US History 1300 Exam 1

Virginia Company

"A joint-stock enterprise that king james I chartered in 1606. The Company was to spread Christianity in the New World as well as find ways to make profit."

Enclosure Movement

"A legal process that divided large farm fields in England that were previously collectively owned by groups of peasants into smaller, individually owned plots. The enclosure movement took place over several centuries, and resulted in eviction for many peasants."

King Philips War

"A multiyear conflict the began in 1675 with an Indian uprising against white colonists. Its end result was broadened freedoms for white New Englanders and the dispossession of the region's Indians." -was an armed conflict between Indian inhabitants of New England and English colonists and their Indian allies in 1675-1678. The war continued in the most northern reaches of New England until the signing of the treaty of Casco bay in April 1678-

Triangular Trade

"A series of triangular trading routes crisscrossed the Atlantic carrying British manufactured goods to Africa and the colonies, colonial products to Europe, and slaves from Africa to the new world. Overall, in the eighteenth century, Atlantic commerce consisted primarily of slaves, crops produced by slaves, and goods destined for slave societies."

Prince Henry The Navigator

"Although he was neither a sailor nor a navigator, he sponsored a great deal of exploration along the west coast of Africa. Under his patronage, Portuguese crews founded the country's first colonies and visited regions previously unknown to Europeans. Henry is regarded as an originator of the Age of Discovery and the Atlantic slave trade."

Pontiac's Rebellion

"An indian attack on British forts and settlements after France ceded to the British its territory east of the Mississippi River, as part of the treaty of Paris in 1763, without consulting France's Indian allies.Pontiac was a leader of the pan-endian resistance to English rule known as Pontiac's rebellion, which followed the end of the seven years war. Neon was a Delaware religious prophet who helped to inspire the rebellion."

John Calvin

"Born in France in 1509, theologian/ecclesiastical statesman John Calvin was Martin Luther's successor as the preeminent Protestant theologian. Calvin made a powerful impact on the fundamental doctrines of Protestantism, and is widely credited as the most important figure in the second generation of the Protestant Reformation. He died in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1564." All things all are made for God. Everything is about God not about man. God is orderly.

Sir Walter Raleigh/ Roanoke Colony

"English expedition of 117 settlers including Virginia Dare, the first English child born I the new world; the colony disappeared from Roaoke island in the outer banks sometime between 1587 and 1590. Both sets of colonists sent to the Roanoke colony (North Carolina coast) by Raleigh were failed expeditions and the cause is unknown"

Great Awakening

"Fervent religious revival movement in the 1720s through the 1740s that was spread throughout the colonies by ministers like New England congregationalist Johnathan Edwards and English revivalist George Whitfield. The revivals were less coordinated movement than a series of local events united by a commitment to a "religion of the heart", a more emotional and personal christianity than that offered by existing churches"

Iroquis Confederacy

"Iroquois Confederacy, also called Iroquois League, Five Nations, or (from 1722) Six Nations, confederation of five (later six) Indian tribes across upper New York state that during the 17th and 18th centuries played a strategic role in the struggle between the French and British for mastery of North America. The five Iroquois nations, characterizing themselves as "the people of the longhouse," were the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. After the Tuscarora joined in 1722, the confederacy became known to the English as the Six Nations and was recognized as such at Albany, New York (1722). They persuaded colonial governments to use these rituals in their joint negotiations, and they fostered a tradition of political sagacity based on ceremonial sanction rather than on the occasional outstanding individual leader. Because the league lacked administrative control, the nations did not always act in unison, but spectacular successes in warfare compensated for this and were possible because of security at home."

Isabel and Ferdinand

"Isabel and Ferdinand Of Spain agreed to become sponsors. Their marriage in 1469 had united the waring kingdoms of Argon and Castile. in 1492 they completed the reconquest of Spain from the Moors. African muslims that had occupied the Iberian peninsula for centuries to ensure ensure its religious unification, Ferdinand and Isabella ordered all muslims and jews to convert to Catholicism or leave the country. Along with the crown, much of Columbus's financing came from merchants of Spain and the Italian city-states who desperately desired to circumvent the muslim stranglehold on eastern trade. "

Enlightenment

"Revolution in though in the eighteenth century that emphasized reason and science over the authority of traditional religion. Enlightenment thinkers insisted that every human institution, authority, and tradition be judged before the bar of reason."

Indentured Servitude

"Settlers who signed on for a temporary period of servitude to a master in exchange for passage to the New World;Virginia and Pennsylvania were largely peopled in the seventeenth century and eighteenth century by English and German indentured servants."

John Winthrop

"The Massachusetts governor distinguished sharply between two types of liberty "Natural Liberty" and "moral liberty". That True freedom depended on "subjection to authority", both religious and secular: otherwise anarchy was sure to follow."

Hernando Cortes

"The first explorer to encounter a major American civilization, who in 1519 arrived at tenochititlan the nerve center of the aztec empire. Conquered the aztec with few hundred European men relying on superior military technology such as iron weapons and gunpowder as well as shrewdness and enlisting the aid of some aztec peoples, who supplyed him with thousands of warriors. His most powerful ally was disease- smallpox epidemic that devastated the aztec society."

Mercantilism

"The policy of Great Britain and other imperial powers of regulating the economies of colonies to benefit the mother country. It encourages manufacturing and commerce special bounties and monopolies, and other measures. The trade should be controlled so that more gold and silver flowed into the country than left it. Enabled English merchants, manufacturers, shipbuilders, and sailors to reap the benefits of colonial trade, and the government to enjoy added income from taxes."

Bartolome de las Casas

"This Dominican priest published an account of the decimation of the Indian population called "A Very Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies". His writings denounced Spain for causing the death of millions of innocent people. Insisted that Indians were not barbarians. Largely because of Las Casa's efforts, Spain in 1542 promulgated the New Laws, commanding that Indians no longer be enslaved."

Tobacco

"Tobacco was grown by American Indians before the Europeans came from England, Spain, France, and Italy to North America. Native Americans smoked tobacco through a pipe for special religious and medical purposes. They did not smoke every day. Tobacco was the first crop grown for money in North America."

Bacon's Rebellion

"Unsuccessful 1676 revolt led by planter Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia governor William Berkley's administration because of governmental corruption and because Berkley had failed to protect settlers from Indian raids and did not allow them to occupy Indian lands. The Spector of civil war among whites greatly frightened Virginia's ruling elite, who took dramatic steps to consolidate their power and improve their image. Planters developed a new political style in which they cultivated the support of poorer neighbors." a shift from indentured servants to slaves. - IN 1676 Virginia began to shift from white servants to African slaves as the main labor force. This led to the revolt by the planter Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia governor William Berkley's administration because of governmental corruption. The governor had ran a corrupt regime for thirty years in alliance with the colony's wealthiest tobacco planters. - Restrictions on the right to vote — the institution of a new land ownership requirement Higher taxes Low tobacco prices A pervasive sense of subordination to an aristocratic minority Lack of protection from Native American attacks.

Head Right System

"a land grant policy the promised fifty acres to any colonist who could afford passage to Virginia, as well as fifty more for any accompanying servants. The head Right policy was eventually expanded to include any colonists- and was also adopted in other colonies."

Aztecs

"mesoamerican people who were conquered by the Spanish under Herman Cortes 1519-1528. The Aztecs were violent warriors who engaged in the ritual sacrifice of captives and others, sometimes thousands at a timeThis Practice Throughly alienated their neighbors and reinforced the Spanish view of America's native population as barbarians. Taken over by Cortes. The city then turned into the capital of the Spanish empire that boasted churches, hospitals, monasteries, government buildings, and the New World's first university."

Proclamation line of 1763

"royal directive issued after the French and Indian war prohibiting settlement, surveys, and land grants west of the Appalachian mountains, caused considerable resentment among colonists hoping to move west."

French and Indian War

"the last and the most important of four colonial wars fought between England and France for control of North America east of the Mississippi River. It permanently altered the global balance of power."

Gold, God, and Glory

"to describe the motives generating the overseas exploration, expansion, and conquests that allowed various European countries to rise to world power between 1400 and 1750. "Gold" refers to the search for material gain through acquiring and selling Asian spices, African slaves, American metals, and other resources. As merchants gained influence in late-medieval western Europe, they convinced their governments to establish a direct connection to the lucrative Asian trade, leading to the first European voyages of discovery in the 1400s. "God" refers to the militant crusading and missionary traditions of Christianity, characterized in part by rivalry with Islam and hatred of non-Christian religions. "Glory" alludes to the competition between monarchies. "

Discuss the transition from indentured servitude to slavery as the main source of labor in the southern colonies (slavery)

------Origins of American Slavery A. The spread of tobacco led settlers to turn to slavery, which offered many advantages over indentured servants. 1. Englishmen and Africans a. In the seventeenth century, the concepts of race and racism had not fully developed. b. Africans were seen as alien in their color, religion, and social practices. B. Slavery in History a. Although slavery has a long history, slavery in North America was markedly different. b. Slavery in the Americas was based on the plantation and the death rate was high in the seventeenth century. C. Slavery and the Law a. The line between slavery and freedom was more permeable in the seventeenth century than it would become later. - Some free blacks were allowed to sue and testify in court. D. The Rise of Chesapeake Slavery a. It was not until the 1660s that the laws of Virginia and Maryland explicitly referred to slavery. b. A Virginia law of 1662 provided that in the case of a child born to one free parent and one slave parent, the status of the offspring followed that of the mother. c. In 1667 the Virginia House of Burgesses decreed that conversion to Christianity did not release a slave from bondage. E. Bacon's Rebellion: Land and Labor in Virginia a. Virginia's shift from white indentured servants to African slaves as the main plantation labor force was accelerated by Bacon's Rebellion. b. Virginia's government ran a corrupt regime under Governor Berkeley. c. Good, free land was scarce for freed indentured servants. d. Nathaniel Bacon, an elite planter, called for the removal of all Indians, lower taxes, and an end to rule by "grandees." His campaign gained support from small farmers, indentured servants, landless men, and even some Africans. e. Bacon spoke of traditional English liberties. f. The rebellion's aftermath left Virginia's planter elite to consolidate their power and improve their image. F. A Slave Society a. By the end of the seventeenth century, a number of factors made slave labor very attractive to English settlers; and slavery began to supplant indentured servitude between 1680 and 1700. b. By the early eighteenth century, Virginia had transformed from a society with slaves to a slave society. - In 1705, the House of Burgesses enacted strict slave codes. d. From the start of American slavery, blacks ran away and desired freedom. e. Settlers were well aware that the desire for freedom could ignite the slaves to rebel.

Discuss the transition from indentured servitude to slavery as the main source of labor in the southern colonies (indentured servitude)

B. Indentured Servants 1. Two-thirds of English settlers came to North America as indentured servants. 2. Indentured servants did not enjoy any liberties while under contract.

Compare and Contrast Spanish and English colonization of North America (English)

D. Motives for Colonization 1. Anti-Catholicism had become deeply ingrained in English popular culture. 2. A Discourse Concerning Western Planting argued that settlement would strike a blow at England's most powerful Catholic enemy: Spain. 3. National glory, profit, and a missionary zeal motivated the English crown to settle America. 4. It was also argued that trade, not mineral wealth, would be the basis of England's empire. E. The Social Crisis 1. A worsening economy and the enclosure movement led to an increase in the number of poor and to a social crisis. 2. Unruly poor were encouraged to leave England for the New World. F. Masterless Men 1. The English increasingly viewed America as a land where a man could control his own labor and thus gain economic independence, particularly through the ownership of land. --------The Coming of the English A. English Emigrants 1. Sustained immigration was vital for the settlement's survival. 2. Between 1607 and 1700, a little over half a million persons left England. a. They settled in Ireland, the West Indies, and North America. b. The majority of settlers in North America were young, single men from the bottom rungs of English society. B. Indentured Servants 1. Two-thirds of English settlers came to North America as indentured servants. 2. Indentured servants did not enjoy any liberties while under contract. C. Land and Liberty 1. Land was the basis of liberty. D. Englishmen and Indians 1. The English were chiefly interested in displacing the Indians and settling on their land. 2. Most colonial authorities acquired land by purchase. 3. The seventeenth century was marked by recurrent warfare between colonists and Indians. a. Wars gave the English a heightened sense of superiority. E. The Transformation of Indian Life 1. English goods were quickly integrated into Indian life. 2. Over time, those European goods changed Indian farming, hunting, and cooking practices. a. Growing connections with Europeans stimulated warfare among Indian tribes.

Compare and Contrast Spanish and English colonization of North America (Spanish)

The Spanish Empire A. Governing Spanish America 1. Spain established a stable government modeled after Spanish home rule and absolutism. a. Power flowed from the king to the Council of the Indies to viceroys to local officials. 2. The Catholic Church played a significant role in the administration of Spanish colonies. B. Colonists and Indians in Spanish America 1. Gold and silver mining was the primary economy in Spanish America. a. Mines were worked by Indians. b. Many Spaniards came to the New World for easier social mobility. 2. Indian inhabitants always outnumbered European colonists and their descendants in Spanish America. 3. Spanish America evolved into a hybrid culture-part Indian, part Spanish, and, in places, part African. a. Mestizos are persons of mixed Indian and Spanish origin. C. Justifications for Conquest 1. To justify their claims to land that belonged to someone else, the Spanish relied on cultural superiority, missionary zeal, and violence. 2. A missionary element existed from the church's long holy war against Islam, and was renewed with the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century. 3. A primary aim of the Spaniards was to convert the Indians to the "true faith." D. Piety and Profit 1. The souls to be saved could also be a labor force in the gold and silver mines. 2. Bartolomé de Las Casas wrote about the injustices of Spanish rule toward the Indians. 3. He believed that "the entire human race is one," but favored African slavery. E. Reforming the Empire 1. Las Casas's writings encouraged the 1542 New Laws, which forbade the enslavement of Indians. 2. The Black Legend was an image, put forth in part by Las Casas, that Spain was a uniquely brutal and exploitive colonizer. F. Exploring North America 1. Spanish explorers migrated into what is now the United States in search of gold; first was Juan Ponce de León in Florida (1513). 2. Large Spanish expeditions traveled through Florida, the Gulf of Mexico region, and the Southwest (1520s-1540s). 3. These expeditions, particularly Hernando de Soto's, brutalized Indians and spread deadly diseases. G. Spain in Florida and the Southwest 1. Florida, the first present-day U.S. area colonized by Spain, had forts as early as the 1560s to protect Spanish treasure fleets from pirates. 2. As late as 1763, Spanish Florida had only 4,000 inhabitants of European descent. 3. Juan de Oñate led settlers into present-day New Mexico (1598). 4. Oñate destroyed Acoma, a centuries-old Indian city, in response to an attack. H. The Pueblo Revolt 1. In 1680, Pueblo Indians, led by Popé, rebelled against the Spanish colonists in present-day New Mexico for forcing the Indians to convert to Christianity.