US History Chapter 9
Samuel Slater
"Father of the Factory System" in America; escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; put into operation the first spinning cotton thread in 1791
Cyrus McCormick
(1809-1884) American inventor and industrialist, he invented the mechanical reaper and harvesting machine that quickly cut down wheat.
Commonwealth v. Hunt
(1842) a landmark ruling of the MA Supreme Court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers.
Interchangeable parts
1799-1800 - Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system which uses this term. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With standardized parts, it was easy to get a replacement part from the manufacturer. Whitney first put used this term to make muskets for the U.S. government.
Erie Canal
A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.
Robert Fulton, Clermont
A famous inventor, designed and built America's first steamboat, the Clermont in 1807. He also built the Nautilus, the first practical submarine.
factory system
A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building. This allowed for factories to mass produce items.
Cumberland Road
A national road that stretched from Maryland to Illinois. It was the first national/interstate highway, and it was a milestone for the eventual connection of all the states by highways, thus increasing trade.
Second Great Awakening
A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.
self-made-man
According to this idea, those who achieved success in America did so not as a result of hereditary privilege or government favoritism, but through their own intelligence and hard work.
John Deere
American blacksmith that was responsible for inventing the steel plow. This new plow was much stronger than the old iron version; therefore, it made plowing farmland in the west easier, making expansion faster.
Eli Whiteny
An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged
Samuel Slater
An immigrant from England, would establish the first factory in America in 1790 in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Since exporting machine plans from Britain was not allowed, so he had to make a machine from memory. That machine was the spinning Jenny.
Who was the Catholic Archbishop who encouraged parents to send their kids to parochial schools seeking gov't funding for them and tried to convert protestants to Catholicism?
Archbishop John Hughes
Cotton Kingdom
Areas in the south where cotton farming developed because of the high demand for cotton. Cotton Gin helped make Cotton effective.
National Road
Authorized by congress in 1806, stretched from Cumberland Maryland to the Old Northwest.
Democratic Party machine
Brought the Irish into the Urban Political Machines
Alexis de Toqueville
Came from France to America in 1831. He observed democracy in government and society. His book (written in two parts in 1835 and 1840) discusses the advantages of democracy and consequences of the majority's unlimited power. First to raise topics of American practicality over theory, the industrial aristocracy, and the conflict between the masses and individuals.
Illinois and Michigan Canal
Canal that connected the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River & the Gulf of Mexico. Started in Chicago. Would lead to Chicago being a major city.
What western city became the nations fourth largest city and was regarded as the greatest of all western cities?
Chicago
What was the result of the 2nd Great Awakening?
Christianity became more widespread in American culture--Christianity became closely intertwined/associated with liberty
"German Triangle"
Cities of Cincinnati, St Louis, and Milwauke, they would attract a very large German population, which led to a german culture in these cities.
Erie Canal
Completed in 1825, was a 363 mile long canal across New York, allowed for goods to go from the great lakes to NYC. Attracted many farmers. Construction of canal was overseen by Dewitt Clinton. Many states would try and follow its success in building canals.
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
Dispute over the toll bridge of Charles River and the free bridge of Warren. The court ruled in favor of Warren. Reversed Dartmouth College v. Woodward; property rights can be overridden by public need
Market Revolution
Dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. Resulted from three combo impacts of the increased output of farms and factories: the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the creation of a transportation network of roads, canals, and railroads.
Archbishop John Hughes
During the 1840s and 1850s, he made the church of Catholic a more assertive institution, by encouraging parents of Catholic Youth to send their kidlets to parochial schools, and even wanted the government to pay for them! He tried to convert those from Protestantism.
mill girls
Early New England factories relied on female and child labor. Young women who were unmarried, would come from Yankee farm families and do jobs such as tending to the spinning machines. They convinced their parents to let their daughters leave the farms and join the workforce by setting up boarding halls with rules that were strict.
Workingmen's Parties
Early forms of unions formed by artisans. Sought to mobilize the support of the lower classes in favor of the workers.
How was the farming of the North different from that in the South?
Expansion and market revolution transformed the region into an integrated economy of commercial farms and manufacturing cities. They grew crops and raised livestock for sale while purchasing goods at stores that they used to make themselves.
Describe Abe Lincoln's family's lifestyle which was very common for folks living in the pre-market world.
Family hunted, made their own clothes, relied little on cash, worked off debt---self-sufficient
Boston Associates/Waltham
First large scale American Factory that used power looms to weave cotton cloth. Established in 1814, created an entire town dedicated to a factory.
Gibbons v. Ogden
Five years after Dartmouth College v. Woodward, would strike down a monopoly that had been granted for steamboats.
Transcendentalists
Followers of a belief which stressed self-reliance, self- culture, self-discipline, and that knowledge transcends instead of coming by reason. They promoted the belief of individualism and caused an array of humanitarian reforms. (Emerson and Thoraeu)
corporation
Form of business organization that became very important in economic growth. Would enjoy privileges and powers from a new charter from the government, additionally it said that investors are NOT responsible for the companies debt.
What did the West represent to many Americans?
Freedom from factories, land for one to have their own farm, economic independence
What spurred on the acquisition of East Florida?
GA and AL planters who wished to eliminate a refuge for fugitive slaves and hostile Seminole Indians.
What case struck down a monopoly that the New York legislature had granted for steamboat navigation?
Gibbons v. Ogden
Dewitt Clinton
Governor of New York, oversaw construction of Erie Canal
Eli Whitney/cotton gin
Graduate of Yale who invented a machine that consisted of rollers and brushers and would separate the seed from the cotton, making large scale cotton farming easy. 40 times more effective than without said machine.
Boston Associates
Group of merchants who established the first large-scale American factory utilizing power looms for weaving cotton clothe; it was established in Waltham, Massachusetts
What did Chief Justice Taney rule when the Massachusetts legislature brought in a second company to build a competing bridge over the Charles River where there was already a charter with another company?
He declared/ruled that the legislature had a legitimate interest in promoting transportation and prosperity----allowed for competition.
What did Lafayette say about the institution and growth of slavery in the US near the end of the colonial period?
He never would have help with the American Revolution if he had know that he was helping to build a land based on slavery.
Nativism
Idea that favored native born people vs those of immigrants. They thought that immigrants were to blame for the rise of crime, and political corruption.
Roger B. Taney
In 1837, he said that the Massachusetts legislature could not infringe an existing companies charter that had built a bridge over the Charles river
Where did 90% of immigrants settle?
In the North where there were more jobs available
When did much of the settlement westward happen?
In the six years following the end of the War of 1812---six new states entered the Union
Cyrus McCormick/reaper
Invented in 1831, was a Horse drawn machine that would increase the amount of wheat a farmer could harvest. Tens of thousands were in use, lead to the output of Wheat tripling from 1840-1860. One machine could do the work of 400 people.
John Deere/steel plow
Invented in 1837, and mass produced in the 1850s, the rapid subring of western parries was made possible. Plants and crops could be plowed and planted much easier.
Where was the largest group of immigrants from and why did many of them leave their country?
Ireland; they left due to the Great Famine which was due to the massive loss of potatos
How did the market revolution transform and divide America?
It encouraged an emphasis on individualism and physical mobility among whites but severely limited women and African-Americans. It opened new opportunities for economic freedom for many Americans but lead others to fear that their traditional economic independence was being eroded.
During the market revolution, how did American law change?
It protected entrepeneurs and sheilded them from interference by local gov'ts. Corporations enjoyed special privileges and powers granted in a charter from the gov't. Investors and directors weren't help liable for company's debt or for property damage done by their factories. Courts ruled that employers had full authority of the workplace.
What effect did the telegraph have on the economy?
It sped the flow of information and brought uniformity to prices throughout the country
What was life like for a middle class woman?
It was a badge of honor to be able to stay home full time. They had lower-class domestic servants to do work and they lived in middle-class neighborhoods.
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
Led by John Marshall would define comported charters as contracts that future lawmakers absolutely could not change.
What type of impact did the clock have on the industrial worker?
Lives began to be driven by time--time for work, and time for leisure. Work and pay were previously based on goods produced. Now they were based on "wage" which was paid according to hourly or daily rate. Lives became more scheduled.
S.F.B. Morse/telegraph
Made communication easier and quicker, sent morse code over electronic letters. Within 16 years 50k miles of telegraph wire was strong.
Congress prohibited the Atlantic slave trade in 1808. What was the result on the slave trade in the US?
Massive trade in slaves developed within the United States supplying the labor force required by the new Cotton Kingdom.
How did women feel about working in the mills?
Most valued the chance to earn money on their own and have a less confining life
Why did immigrants from Ireland encounter hostility in the US?
Most were Roman Catholics and our country was predominantly protestant and didn't accept them well.
What were the underlying causes of the 1840s anti-immigrant riots in New York City and Philadelphia?
Native born workers feared immigrants taking their jobs and undercutting their wages
Where was the industrial revolution mostly confined to (taking place)?
New England a few cities outside it
market revolution
Occurred in the United States in the 1st half of the 19th century (1800s). Known for its series of innovations in transportation and communication. Also, farming changed. South would be barley affected by this.
Why did Europeans Emigrate to the US and what was the typical way they did this?
Peasants were pushed off their land and jobs for traditional craft workers were disappearing. Many were attracted to America's political and religious freedom. TransAtlantic travel became easier. Usually a male went first, sent money back to Europe and then the rest of the family followed.
Robert Fulton/Clermont
Pennsylvania born artist and engineer, made Steamboats. Hist boat navigated in the Hudson from NYC to Albany, proving that steam boats were a viable technique. Upsteram commerce was possible
Manifest Destiny
Phrase first used by John O'Sullivan. The belief that America had the God-given right and duty to expand across the continent
Who held months long revivals where he warned of hell in vivd language while promising salvation to converts who abandoned their sinful ways?
Reverend Charles Finney
Who introduced the steamboat on the Hudson River in 1807 and is credited with its invention?
Robert Fulton
Who established America's first factory in 1790 in Rhode Island using a power-driven spinning jenny in his factory?
Samuel Slater
John Jacob Astor
Self-made millionaire, who was the richest man in America at the time of his death in 1848.
Cunard Line
Shipping company that would send people from Britain to Boston and NYC for cheap prices during the 1840s. This led to a mass increase of people coming over to the US from Europe.
What did marketing look like during the colonial era?
Southern planters marketing products of slave labor internationally. We used boycotts of British goods as part of the political battles leading to independence.
What innovations opened new land to settlements, lowered transportation costs, and made it easier for economic enterprises to sell their products?
Steamboats, canals, railroads, telegraph
Why was Dartmouth College v. Woodward significant?
Supreme Court Justice Marshall defined corporate charters issued by state legislatures as contracts which future lawmakers could not recind or change.
Eli Terry/American System of Manufactures
System that relied on mass production of interchangeable parts. First used in the manufacturing of clocks by a Connecticut craftsmen and in small arms production.This would lead to many towns to having mechinacl skills
Where did western farmers find a market for their produce and a source of credit for loans?
The East
1825 Canal that was 363 miles long and stretched across upstate New York allowing goods to flow between the Great Lakes and New York City.
The Erie Canal
Describe the second largest group of immigrants.
The Germans included a considerably larger number of skilled craftsmen than the Irish. Many were able to move to the West where they established themselves as craftsmen, shopkeepers and farmers.
By 1840, what two large new regions entered the Union?
The Old Northwest and the Old Southwest
Why didn't the industrial revolution spread South and in other areas of the North?
The South's slaveholding class opposed industrial development and lagged in factory production while most other northern manufacturing was still done in small-scale establishments, not factories.
What enabled factory owners to locate in towns nearer to the coast like New Bedford and Philadelphia?
The advent of steam power.
What lead to the rise of "The Cotton Kingdom?"
The industrial revolution in the North gave rise to factories producing cotton textiles with water-powered spinning and weaving machinery. They created a huge demand for cotton which the Deep South produced. Eli Whitney's cotton gin enabled farmers to grow and sell cotton on a large scale. With acquisition of new lands down in Florida (expansion) planters took over and began growing more cotton..
Who shouldered the majority of the financing for the improvements to transportion (waterways, canals etc.)?
The states (as the opposed to the federal gov't)
What was the predominant view held concerning the role of women in the 1800s?
The woman's place is in the home. She was to provide her man with love, friendship, shelter from competative marketplace. Women were to be submissive and obedient to her man.
In 1842, in the court case Commonwealth v. Hunt what did chief justice Lemuel Shaw decree?
There was nothing illegal in workers organizing a union or a strike.
What did Transcendentalists like Emerson and Thoreau believe?
They believed strongly in the individual, self-reliance and that individuals could "remake" themselves and their lives.
What did free blacks begin to do in response to their conditions in the North?
They constructed their own institutional life--began to build their own society (churches, schools etc.)
Describe how pioneers typically travelled.
They travelled in groups and cooperated with each other to help clear land, build houses and barns and establish communities.
How were conditions for free blacks in the North?
They were discriminated against, lived in poor areas of the cities, and occasionally experienced violent attacks from whites
What did O'Sullivan say about others who would try to claim land in the US?
They were obstacles to freedom and they must give way to American expansion
What were the results of the revitalization and spread of plantation slavery for the South's social and economic development?
They were the most commercially oriented but did not make any changes in social order(still same agrarian slave based social order) or significant economic change. Transportation and banking was all driven around the plantation economy--transporting cotton and other crops and purchase of land and slaves.
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
This 1819 Marshall Court decision was one of the earliest and most important U.S. Supreme Court decisions to interpret the contracts clause in Article I, Section 10 of the Constitution. The case arose from a dispute in New Hampshire over the state's attempt to take over Dartmouth College. By construing the Contract Clause as a means of protecting corporate charters from state interventions, Marshall derived a significant constitutional limitation on state authority. As a result, various forms of private economic and social activity would enjoy security from state regulatory policy. Marshall thus encouraged the emergence of the relatively unregulated private economic actor as the major participant in a growing national economy.
Nativists
Those who feared the impact of immigration on American politics and social life and blamed immigrants for urban crime, political corruption and accused them of undercutting native-born skilled laborers by working for starvation wages.
turnpikes
Toll road, authorized by congress, aimed to make transportation quicker.
Great Famine (1845-51)
Took place In Ireland, was a famine that led to many people dying. A blight destroyed the very important potato crop, which much of the diet relied on. Over 1 million people perished from starvation, and this led to many people coming over to the United States.
Lowell (Massachusetts)
Town in Massachusetts where over 52 mills employed approximately 10,000 workers. This contributed to Massachussets being the 2nd most industrialized region of the entire world!
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
Treaty in which the US purchased Florida from Spain because it had rebelled.
What did the steamboat make possible?
Upstream commerce (travel against the current) on the country's major rivers as well as rapid transport across the Great Lakes and eventually the Atlantic Ocean
What famous writing by Thoreau was inspired by his complete self-removal from society to a Pond? It was a critique of how the market revolution was degrading American values and the natural environment. His message to Americans was to simplify their lives rather than become obsessed with wealth.
Walden published in 1854
Why were the earliest factories located along the "fall line?"
Waterfalls and river rapids could be harnessed to generate energy to power weaving and spinning machines.
commercial farming
With Eli Whitney's invention of the Cotton Gin, farming on a large scale became much easier, this allowed for many farmers to build massive farms..
Lydia Child
Wrote "The Frugal Housewife" in 1829 and became a prominent advocate of antislavery and of greater rights for women.
Individualism
a belief in the importance of the individual and the virtue of self-reliance and personal independence
What was a negative outcome of the economic transformation in the US?
a greater gap between wealthy merchants and industrialists on one hand and impoverished factory workers, unskilled dockworkers and seamstresses laboring at home on the other
What class did the market revolution and the quickening of commercial life create?
a new middle class (army clerks, accountants, office employees to staffed businesses, skilled craftsmen, lawyers, teachers, doctors)
What was a positive outcome of the economic transformation in the US?
an explosive growth in the nations output and trade and a rise in the general standar of living
How did labor spokesman Langdon Byllesby describe wage labor?
as the "very essence of slavery," since dependence on another person for one's economic livelihood was incompatible with freedon
What effect did the scramble by other states to build their own canals have on them financially?
bankruptcy but it drastically reduced the costs of transportation
What did the Embargo of 1807 do?
cut off British imports
What types of products/crops did eastern farmers primarily produce?
dairy products, fruits and vegetables for nearby urban centers
What did the westward movement of slaves mean to African Americans?
destruction of family ties, breakup of long-standing communities and less opportunities for liberty
What idea originated during the 1830s period of unions and strikes that would become far more prominent in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries?
economic security--a standard of life below which no person would fall--formed an essential part of American freedom
Irish Potato Famines (1840s)
encouraged the Irish to immigrate from Ireland to America, 1940s
What were some of the changes made to the process of production of goods by entrepreneurs to increase the pace and intensity of labor?
entrepreneurs gathered artisans into large workshops in order to oversee their work and subdivide their tasks. Workers performed jobs requiring less skills and fewer steps and received lower wages.
These replaced traditional craft production altogether and gathered large groups of workers under central supervision and replaced hand tools
factories
What types of jobs did women take?
factory workers, domestic servants, seamstresses
Who did early New England textile mills rely heavily on for labor?
females and children
South Carolina Canal and Railroad
first long-distance railline to begin operation
slave coffles
groups chained to one another on forced marches to the Deep South.
Cult of domesticity
idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands
What most dramatically increased the speed and lowered the expense of commerce?
improved water transportation
Economic expansion fueled a demand for labor in the 1800s. Between 1840 and 1860, what help to meet that demand?
increased immigration from abroad
What was a catalyst for the market revolution that swept over the US in the early 1800s?
innovations in transportation and communication
Elias Howe
invented the sewing machine
What did Henry David Thoreau believe about modern society of his time?
it stifled individual judgement by making men slaves to their drive for wealth. They were so caught up in their pursuit of wealth that they had no time to appreciate the beauties of nature.
What were the monies from eastern banks' loans used for by Western farmers?
loans from eastern banks and insurance companies financed the acquisition of land and supplies and the purchase of fertilizer and new agricultural machinery
What did the "American system of manufacture" rely on?
mass production of interchangeable parts that could be rapidly assembled into standardized finished products.
Who felt that working by tending a machine while closely supervised violated American independence?
native-born men. As a result employers started using individuals who lacked other ways to earn a living.
In what area did the stream of settlers from New England and New York settle?
northern Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin
Women who did work experienced severe disadvantages. What were they?
only low-paying jobs, couldn't sign independent contracts or sue in their own name, did not control the wages they earned (their husbands did)
Where did the stream of migration flow from that eventually created the new Cotton Kingdom of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Arkansas?
out of the South
What innovation opened vast new areas of the American interior to settlement and stimulated the mining of coal for fuel?
railroads
Transportation Revolution
rapid growth in the speed and convenience of transportation; in the United States this began in the early 1800s
What also began to sweep over the country that contributed to the message of self-reliance and self-determination?
religious revivals during the Second Great Awakening
What was the "outwork" system typical of early industrialization?
rural men and women who earn money by taking in jobs from factories such a weaving yarn into cloth
How did Lowell owners persuade parents to let their daughters work at the mills?
set up boarding houses with strict rules and tight supervision and established lecture halls, churches and established a magazine to occupy the women's free time.
Workingmen's Parties
short-lived political organizations that sought to mobilize lower-class support for candidates who would press for free public education, an end to imprisonment for debt and legislation limiting work to 10 hours per day
After abolition, how did free black life experience downward mobility?
skilled blacks were no longer getting jobs; they were barred from skilled employment, whites refused to hire them and whites didn't want to be served by them. Federal law barred them from owning land so they couldn't move West and some states even prohibited from entering their states!
The stream of settlers coming from the Upper South settled in what areas?
southern Ohio, Indiana and Illinois
Invention by John Deere that made possible the quick and easier clearing of land on the western prairies.
steel plow
childlike, lazy, slaves of their passions, said to be unsuited for republican freedom
stereotypes of Irish imigrants similar to those directed at blacks
Lowell Mills
textile mill located in a factory town in Massachusetts that employed young farm girls who lived in company-owned boardinghouses, strict restrictions and emphasis on moral behavior
What did surviving members of the revolutionary generation fear with regard to the industrial revolution and market economy?
that the obsession with personal economic gain was undermining devotion to the public good
Where did most of Finney's converts come from?
the commercial and professional classes
What did the Second Great Awakening stress?
the right of private judgement in spiritual matters and the possiblity of universal salvation through faith and good works. People had "free choice" to obey God and have a change of heart.
in the 1830s what became common to try to get workers higher wages and shorter working hours?
the rise of unions and strikes
What innovation made possible instantaneous communication throughout the nation?
the telegraph invented by Samuel F.B. Morse
By mid-century 1800s, the vast majority of northern blacks worked doing what?
they labored for wages in unskilled jobs and as domestic servants
squatters
wester settlers setting up farms on unoccupied land without a clear legal title
What were the crops that western farmers where able to produce cheaply?
wheat and corn
Baltimore and Ohio
nation's first commercial railroad
When did the US experience a full-fledged depression?
1837
Horse-drawn machine that greatly increased the amount of wheat a farmer could harvest. Invented by Cyrus McCormick in 1831.
Reaper
