U.S. History - Ch. 10, Sec. 3 - Questions

To manage Indian removal to western lands, Congress approved the creation of a new government agency called the _________________.

Bureau of Indian Affairs.

The _________ were the first Indians sent to the Indian Territory. They were forced to sign a ________ with the Mississippi legislature giving the state more than 7.5 million acres of their land. They were moved to the Indian Territory during a __________ winter trip where they had insufficient _________ and _________. About ______ died of cold, disease and ___________.

Choctaw treaty disastrous food supplies 1/4 starvation.

What major changes did President Jackson make to U.S. policy regarding Native Americans?

He proposed legislation that would give the Native Americans their own land and would remove them from land that the government desired.

Why did John C. Calhoun argue that the Indian Territory would benefit the Native Americans?

He said that removal to the Indian Territory would be good for the Native Americans because they would not be open to further conflicts with American settlers since this land would belong to the Native Americans.

How effective was Native American resistance to removal?

It was not very effective. They were eventually forced to relocate and many died fighting against removal and many died during the removal marches.

Why did Jackson and other congressmen want the Indians removed? Where did Congress plan for them to go when they were removed?

Jackson wanted to open lands from Georgia to Mississippi to American farmers. To do this, Jackson and Congress established the Indian Territory (in what is now Oklahoma) for the Native Americans.

Who was Sequoya? What important contribution did he make?

Sequoya was a Cherokee who created a writing system of 86 characters for the Cherokee language. This allowed the Cherokee to be able to publish a newspaper in their language.

What triggered the removal of the Cherokee from Georgia? What happened when the Georgia removal began? What did the Cherokee do in response? What did they claim?

The Cherokee removal was triggered by the discovery of gold on their land. The Cherokee refused to move, so the Georgia militia began attacking Cherokee towns. The Cherokee sued the state and claimed they were an independent nation and that the state had no legal power over their lands.

In what different ways did the Cherokee and the Seminole attempt to resist removal to Indian Territory?

The Cherokee tried to assimilate into the white culture by adopting several elements of the contemporary white culture. The Seminole decided to fight with force.

How did the Cherokee approach the issue of removal? Were they successful?

The Cherokee tried to avoid removal by adopting the contemporary culture of white people. They educated their children in English. They developed their own government modeled after the U.S. system. They created a writing system for their own language. And they published a newspaper in both English and Cherokee. This was successful at first, but eventually they were removed to the Indian Territory.

What led to the Second Seminole War? What was the outcome?

The Seminoles in Florida were forced to sign a removal treaty, but they refused to honor it. Instead, they resisted with force. Almost 4,000 Seminole were eventually removed and several hundreds died.

What was the Supreme Court's ruling in Worcester v. Georgia? How did the state of Georgia and President Jackson respond to the Supreme Court's ruling? How did Congress respond?

The Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee nation was a distance community in which the laws of Georgia had no force. Only the federal government had control over the Native Americans. Georgia ignored the Court's ruling and Jackson did not enforce the Court's ruling. Congress did not protest either.

What economic factors influenced the policy of Indian removal?

The U.S. wanted American settlers to move into lands with rich farming soil. The U.S. also wanted to claim lands containing gold to support the economy.

The Cherokee's 800-mile forced march became known as the ________________. Almost ______ of the 18,000 Cherokee died on the march.

Trail of Tears 1/4

In the Supreme Court case of __________, the Court ruled that the federal government, not the states, had authority over the Cherokee.

Worcester v. Georgia

President Jackson supported a policy of Indian _________. 1. The ____________ (1830) authorized the relocation of Native Americans living east of the __________ to lands in the ________. 2. Cherokee resistance to removal led to a disagreement between Jackson and the _______________. 3. Other Native Americans resisted removal with _______.

removal Indian Removal Act Mississippi River West Supreme Court force