U.S History 1302 Exam 3
What was the Bonus Army?
A group of World War I veterans who petitioned the government to make an early payment on bonuses scheduled to be released in 1945
Who was the Democratic governor of New York, whose Catholic faith and immigrant background aroused nativist suspicions and whose connections to Tammany Hall and anti-Prohibition politics offended reformers?
Al Smith
With his fifteen minute flight, he became the first American to fly in space.
Alan B. Shepard
In 1948, Whittaker Chambers, a communist, appeared before a congressional committee and charged this person of having been a Soviet spy.
Alger Hiss
What was the result of Brown v. Board of Education?
All of the answers are correct.
All of the following events related to the Korean War are true EXCEPT
An armistice was never officially signed
What was FDR's "court-packing scheme"
An attempt to appoint up to six new justices who would be friendly to his interests
This project was vital to the Egyptian economy in that it aimed to improve agricultural production along the Nile River and provide electric power for the country.
Aswan Dam
In 1963, she published The Feminine Mystique, which by 1970 had sold one million copies. Her work expressed an unspoken disillusionment felt by many American women trapped in the "comfortable concentration camp" of their domestic existences.
Betty Friedan
Hitler and Mussolini helped to topple which government in Spain?
Communists
Her photograph Migrant Mother became one of the most enduring images of the Dust Bowl and the ensuing westward exodus.
Dorothea Lange
This case ruled that it was illegal for the states to require official school prayers to be recited by the students.
Engel v. Vitale
Louisiana Senator Huey long criticized Roosevelt's New Deal programs for _____________
Failing to redistribute wealth
What was the relationship between the federal government and economic growth in the aftermath of World War II?
Federal spending created more economic growth
Roosevelt included women in key positions within his administration, including the first female cabinet secretary:
Frances Perkins
Who proposed a system of pensions for older Americans in which the government would provide each retired person—over age sixty—two hundred dollars a month? He believed that would reinvigorate the economy and improve living conditions for the elderly.
Francis E. Townsend
Who first advocated the policy of containment?
George Kennan
Why did Hitler stop the Blitz in June 1941?
He launched Operation Barbarossa—the invasion of the Soviet Union.
What was the consequence of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930?
International trade collapsed
What is the name of the prototypical suburban community built in 1946 in Long Island, New York? The developer purchased large acreage, subdividing lots, and contracting crews to build countless homes at economies of scale,
Levittown
This event in Arkansas exemplified the worst kind of response to integration attempts in the South, in which many whites felt threatened by what they perceived as a sudden and unnecessary change in the law and acted out in hatred and ignorance in response.
Little Rock Nine
Who led the communist forces in the Chinese Civil War?
Mao Zedong
The Montgomery Bus Boycott lasted from December 1955 until December 20, 1956, when the Supreme Court ordered their integration. The boycott not only crushed segregation in Montgomery's public transportation, it energized the entire civil rights movement and established the leadership of the MIA's president, a recently arrived, twenty-six-year-old Baptist minister named:
Martin Luther King Jr.
On July 20, 1969, he answered Kennedy's call by becoming the first man to walk on the moon.
Neil Armstrong
What was the forerunner of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) that collected intelligence and coordinated overseas espionage during World War II?
Office of Strategic Services (OSS)
How did the Federal Reserve respond to the financial collapse?
Overcorrected by raising interest rates and tightening credit
Before turning to military expansionism, Japanese leaders were also considering which of the following strategies?
Pan-Asian anti-colonialism
Who was a conservative detractor that felt the Equal Rights Amendment threatened traditional gender roles and values?
Phyllis Schlafly
In this landmark case, the court decided that a woman and her doctor, not the state, possessed the right to decide the fate of a pregnancy.
Roe v. Wade
This President of the United States viewed the Soviet Union and its communist leaders as an "evil empire," one that posed an extreme threat to the security of the United States.
Ronald Reagan
Who first challenged segregation on buses?
Sarah Keys
Which group of Americans benefited the least from the economic changes of the 1920s?
Southern farmers
Modeled after NATO, this organization created alliances between European Allies and Australia, Pakistan, Thailand, New Zealand, and the Philippines.
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
The British cracked this decryption machine deciphering several key German military messages.
The Enigma Machine
Which Allied nation was the first to reach Berlin?
Soviet Union
German forces did not stop at Poland; they quickly took all of the following countries EXCEPT:
Spain
Which of the following best characterized German military tactics
Speed and maneuverability
Negotiations between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. became strained in 1958 when the Soviets successfully launched the world's first artificial satellite, into orbit called:
Sputnik
These types of jobs such as nursing, teaching, and secretarial work ensured that women remained in the workforce, although not in such great numbers as during World War II.
Pink Collar Jobs
This act created a much more favorable environment for unionization.
Wagner Act
Signed by the Soviet Union and its communist satellites, this agreement was a mutual assistance treaty modeled after NATO.
Warsaw Pact
The Liberty League
attacked the New Deal as a socialistic experiment.
This New Deal agency built a number of high profile projects, including New York's LaGuardia Airport, the long highway connecting Key West with mainland Florida, and San Francisco's Bay Bridge.
Public Works Administration (PWA)
What did the Works Progress Administration do?
Put unemployed men and women to work on projects designed and proposed by local governments
Her book Silent Spring warned readers, "We should no longer accept the counsel of those who tell us that we must fill our world with poisonous chemicals. We should look about and see what other course is open to us."
Rachel Carson
By 1932, with the economy long since stagnant and a reelection campaign looming, President Herbert Hoover, hoping to stimulate American industry, created this agency to provide emergency loans to banks, building-and-loan societies, railroads, and other private industries.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
The Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) was established with the power to investigate and correct problems in what area:
instances of discrimination on the basis of race, creed, color, or national origin in war-related work contracts.
Which course of action did President John F. Kennedy choose regarding the Cuban Missile Crisis?
naval blockade
Under the leadership of A. Philip Randolph, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) began this campaign of protest against this wartime discrimination.
"Double Victory"
In 1979, a revolution led by this group forces toppled Anastasio Somoza's corrupt regime in Nicaragua.
Sandinistas
Approximately how many civilians were killed by the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
180,000
What percent of Americans were investing in the stock market prior to the crash?
2.5%
Approximately how many women served in the military during WWII?
350,000
Neither government in Korea responded to calls by the United Nations for elections that would reunite the country, and by December 1948, Korea had become permanently divided at the:
38th Parallel
Of the over 110,000 Japanese-descended Americans who were detained in internment camps, approximately how many were American citizens?
70,000
Roughly ____ of all German casualties in World War II came in the battle against the Soviet Union.
80%
. What was the top tax rate during World War II?
94%
What was the message of NSC-68?
A call for a tripling of the annual defense budget for the purpose of stopping communism
What is the definition of Herbert Hoover's "Associationalism?"
A system where businesses would voluntarily limit harmful business practices for the greater economic good
In the central Pacific, this American military leader employed a strategy of island-hopping, capturing island after island in attempt to get close enough to Japan for the United States to begin bombing the nation.
Admiral Chester Nimitz
This administration generated controversy because of its policy of planned scarcity, which led to destruction of crops growing in the fields and the slaughter of livestock.
Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)
Roosevelt tried to create relief for American farmers through the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA). What did the AAA do?
Aimed to raise the prices of agricultural commodities by offering cash incentives to voluntarily limit farm production, thereby increasing prices
What was the purpose of the Marshall Plan?
All of the above
Which of the following advantages did the Soviet Union achieve during the Cold War?
All of the above
The National Security Act of 1947:
All of the answers are correct
Why was the "loss" of China to communism so upsetting to Americans?
All of the answers are correct
Dwight Eisenhower accomplished which of the following:
All of the answers are correct.
How did federal housing programs discriminate against Americans of color?
All of the answers are correct.
The Korean War resulted in many significant consequences for the United States, including:
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following enabled the rising purchase of consumer goods?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following most accurately describes religious commitment during the early Cold War years?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the programs introduced in the LBJ presidency still exist today:
All of these programs still exist today.
Why was Emmett Till murdered?
Allegedly whistling at a white woman
What document states, "an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all" and each member "will assist the Party or Parties so attacked. . . ." ?
Article 5 of the NATO collective security agreement
What was the name of the 1950s counterculture that rejected the values of conformity and domesticity?
Beats
When was the Atlantic Charter issued?
Before the United States entered World War II
Franklin Delano Roosevelt spent the months between his election and inauguration traveling, planning, and assembling this team of advisors, made up of academics and experts, to help him formulate a plan of attack on the Great Depression.
Brain Trust
In 1954, the United States Supreme Court overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision declaring the doctrine of "separate but equal" constitutional.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
How did President Eisenhower attempt to prevent a Soviet Attack on the United States
By promising "massive retaliation" and appealing to the logic of "mutually-assured destruction"
All of the following television shows brought not only the nation's favorite shows which celebrated traditional American values to national audiences, but also introduced advertising for the many new products manufactured en masse during the 1950s, EXCEPT:
Charlie's Angels
Who led the corrupt government, the United States supported with nearly $2 billion in economic aid in an attempt to block communist from gaining control of China?
Chiang Kai-shek
Which New Deal agency focused on the unique problems faced by young men, aged 18-25.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1957 accomplish?
Created a Civil Rights Commission in the Department of Justice to investigate claims of racial discrimination
Upon assuming office, how did Roosevelt respond to the collapsing bank system?
Declared a bank holiday and then pushed through the Emergency Banking Act
After President Truman banned racial discrimination in the military and in federal hiring practices and eliminated government contracts with companies known for their discriminatory policies, outraged Southern Democrats led a break-away faction headed by South Carolina Governor J. Strom Thurmond known as the:
Dixiecrats
In his own words, this president described himself as, "conservative when it comes to money and liberal when it comes to human beings."
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Which agency investigates sexual discrimination in the workplace and enforces the Title VII stipulations?
EEOC
The churches most common in suburban America tended most frequently celebrated which of the following cultural values?
Economic individualism
She had her own clique of activist friends and her own base of influence, notably through her syndicated newspaper column My Day.
Eleanor Roosevelt
The environmental catastrophe of the Great Depression was partly the result of agricultural mismanagement. Which of the following was the most consequential example of this mismanagement?
Farmers plowed up natural ground cover to grow more crops, cover that had taken ages to form in the relatively dry sates of the Plains
Which of the following best describes the marketing techniques of early television executives?
Finding programming that would appeal to the widest possible audience
This provided returning veterans with unemployment benefits for 52 weeks, offered low-interest loans, and provided money for returning veterans to go to college.
GI Bill
He led American forces in the Southwest Pacific theater.
General Douglas MacArthur
Who was the American military leader appointed supreme Allied Commander over "Operation Overlord," the campaign that instigated the second front and led to the attack on Normandy Beach that became known as D-Day?
General Dwight D. Eisenhower
He sent a famously lengthy telegram—literally referred to as the Long Telegram—to the State Department denouncing the Soviet Union.
George Kennan
To halt Europe's economic decline, this Secretary of State proposed offering economic assistance to all European nations, including Russia.
George Marshall
This case ruled that states must provide attorneys at state expense for accused persons unable to procure their own legal defense.
Gideon v. Wainwright
Who was a vocal supporter of the proposed Equal Rights Amendment (1972) that sought to provide equality to American women?
Gloria Steinem
The Democrats chose this person in the Election of 1944, rather than incumbent Vice President Henry A. Wallace, as Roosevelt's running mate.
Harry S. Truman
Why was Douglas MacArthur removed from command?
He was publicly insubordinate to the Commander in Chief
Which act provided for old-age pensions, unemployment insurance, and economic aid, based on means, to assist both the elderly and dependent children?
Social Security Act
Hoping to curb the arms race, Nixon and this National Security Adviser (later Secretary of State) set out bring the Cold War under control by using the widening rift between the Soviet Union and China.
Henry Kissinger
Which of the following statements are true regarding Soong May-ling, known to the public as Madame Chiang?
Her American education made her an effective diplomat in Chinese-American relations
The most desperate, the chronically unemployed, encamped on public or marginal lands in
Hoovervilles
In 1934, this Louisianan created the national Share Our Wealth Society and by early 1935 the organization was still growing and claimed more than 7 million members.
Huey P. Long
Britain and France declared war on Germany after which invasion?
Invasion of Poland
In 1953, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) helped bring about the overthrow of this leftist leaning government and placed Shah Reza Pahlavi in command.
Iran
Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested for this crime of assassinating President John F. Kennedy in Dallas but he was shot and killed by this angry citizen while being transported from the police station to the jail.
Jack Ruby
In a desperate attempt to free the hostages from the Iran Hostage Crisis, this president authorized a rescue mission that failed before it started.
Jimmy Carter
He completed a five-hour flight around the Earth.
John Glenn
In 1958, this Harvard economist and public intellectual published The Affluent Society.
John Kenneth Galbraith
Who published The Grapes of Wrath, in 1939, which captured the Depression's dislocated populations?
John Steinbeck
Which South Korean leader hoped to reunite the Korean peninsula under his rule?
Kim Il Sung
In Texas, this twenty-six year-old presided over the NYA, launching projects that kept students in school during the academic year and gave them summer jobs during the summer.
Lyndon Baines Johnson
This secret agency, which included scientists from many nations, developed the atomic bomb.
Manhattan Project
Joseph McCarthy first achieved national prominence in February 1950 by waving a piece of paper that he claimed included 205 communists currently working in what capacity?
Members of the Department of State
What is the name of the University of Chicago economist who helped to develop the intellectual position of libertarian economics?
Milton Friedman
This case expanded the rights of the accused by mandating that they must be informed of their rights upon arrest.
Miranda v. Arizona
Which of the following statements regarding immigration during the Great Depression is true?
More people left the United States than entered it during the Great Depression
In an effort to surpass the Russians in the space race, Congress created:
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
By the time the United States entered World War II, this agency had assisted 600,000 students with higher education and supported 1.5 million high school students.
National Youth Administration (NYA)
Why was the landmark election of 1960 the first of its kind?
Never before had the media played such a prominent role in politics.
Which of the following actions did FDR take to advance civil rights for African Americans?
None of these occurred
To ease European concerns and create military alliances, President Truman oversaw the creation of the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
This military aide for the National Security Council, had been placed in charge of recruiting donations from individuals and countries to support the Contras.
Oliver North
The Voting Rights Act of 1965:
gave total control of all elections to the federal government, that blacks were given freedom to fully exercise their voting rights.
The 24th Amendment:
outlawed poll taxes.
In his speech advocating the Lend-Lease Program, Roosevelt declared that the war was being fought for "Four Freedoms." Which answer is NOT one of the the "Four Freedoms."
right to bear arms
Hitler initiated all of the following EXCEPT:
stringent anti-Nordic policies.
President Jimmy Carter invited the leaders of Israel and Egypt, Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat, to meet at the presidential retreat. After thirteen days of meetings, the three leaders agreed on:
the Camp David Accords.
While the Japanese had destroyed or damaged every battleship in the U.S. Pacific Fleet, an additional 18 ships, and over 300 airplanes at Pearl Harbor, it was not a total victory for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
the Japanese Destroyers were turned back by the American submarine fleet.
In 1984, to further enhance the nation's missile defenses, Reagan announced plans for the:
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
In many of the South's districts, especially rural ones, blacks were effectively disenfranchised by poll taxes, literacy tests, and physical intimidation put in place by the white majority. In response, this group organized voting efforts in Mississippi, notable for its relatively large black community and scant number of black voters.
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Which of the following nations were not a part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)?
Sweden
Not only did this project allow for public ownership and distribution of power, but also provided work opportunities for the laborers building the dams up and down the river.
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
The turning point in the Pacific Theater came in June 1942 when the United States won a decisive victory at:
The Battle of Midway
The garrison on this island was 77,000 men strong at the beginning of the conflict, and the commander of the island was willing for them all to die in a heroic defense of the island. There was no thought of victory, only of heavy casualties and delay inflicted on the Americans.
The Battle of Okinawa
In this brutal battle, Allied forces eventually won after suffering 77,000 American casualties to the German defenders.
The Battle of the Bulge
Upon becoming president, John F. Kennedy reviewed a plan to invade Cuba with CIA-trained Cuban exiles and decided to move forward with the operation called:
The Bay of Pigs
In response to American and British efforts to reunify Germany, the Soviets instituted a blockade of West Berlin, denying the United States, Great Britain, and France highway or rail access to their occupation zones in the city, which led to an event called:
The Berlin Airlift
After this president stated that the, "Twin threats to the flow of oil—from regional instability and now potentially from the Soviet Union—require that we firmly defend our vital interest when threatened" it became known as:
The Carter Doctrine
The debate over atomic weapons, combined with disagreements over territory and economic aid, set the stage for the world's longest, and potentially most destructive, conflict called:
The Cold War
Why did the United States fail to help more of the decolonization independence movements during the 1940s - 1970s?
The Cold War alliance with Western Europe led the United States to support many colonial powers
President Truman saw an expansion of Social Security benefits, a higher minimum wage, and urban development aimed at eliminating slums in a plan called:
The Fair Deal
President Lyndon Johnson's vision for America extended past the initiatives left behind by Kennedy. He introduced the idea of:
The Great Society
It fueled American concerns over communism at home through their publicized hearings.
The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
Concerned over Soviet educational advances, Congress passed:
The National Defense Education Act
The composition of the five permanent members of the U.N. Security Council reflected the powerful nations and victors at the end of the war. They included the United States, Great Britain, France, China and:
The Soviet Union
This group of African American pilots in the Army Air Corps escorted bombers to their drop-off locations and participated in combat operations.
The Tuskegee Airmen
Senator Joseph McCarthy's downfall began in 1954 when the senator began an investigation into communist subversion within:
The United States Army
Greece and Turkey were early flashpoints in the Cold War. How did the United States respond to unrest in Greece and Turkey in 1947?
The United States sent $400 million to both nations to be used in resisting communism
These women transported new planes from place to place within the United States and eventually they transported planes to England.
The Women's Air Force Service Pilots (WASPs)
What was the most dramatic result of the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act?
The creation of a national minimum wage
What prompted President Roosevelt to pass Executive Order 8802?
The planned march on Washington led by A. Philip Randolph
After the Victory in Europe, the United States suffered a setback in the Pacific. What was that setback?
The surrender of American forces in the Philippines
In 1952, this NAACP lawyer argued on behalf of Linda Brown, a black girl barred from attending the all-white elementary school in her neighborhood in Topeka, Kansas.
Thurgood Marshall
In 1960, Russians shot down this type of American spy plane over the Soviet Union.
U-2
This New Deal administration constructed many of the buildings at Dallas' Fair Park to house the Texas Centennial Exposition and it remains home to the Texas State Fair. The buildings, including the elaborately decorated Hall of State, offered venues not just for construction work, but also for artists to use their talents.
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
This conference in February 1945 marked the increasing ascendance of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and the decline of Roosevelt.
Yalta Conference
In 1968, Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee, where he had traveled to assist in organizing:
a strike involving black sanitation workers.