A formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office

Encomienda

A grant of land made by spain to a settler in the americas, including the right to use native americans as laborers on it

Multinational

A multinational state is a sovereign state which is viewed as comprising two or more nations. Such a state contrasts with a nation-state where a single nation comprises the bulk of the population. The United Kingdom, the Russian Federation, South Africa and Canada are viewed as present-day examples of multinational states, while Austria-Hungary, British India, USSR and Yugoslavia are examples of historical multinational states which have since split into a number of sovereign states. Depending on the definitions of such terms as "nation" a multinational state may or may not be multicultural and / or multilingual. Many attempts have been made to define what a multinational state is. One complicating factor is that it is possible for many of the people of what can be considered a 'nation' to consider they have two different nationalities simultaneously. As Ilan Peleg has noted, One can be a Scot and a Brit in the United Kingdom, a Jew and an American in the United States, an Igbo and a Nigerian in Nigeria... One might find it hard to be a Slovak and a Hungarian, an Arab and an Israeli, a Breton and a Frenchman.[1] A state may also be a society, and a multiethnic society has people belonging to more than one ethnic group, in contrast to societies which are ethnically homogeneous. By some definitions of "society" and "homogeneous", virtually all contemporary national societies are multiethnic. One scholar argued in 1993 that fewer than 20 of the then 180 sovereign states could be said to be ethnically and nationally homogeneous, where a homogeneous state was defined as one in which minorities made up less than five per cent of the population.[2] Sujit Choudhry therefore argues that, "[t]he age of the ethnoculturally homogeneous state, if ever there was one, is over".[3]

Common Market

A single market is a type of trade bloc which is composed of a free trade area (for goods) with common policies on product regulation, and freedom of movement of the factors of production (capital and labour) and of enterprise and services. The goal is that the movement of capital, labour, goods, and services between the members is as easy as within them.[1] The physical (borders), technical (standards) and fiscal (taxes) barriers among the member states are removed to the maximum extent possible. These barriers obstruct the freedom of movement of the four factors of production. A common market is a first stage towards a single market, and may be limited initially to a free trade area with relatively free movement of capital and of services, but not so advanced in reduction of the rest of the trade barriers. The European Economic Community was the first example of a both common and single market, but it was an economic union since it had additionally a customs union.

Pocket Veto

A special veto exercised by the chief executive after a legislative body has adjourned. Bills not signed by the chief executive die after a specified period of time. If Congress wishes to reconsider such a bill, it must be reintroduced in the following session of Congress.

Superpower

A superpower is a state with a dominant position in the international system which has the ability to influence events and its own interests and project power on a worldwide scale to protect those interests. A superpower is traditionally considered to be a step higher than a great power. Alice Lyman Miller (Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School) defines a superpower as "a country that has the capacity to project dominating power and influence anywhere in the world, and sometimes, in more than one region of the globe at a time, and so may plausibly attain the status of global hegemony."[2]

Seniority

A system that gives the most desireable committee assignments to members of congress who have served to the longest

What is the filibuster?

A technique used in the Senate to kill a bill or stop a vote from taking place

Tony Blair

Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953)[1] is a British Labour Party politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sedgefield from 1983 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007. Blair led Labour to a landslide victory in the 1997 general election, winning 418 seats, the most the party has ever held. The party went on to win two more elections under his leadership, in 2001 and 2005, with a significantly reduced majority in the latter.

Osama Bin Laden

Arab terrorist who established al-Qaeda

Homelands

Areas in South Africa for residence of "tribal" African peoples; overpopulated and poverty-stricken.

Essentialist/Primordialist

Argument which contends that nations are ancient, natural phenomena. Ascriptive. Often associated with ethnic identity.

Declension Thesis

European contact led to an absolute decline in the roles and power of Native American women - brought patriarchal expectations

Wuornos: Evidence and Arrest

Began lesbian affair with Tyria Moore Key evidence: Confession, gun, pawned jewelry, and Moore Arrested 1991 Confessed

Ladies Association of Philadelphia

Begun by Ester Reed this group of elite Philadelphia ladies raised money to support the Continental Army by forgoing luxury goods. They also sewed thousands of shirts to cloth the troops surrounding the city.

National Consumers League

Begun by Florence Kelley in 1899. This organization was strongly anti-sweatshop, advocated for safer condition, 10 hour work day, protective legislation for women and advocated for the creation of federal Children's Bureau and federal child labor restrictions. They also lobbied and got passed the 1908 Pure Food and Drug Act

Israeli War of Independence 1948-49

Birth of Israel, they obtained 20% more land than the UN partition allotted

Boris Yeltsin

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (Russian: Бори́с Никола́евич Е́льцин, IPA: [bɐˈrʲis nʲɪkɐˈlaɪvʲɪtɕ ˈjelʲtsɨn] ( listen); 1 February 1931 - 23 April 2007) was a Russian politician and the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999.

Community Property

Dutch, Spanish, and French alternative to coverture; women maintain independent legal identity when married; keep rights to property they bring into marriage; right to half of all accumulated property during marriage;

Lois Gibbs

Called attention to the toxic pollution of the chemical plant at Love Canal. Lobbied for the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) in 1980 commonly called the Superfund which granted federal money to relocate families and clean up toxic sites. The fund was reauthorized in 1984 and 1994. The tax on major polluters ended in 1995 and the fund zeroed out in 2003. Congress not repassed a tax to fund clean up. There are over a 1,000 toxic sites on the list waiting for Superfund money to support clean up and restoration efforts.

The Virginia Plan 1787

Calls for judges to be selected by congress, but instead there was a compromise that says the President holds the power of appointment with the advice and consent of senate (Article II Section 2)

Maya Lin

Chinese American Artist/Architect. Designed Vietnam memorial

Policymaking

Deciding which policy proposals become authoritative rules

Failed State

Definition: "Nation states fail when they can no longer deliver positive political goods to their people." Positive political goods: social services, security, infrastructure, property rights Author: Rotberg Significance: Example: DR Congo does not really exist. Should no longer be regarded as states because no one is in control of them. No structure.

Modernization Theory

Definition: "The more well-to-do a nation, the greater the chances it will sustain a democracy." Economic development is fundamental to democracy, providing a path to follow (modernization theory): 1. industrialize and urbanize, 2. literacy/media growth, 3. develop participation, (all at a moderate pace) then establish democracy (avoid radicalization). Author: Lipset Significance: This theory presents a notion of how development and democracy relate to one another, offering commentary on what nations should strive for in their attempt to acquire wealth and a stable government. Example: In Argentina in 1975, the GDP per capita was $6,055. No democracy with a GDP per capita of this or higher has ever toppled, indicating that a level of wealth must precede the existence of a stable democracy.

nation

Definition: A community bound by a shared identity that marks it as distinct from other communities. It is based on such common elements such as culture, ethnicity, history, and language. An imagined political community that is both limited and sovereign. Emerging with the middle class, mass media, and mass literacy. Author: Anderson Significance: Example: China. Vast territory, many different language groups and ethnic groups. Unified under Chairman Mao with Great Leap Forward.

Liberal Market Economy

Definition: This is a type of capitalism. It is a competitive market arrangement characterized by hierarchical firms, formal contracts, fluid labor markets with few job protections, and workers who cultivate general skills. Capital in an LME is venture capital and is impatient. Have comparative advantage in software development, computers, etc. (big jumps in innovation) Sometimes corresponds with majoritarianism/pluralism and liberal government. Author: Hall and Soskice Significance: Varieties of capitalism are significant because many political scientists such as Fukuyama and Zakaria argue that society has converged on a final form of political-economic system. However, Hall and Soskice disprove this theory by demonstrating that different systems still exist. Example: In the United States, people attend liberal arts colleges to cultivate general skills and people work a variety of jobs over their lifetime--the labor market is very fluid. Firms are hierarchical and antitrust and regulatory legislation dictates aspects of the competitive market arrangement.

Defining Revolution: "Civil Strife"

Definition: Turmoil; mob violence and riots. Conspiracy; coups and terrorism. Internal war; revolution. Mediated by intervening social conditions. Relative deprivation and grievances spur social uprisings. Author: Gurr Significance: Example:

Eliza Lucas Pickney

Deputy daughter; woman of leisure who had slaves; has a lot of economic power; in charge of oak plantation; taught her slaves how to read and write, hoping that they'll teach others; interested in politics and business

Matrilineal Descent

Descent traced exclusively through the female line to establish group membership

1798 Alien and Sedition Acts

Designed to Lessen the Power of Democratic-Republicans; increased naturalization period

Collapse of the Soviet Union

Desire for independence among the Soviet Republics and satellite states (such as Poland) coupled with economic weakness led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and its Empire.

What does the senate minority leader do?

Develops the criticisms of majority party bills and tries to keep the opposition party members working together

Saddam Hussein

Dictator in Iraq, defeated and deposed in the Iraq War in 2003, ruled from 1979 to 2003. Captured and executed in 2006. A Sunni muslim he ruled over a Shiite majority

Detente

Détente (French pronunciation: ​[detɑ̃t], meaning "relax")[1] is the easing of strained relations, especially in a political situation. The term is often used in reference to the general easing of the geo-political tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States which began in 1969, as a foreign policy of U.S. presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford called détente; a 'thawing out' or 'un-freezing' at a period roughly in the middle of the Cold War. Détente was known in Russian as разрядка ("razryadka", loosely meaning "relaxation of tension").

Apportionment

Distribution of representatives among the states based on the population of each state

System Functions

Do not directly concern the making/implementation of public policy, but determine whether system will be maintained or changed.

The Requirement

Documents saying that you must be Christian or else you will be enslaved

Boers

Dutch settlers in South Africa

ERA

Equal Rights Amendment introduced by Alice Paul & NWP in 1923. Died w/o passage in the 1950s. In 1972 it was reintroduced and passed both the House and Senate. In 1982 it fell short of ratification with the South denying passage. The ERA has never been passed.

1883 Pendleton Act

Established merit system in federal employment

1862 Homestead Act

Established to encourage westward migration

What was FDR's court packing plan?

FDR wanted to make 15 members on the supreme court but was accused of packing the supreme court to neutralize the current judges who did not support his New Deal.

Reasons why federalism is demos containing

Federalism seeks to protect individuals and members units from central authorities. Federal system has a stronger central government with checks and balances to prevent the tyranny of the majority. It favors the right of the people, and the right of the minorities.

Bartolome de Las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor - thought that Amerindians were intelligent, kind, cooperative, and good

1920s Sedition Act

First effort by the republic to define acceptable limits of public criticism of government. First Amendment does not prohibit punishing newspapers from printing false and malicious reports. Repealed in 1921.

Jeanette Rankin

First woman to serve in Congress. Suffragist and pacifist, voted against US involvement in WWI and WWII.

Political Communication

Flow of information through society and various structure of political system

Mary McLeod Bethune

Formed National Council of Negro Women. Appointed to National Youth Administration during the Great Depression. Through her work she single handedly ensured that some federal jobs money went to black youth.

Edenton Tea Party

Formed by 51 ladies of North Carolina this group boycotted tea publically. It was the first documented case of women's political organizing. Boycotts were an important part of the war effort. Ladies produced goods at home to avoid buying British made goods

Who lobbies congress?

Former congress members, narrowly based interest groups, PACs, business owners, individuals, unions, etc

Diet

In politics, a diet is a formal deliberative assembly. The term is mainly used historically for the Imperial Diet, the general assembly of the Imperial Estates of the Holy Roman Empire, and for the legislative bodies of certain countries. Modern usage mainly relates to the Japanese Parliament, called "Diet" in English.

What is the senate majority leader responsible for

Guiding bills through the senate

The Little Tigers

Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan; followed Japanese model of export-driven industry; rapid growth in 1980s

Harris v. Forklift System 1993

Hostile environment now part of sexual harassment not just physical sexual advances like rape and groping.

Summarize the conference committee in how a bill becomes a law

House and Senate conflicting versions are rewritten into a single bill; must be voted up or down on the floors of the House and Senate - no amendments or further changes are allowed; if both houses approve it, the bill is forwarded to the president for consideration

This legislature holds 435 seats

House of Representatives

Universal Declaration Of Human Rights

Human rights are "commonly understood as inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being."[1] Human rights are thus conceived as universal (applicable everywhere) and egalitarian (the same for everyone). These rights may exist as natural rights or as legal rights, in local, regional, national, and international law.[2] The doctrine of human rights in international practice, within international law, global and regional institutions, in the policies of states and in the activities of non-governmental organizations, has been a cornerstone of public policy around the world. The idea of human rights[3] states, "if the public discourse of peacetime global society can be said to have a common moral language, it is that of human rights." Despite this, the strong claims made by the doctrine of human rights continue to provoke considerable skepticism and debates about the content, nature and justifications of human rights to this day. Indeed, the question of what is meant by a "right" is itself controversial and the subject of continued philosophical debate.[4]

Nomination hostages

If congress does not agree with the actions or behavior of a federal agency, and that agency is electing a new head, congress may choose to hold their nomination "hostage" by not letting them nominate that person. This is a way of retribution for congress.

Austerity Measures

In economics, austerity describes policies used by governments to reduce budget deficits during adverse economic conditions. These policies may include spending cuts, tax increases, or a mixture of the two.[1][2][3] Austerity policies may be attempts to demonstrate governments' liquidity to their creditors and credit rating agencies by bringing fiscal incomes closer to expenditures. In macroeconomics, reducing government deficits generally increases unemployment in the short run.[4] This increases safety net spending and reduces tax revenues, to some extent. Government spending contributes to gross domestic product (GDP), so the debt-to-GDP ratio, an index of liquidity, may not immediately improve. Short-term deficit spending contributes to GDP growth particularly when consumers and businesses are unwilling or unable to spend.[5] Under the controversial[6] theory of expansionary fiscal contraction (EFC), a major reduction in government spending can change future expectations about taxes and government spending, encouraging private consumption and resulting in overall economic expansion.[7]

Taiwan Nationalists

Jiang lost the civil war to Mao and retreated to Taiwan and established the Republic of China. The US supported the Republic of China as the "true" China until 1979.

Abigail Adams

John Adams' wife; proponent of Republican motherhood; deputy husband; early advocate (supporter) for women's rights; She asked for the men not to forget the women when creating a new government for the United States in letters to John

John F. Kennedy

John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 - November 22, 1963), commonly known as "Jack" or by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his death in 1963.

most powerful Speaker of the House

Joseph Gurney Cannon

Stalin

Joseph Stalin or Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Ио́сиф Виссарио́нович Ста́лин, pronounced [ˈjosʲɪf vʲɪsɐˈrʲonəvʲɪt͡ɕ ˈstalʲɪn]; born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jugashvili, Georgian: იოსებ ბესარიონის ძე ჯუღაშვილი, pronounced [iɔsɛb bɛsariɔnis d͡ze d͡ʒuɣaʃvili]; 18 December 1878[1] - 5 March 1953) was the de facto leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953.

Female SK

Keeney & Heide - In 11 studies of serial murder only 2 have addressed the notion of females as SKs Very little research, not a lot of data

Fukushima

Keidô Fukushima (福島 慶道, March 1, 1933 - March 1, 2011) was a Japanese Rinzai Zen master, head abbot of Tofuku-ji (one of the main branches of the Rinzai sect), centered in Kyoto, Japan. Because of openness to teaching Western students, he had considerable influence on the development of Rinzai Zen practice in the West.

Rose Schneiderman

Key organizer of the WTUL for the Shirtwaist strike of 1909. She advocated a ten hour day, pay increases, union recognition, increased unionization for women, and safer conditions.

Why does the minority whip keep a close head count on and what does it attempt to do?

Key votes and keep party members in line

Fanny Lou Hammer

Key women organizer & speaker during Freedom Summer & spoke out on racism at 1964 Democratic National Convention.

Politico

Lawmaker who attempts to balance the basic elements of the trustee, delegate, and partisan roles

Martha W. Griffiths

Lawyer and member of the House of Representatives (Democratic) from Michigan, she led the effort to keep "sex" into the Civil Rights Act.

Deng Xiaoping

Leader of China(1982-87) who introduced the "Four Modernizations" that started China's experiment with limited capitalism.

Harriet Tubman

Most famous conductor of the underground railroad

The Shah of Iran

Muhammad Reza Pahlavi ruled Iran from 1941 to 1979, when he was overthrown by the Islamic Revolution of that year. The Shah was a close ally of the US and had good relations with Israel. Ayatollah Khomeini reversed these relationships once the revolution was over.

NAWSA

National American Woman Suffrage Association. The two main women's suffrage groups merge to form this single organization in 1890. Susan B Anthony led this group from 1890-1900. Following the passage of the 19th Amendment this group reformed as the League of Women Voters.

Wuwei

Non-action, the preferred Daoist path of least resistance, allowing things to run their natural course

Two Koreas

North and South Korea were divided as a result of WWII. The Korean War ended in a stalemate, keeping the two Koreas separate even today. North Korea is a communist state, while South Korea is a democracy.

Feature of a prime minister

Not directly elected no set terms

OPEC

OPEC (/ˈoʊpɛk/ oh-pek) (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is an oil cartel whose mission is to coordinate the policies of the oil-producing countries. The goal is to secure a steady income to the member states and to secure supply of oil to the consumers.[2] OPEC is an intergovernmental organization that was created at the Baghdad Conference on September 10-14, 1960, by Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. Later it was joined by nine more governments: Libya, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Indonesia, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, Angola, and Gabon. OPEC was headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland before moving to Vienna, Austria, on September 1, 1965.[3] OPEC was formed at a time when the international oil market was largely separate from centrally planned economies, and was dominated by multinational companies. OPEC's 'Policy Statement' states that there is a right of all countries to exercise sovereignty over their natural resources.[3]

Political System

Object with interdependent parts acting within and environment

President Pro Tempore

Officer of the Senate selected by the majority party to act as chair in the absence of the vice president

Sarah Good

One of the first women charged with witchery by the girls, she is a homeless woman who confesses to witchcraft to save herself and continues the charade with Tituba, comically claiming that Satan will take her and Tituba to Barbados.

What are the federal grants and contracts that members of Congress try to obtain for their constituents called?

Pork barrel

Juan Peron

President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). He championed the rights of labor. Aided by his wife Eva Peron, he built up and nationalized Argentinean industry, became very popular among the urban poor.

John F. Kennedy

President of the United States from 1961-1963. Assassinated and succeeded by Lyndon Johnson.

Privatization

Privatization, also spelled privatisation, may have several meanings. Primarily, it is the process of transferring ownership of a business, enterprise, agency, public service or public property from the public sector (a government) to the private sector, either to a business that operate for a profit or to a nonprofit organization. It may also mean government outsourcing of services or functions to private firms, e.g. revenue collection, law enforcement, and prison management.[1] Privatization has also been used to describe two unrelated transactions. The first is the buying of all outstanding shares of a publicly traded company by a single entity, taking the company private. This is often described as private equity. The second is a demutualization of a mutual organization or cooperative to form a joint-stock company.[2

Gerrymandering

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

1934 Indian Reorganization Act

Promoted heavily by Zitkala Za and Native American rights advocates at the turn of the Century this Act restored Native lands to the control of Native Americans and recognized Native American governments. This Act ended the forced Americanization education programs initiated during the earlier century.

Sarah Bagley

She worked in the mills during the early 19th century and founded the Lowell Female Labor Reform Society advocating for a 10 hour work day. Girls typically worked from 5 am to 7 pm. They were paid less than men and had their wages were cut in the mid 1830s during the economic crisis.

1832 Force Act

Rejected nullification; Reaffirmed federal supremacy

Interdependence

Reliance on other countries for prosperity

What are lobbyists?

Representatives of interest groups that work to influence Congress

1950 - Internal Security Act

Required Communist Party to register and make public its membership and it barred members from holding federally appointed office.

1990 American Disabilities Act

Required employers public facilities to prohibit discrimination and to make reasonable accommodations for the disabled.

Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 to the Civil Rights Act

Required equality in education. This amendment clarified that the Civil Rights Act applied to university and K-12 education. Edith Green & Patsy Mink ran the congressional committee meetings & sponsored the legislation.

Equal Pay Act 1963

Required that people not be discriminated against in pay based on sex

1946 Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act

Requires groups individuals seeking to influence legislation to register to file quarterly financial reports. (Not enforced)

1993 Motor Voter Act

Requires states to permit people to register at the same time they apply for a drivers license.

Outcomes

Result of public policy (OUTPUTS=what is released into the environment, OUTCOMES=exactly how these outputs interact in society, how people respond, impacts)

Eleanor Roosevelt

Revised how first ladies act. Held press conferences, travelled the country, was an advocate for the poor, w & children. Advocated for appointment of w to federal posts & got Francis Perkins nominated as 1st w member of presidential cabinet.

Richard Nixon

Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 - April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974, when he became the only president to resign the office. Nixon had previously served as a Republican U.S. Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.

Perils of Presidentialism

Risk of authoritarianism because there is a single one person that has more legitimacy and power than anyone else in the system

Ronald Reagan

Ronald Wilson Reagan (/ˈrɒnəld ˈwɪlsən ˈreɪɡən/; February 6, 1911 - June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981-1989). Before that, he was the 33rd Governor of California (1967-1975), and a radio, film and television actor.

The House ____ Committee reviews most bills coming from other committees before they go on to the full House, thus performing a traffic cop function.

Rules

Anne Putnam

Ruth's mother. Mother of 7 children who died after birth. Accused Sarah Good of being a witch.

Appoints members of same committees

SOH

Refers bills to the proper house committee

SOH

Schedules bills for action on floor of HR

SOH

Selects who speaks 1st on bill

SOH

Filibuster

parliamentary device used to prevent business by "talking it to death," made possible by the norm of unlimited debate

Ganges

Sacred river in india

Dr. Mary Walker

Syracuse medical college graduate. She was the second woman to earn a medical degree (Elizabeth Blackwell was the first) Worked voluntarily in Army hospital in DC during Civil War, at first only allowed to as nurse. Hired by Army General George Thomas as a civilian field surgeon in 1863. First woman doctor hired by military. Also first woman to get the Congressional Medal of Honor.

Middle East: Israel (1948) Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Iran

The British Mandate for Palestine was partitioned in 1948 into Jewish territory and Arab territory. War immediately broke out with Arab neighbors and ended with the State of Israel having more territory. The 1967 War with Israel and Arab neighbors ended with the entire territory west of the Jordan River under Israeli control. The West Bank and Gaza were considered occupied territory. Israel claims Jerusalem. Egypt and Jordan have signed peace treaties with Israel, but Lebanon, Syria, Iraq and (non-Arab) Iran do not recognize Israel.

European Union (EU)

The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe.[12][13] The EU operates through a system of supranational independent institutions and intergovernmental negotiated decisions by the member states.[14][15] Institutions of the EU include the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the European Council, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Central Bank, the Court of Auditors, and the European Parliament. The European Parliament is elected every five years by EU citizens. The EU's de facto capital is Brussels.[4]

IMF

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) (French : Fonds monétaire international) is an international organization that was initiated in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference and formally created in 1945 by 29 member countries. The IMF's stated goal was to assist in the reconstruction of the world's international payment system post-World War II. Countries contribute money to a pool through a quota system from which countries with payment imbalances can borrow funds temporarily. Through this activity and others such as surveillance of its members' economies and the demand for self-correcting policies, the IMF works to improve the economies of its member countries.[1] The IMF describes itself as "an organization of 188 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world."[2] The organization's stated objectives are to promote international economic co-operation, international trade, employment, and exchange rate stability, including by making financial resources available to member countries to meet balance of payments needs.[3] Its headquarters are in Washington, D.C., United States.

IRA

The Irish Republican Army (IRA) (Irish: Óglaigh na hÉireann[1]) was an Irish republican revolutionary military organisation. It was descended from the Irish Volunteers, an organization established on 25 November 1913 that staged the Easter Rising in April 1916.[2] In 1919, the Irish Republic that had been proclaimed during the Easter Rising was formally established by an elected assembly (Dáil Éireann), and the Irish Volunteers were recognised by Dáil Éireann as its legitimate army. Thereafter, the IRA waged a guerrilla campaign against British rule in Ireland in the 1919-21 Irish War of Independence. Following the signing in 1921 of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, which ended the War of Independence, a split occurred within the IRA. Members who supported the treaty formed the nucleus of the Irish National Army founded by IRA leader Michael Collins. However, much of the IRA was opposed to the treaty. The anti-treaty IRA fought a civil war with their former comrades in 1922-23, with the intention of creating a fully independent all-Ireland republic. Having lost the civil war, this group remained in existence, with the intention of overthrowing both the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland and achieving the Irish Republic proclaimed in 1916.

Nominees to the United States Supreme Court must be confirmed by who?

The Senate

SALT

The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) were two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union—the Cold War superpowers—on the issue of armament control. The two rounds of talks and agreements were SALT I and SALT II. Negotiations commenced in Helsinki, Finland, in November 1969.[1] SALT I led to the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and an interim agreement between the two countries. Although SALT II resulted in an agreement in 1979, the United States chose not to ratify the treaty in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, which took place later that year. The United States eventually withdrew from SALT II in 1986. The treaties led to START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty), which consisted of START I (a 1991 completed agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union) and START II (a 1993 agreement between the United States and Russia, which was never ratified), both of which proposed specific capacities on each side's number of nuclear weapons. A successor to START I, New START, entered proposal and was eventually ratified on February of 2011.

Truman Doctrine

The Truman Doctrine was an international relations policy set forth by the U.S. President Harry Truman in a speech[1] on March 12, 1947, which stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere.[2] Historians often consider it as the start of the Cold War, and the start of the containment policy to stop Soviet expansion.[3] President Harry S. Truman told Congress the Doctrine was "to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures."[4] Truman reasoned, because these "totalitarian regimes" coerced "free peoples", they represented a threat to international peace and the national security of the United States. Truman made the plea amid the crisis of the Greek Civil War (1946-1949). He argued that if Greece and Turkey did not receive the aid that they urgently needed, they would inevitably fall to communism with grave consequences throughout the region. Because Turkey and Greece were historic rivals, it was necessary to help both equally, even though the threat to Greece was more immediate.

United Nations (UN)

The United Nations (UN; French: Organisation des Nations Unies, ONU) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated aims include promoting and facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, civil rights, civil liberties, political freedoms, democracy, and the achievement of lasting world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue. It contains multiple subsidiary organizations to carry out its missions.

WEAL

The Women's Equity Action League (WEAL), founded in Ohio in 1968 & headquartered in Washington, D.C., formed as a spin-off from the National Organization for Women (NOW) by women wishing to avoid issues such as abortion and sexuality.

World Bank and the International Monetary Fund

The World Bank, created in 1944, lends money or guarantees loans to developing countries.The IMF created at the same time gives temporary loans to countries to stabilize foreign exchange and monetary crises.

Trade Deficit

The commercial balance or net exports (sometimes symbolized as NX), is the difference between the monetary value of exports and imports of output in an economy over a certain period, measured in the currency of that economy. It is the relationship between a nation's imports and exports.[1] A positive balance is known as a trade surplus if it consists of exporting more than is imported; a negative balance is referred to as a trade deficit or, informally, a trade gap. The balance of trade is sometimes divided into a goods and a services balance.

Racial gerrymandering

The concept of favoring descriptive representation was evident in a series of cases ruled upon by SCOTUS to allow for some racial districting

How does the court act as an umpire?

The court acts as an umpire between state and federal relations.

Clientelism

The exchange og goods and services for political support. Patronage system - between a patron and a client. Clientelism is considered to be an early form of democracy because it is an argument of representation. Clientelism produces very large bureaucracy. The conflict is transactional in clientelism

Congressional oversight

The power of congress to supervise and monitory federal agencies and their implementation of policies.

Advertising, credit-claiming, and position-taking account for what?

The success of congressional candidates

Red Guards

The youths who led Mao's Cultural Revolution. Wore red arm bands and carried his book. Terrorized Chinese citizens and determined who went to camps.

What is an entitlement program?

These programs guarantee benefits to certain groups of people, such as social security, or medicaid. THese programs are part of the 75% of the federal budget that is uncontrollable.

Angelina and Sarah Grimke

These women from a Charleston slaveholding family moved north and became outspoken members of the abolitionist movement. Angelina was hired by Garrison for the lecture circuit on behalf of the American Anti-Slavery Society in1836. Her public speaking on behalf of abolitionism helped attract thousands of women to the anti-slavery cause. Angelina and Sarah's advocacy of women's rights caused a rift among abolitionists and sparked greater discussions of the women's rights.

The Mystery of Capital

Thesis: major stumbling block that is keeping rest of world from benefiting from capitalism is its inability to produce capital. Also contends that most of the poor already possess the necessary assets to make a success of capitalism--believes major issue is lack of official documentation surrounding property rights. These assets easily become capital in the West with proper documentation. Poor inhabitants: "have houses but not titles; crops but not deeds; businesses but not statutes of incorporation." Westerners, by representing assets with titles, are able to see and draw out capital from them. Why hasn't the rest of the world been able to adopt these Western inventions?

Tiananmen Square

Tiananmen Square is a large city square in the center of Beijing, China, named after the Tiananmen Gate (Gate of Heavenly Peace) located to its North, separating it from the Forbidden City. Tiananmen Square is the third largest city square in the world (440,000 m2 - 880×500 m or 109 acres - 960×550 yd). It has great cultural significance as it was the site of several important events in Chinese history.

Mabutu Sese Seko

Took control of the Congo after Patrice Lumumba and the civil war

Tansu Ciller

Turkey

Majority & Minority Leaders in the House

party leaders elected by the majority and minority parties

Anne Bradstreet

Wife of the governor of Massachusetts, she represents the colonial "goodwife." She was and private, quiet unlike Anne Hutchison. She was however literate as most northern colonists were and her poetry documents the concerns of women at the time. Her poem written before the birth of child illustrates the fear of death in childbirth which claimed 1 in 10 women in the Colonial period.

Elizabeth (Tilley) Howland

Will; sees herself as a pious woman and piety = important; wills away everyday materials (moveable property like pillowcases, blankets, pans, etc.); gives away her money to eldest son and land to grandson = land and money go to boys; moveable property and bible goes to daughter; can read but she signed it with a seal - so she can't write her own name (or anything); can only read b/c they want her to read the bible and be pious; moveable property was made with her own hands so it's actually pretty valuable to her; Males = executors of estate; widower - why her land/money/moveables didn't go to a husband

Committee assignments: Steering Committees Senate

party veterans and leaders make assignments

Female Anti-Slavery Society

Women were first not allowed to be active members in male societies. They founded their own parallel societies. Lucretia Mott founded the ladies auxiliary to the American Anti-Slavery Society. Women were not supposed be in the company of men and this allowed women to advocate within the confines of the women's sphere.

Judith Sargent Murray

Women's Rights Activist; from an elite family where only her brother was allowed to be educated; had bad luck with non-providing husbands and didn't have an education to provide herself; universalist (liberal) Christian - equality;

Mary Beth Norton

Women's historian; puts race at the center of her analysis (not gender); connects Indian Wars to witch hunt - refugees, orphans, no dads, PTSD = "tormenting"; other scholars look at natural causes

Carrie Chapman Catt

Women's rights activist and suffragette who came up with the "Winning Plan" to pass the 19th amendment in 1920.

Benjamin Netanyahu

current prime minister of israel

What are the powers of the president?

day-to-day international relations, nominating ambassadors, negotiating treaties, exec orders, commander in chief, war influence

What are the rules and norms of the House?

more rule-bound; more hierarchical

Carrie Nation

muscualr and anti derranged woman, she estroyed saloons in her wild anti drinking crusade.

Columbus

navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

elastic clause

necessary and proper clause

Veto

presidential disapproval of a bill that has been passed by both houses of congress; can be overridden by a 2/3 vote in each house

F.W. de Klerk

the last State President of apartheid-era South Africa. Known for engineering the end of apartheid

Ida Wells

the lynching of blacks outraged her, an african american journalist. in her newspaper, free speech, wells urged african americans to protest the lynchings. she called for a boycott of segregated street cars and white owned stores. she spoke out despite threats to her life.