USC Valerio Jazz and Pop Music Exam 4

The Twist

started a new dance craze in the 1960s. served as a symbol of the new cultural revolution. first social dance done without touching a partner. Was a big change.

The Beach Boys

surf music sound. New for R&R. elements of early R&R wit new guitar sounds and more complex vocal harmony with high falsetto voices. Influenced by The Four FReshmen- a jazz vocal group. Also by Chuck Berry.

New York/ The Brill building

was a hit factory. Founded by Don Kirshner and Al Nevins. Corporation designed to produce hit records.

ASCAP strike

would not license music for airplay. Radio stations forced to play other music- country, folk, novelty.

Woodie Guthrie

1912-1967. Folk singer. sand and wrote protest songs in the 1930s depression. Helped to form Labor Unions and establish rights for laborers. This Land Is Your Land- most famous song.

Marvin GAye

different from most Motown. More original, not formulaic.

The Sexual Revolution of the 1960s

"the pill" new birth control pill led to freer sexual practice.

Ray Charles

1930-2004. First real Soul singer. Emerged in the 1950s. ONe of the first to bring gospel style singin into secular pop music. I Got A Woman 1954- first hit. What'd I Say- combines gospel call and response with female chorus with sexual sounds. Electric piano- new sound. Georgia On My Mind- older pop standar by Hoagie Carmicheal. Transform the song and made it uniquely his own.

3 style periods of the Beatles- Early period

1962-1965. Early music influenced by Buddy Holly, The Beach Boys. Blended raw amateurism with sophisticated professionalism. Music was more interesting. Most forms were AABA. Different and unusual chord progression. Tuneful melodies. Most strikingaspect of their music was their voices (British accent), instruments and arrangements were different.

The Beatles Middle Period

1965-1968. The Beatles became influenced by Bob Dylan and Folk music. Lyrics became ambiguous and thought provoking. Becoming better musicians. Drugs "fueled their imaginations". Concept Albums- now became more important than singles. Began thinking of albums as a whole compete unit. As Sinatra did in the 1950s. First to do this in the Rock world.

The Beatles Late Period

1968-1970. Went back to simpler recordings. Back to a 4-piece rock band with fewer studio effects.

Timothy Leary

A psychologist who gave the hippies their rallying cry "turn on, tune in, drop out".

Say It Loud (I'm Black and I'm Proud) 1968

Balck artists began to sing songs about contemporary issues by the end of the 1960s. Black Americans started a movement to feel pride in their race. "Black is Beautiful" became a slogan. James Brown addresses these issues with this song.

Folk Music

Became popular in the late 1950s- Kingston Trio, Peter, Paul, and Mary, etc. Some popularity in late 1940s- The Weavers with Pete Seeger. Popular with college students- jazz became to weird and R&R ws to juvenile.

The Beatles

Began in England in 1962. First came to US in 1964. Appeared on the Ed Sullivan Show February 1964. April 1964- op 5 records on Billboard Pop Charrts were by Beatles. Television is not an important marketing medium for pop music. Third superstars in pop music history. Most hyped and marketed group up to that time. Beatles looked different and sounded different. Became cultural icons, more than Sinatra and Elvis. Originally associated with MOD- hip subculture in Engalnd in the early 1960s.

Janis Joplin

Blues tradition. Compared to Bessie Smith. Performances were self indulgent, seemed to be possessed. Died of drug over dose.

Boys discovered in Philadelphia

Bobby Rydell (Volare) Frankie Avalon (from bobby sox to stockings) Fabian (turn me loose) Chubby Checker

Hey Jude 1968

By The Beatles. Beatles' biggest selling single. Over 7 minutes long.

Let It Be

By The Beatles. Co-produced by Phil Spector.

Revolver 1966

By The Beatles. Continue experimenting with new ways to create music.

A Hard Day's Night

By The Beatles. Famous opening clanging chord analysis. Dissonant- draws the listener in. 12 string guitar. harmony- more interesting and complex than early R&R.

A Day In The Life

By The Beatles. Most critically acclaimed song from Sgt. Pepper. Form- song within a song. Tape manipulation.

Yesterday 1965

By The Beatles. Most widely performed song. More like Tin Pan Alley than R&R. Works in many different settings. Recorded and performed by jazz musicians and singers. Form- AABA.

Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band 1967

By The Beatles. Ultimate rock as art album. Ultimate concept album. Complete work of art- not isolated songs. Meant to be heard in order like Sinatra. Sparked the "Summer of Love" 1967. It's release was a major world wide cultural event. People started to look and dress differently. The Hippie Subculture now seemed mainstream.

Eleanor Rigby

By The Beatles. Unusual arrangement. arranged for strong octet and voices. Sounds like early 18th century classical music except for the vocals. Lyrics- depict loneliness, alienation, meaninglessness of everyday life.

I Want To Hold Your Hand 1964

By The Beatles. form- AABA. Unusual chord progression.

Rubber Soul 1965

By the Beatles. Experimental- music goes beyond Rock and Roll. Defies categorization. Sections of Calssical, French, and Indian music.

Norwegian Wood

By the Beatles. Influenced by folk music and indian music. Use of India sitar. Music- modal. Lyrics- ambiguous.

Satisfaction

By the Rolling Stones. part of "summer of anger".

Will You STill Love Me Tomorrow 1961

By the Shirelles. written by Carol King. demonstrates new rhythmic layering associated with 1960s rock. influence of Calypso music which was popular in the late 1950s. Included electric base- base begins to have distinctive rhythms not just pulse keeping role. Hand Clap rhythm- often done by hand clap or by drums and other instruments. Form- AABA. Lyrics- shoes awareness of the sexual revolution of the 1960s.

Soul

Category for most records by black artists. Motown- Detroit. hit factory like the Brill Building. Berry Gordy was the founder. Smokey Robinson was th ewriter, producer, and singer.

Alan Freed

Cleveland DJ. Started playing R&B on his pop show- teens start to listen. Changes format and plays all R&B but calls it Rock and Roll. First Rock and Roll DJ. Serves as prototype.

Johnny Ray

Cry.

Like a Rolling Stone

Dylan enter folk rock world Disappoints purist folk fans at Newport Folk Festival. Attack on upper middle class. Mood- anger, defiance. "Summer of Anger" 1965.

Doo Wap and early 60s

Early R&R ballads. Moslty harmonized vocal groups. Many were a capella groups formed on street corners in large cities. Used nonsense syllables for rhythmic emphasis. Doo Wap groups- many were 1 hit wonders. Other more professional. Songs- usually AABA pop song form. Used typical chord progression.

Bob Dylan

Emerged in 1961. Inspired by Woody Guthrie. Wrote orinial new song that dealt with contemporary issues- civil rights, anti-war, nuclear threat, generation gap, etc, Does not like what he sees in the world. Wants to change it. The Times They Are A-Changing- generation gap- warns writers, parents, politicians, etc.

T-Bone Walker

Father of modern R&B. Blues and Rock guitar. first to exploit the possibilities of the electric guitar. Stormy Monday.

The Byrds

First SF band to gain national attention. First folk rock hit.

Jimi Hendrix

Guitar. Seemed to be possessed when he played. Set new standard for rock guitarists- great improviser. Rock improve was now modal like some 1960s jazz. Performances were eccentric, self-indulgent, ritualistic. Died of drug overdose.

Folk Rock

Influence of Dylan. 1965 San Francisco- hippies, flower children, counter culture. Like Dylan- did not like the world around them- wanted to change it. 2 answers to the world's problems- love and drugs. LSD and Marijuana became popular. Dylan's most important contribution to rock was his attitude.

Funk

James Brown invented funk. New metric layering. Jazz based.

Purple Haze

Jimi Hendrix. Drug song. LSD experience.

Joe Turner and Pete Johnson.

Johnson on piano. Boogie and R&B. Roll 'em Pete.

Louis Jordan

Jump Blues. Swing, boogie and R&B. Played honking sax. Choo-choo-ch-boogie.

Pete Seeger

Leader of the Weavers in the 1940s. Similar to Guthrie. Investigated by Congress for communist leanings. Wrote political songs.

I Heard It Through The Grape Vine

Marvin Gaye. Electric piano, tom-tom.

Buddy Holley

Most original. Tried new types of songs and styles. More creative than most. Peggy Sue- variation on blues, tom-tom rhythm on drums. Influence on Beatles.

The Temptations

My Girl 1964. Written by Smokey Robinson. More complex form and arrangement.

Magnetic Tape

New recording technique. Allows overdubbing. Perfection no longer required in recording performances- edit mistakes. Teenagers find the music boring. Start to listen to black radio stations that played Rhythm and Blues.

Atlantic Soul-Memphis Soul

Not as slick as Motown. More down home. More rooted in gospel. Head arrangement- sound more spontaneous. Looser feeling. Staff Musicians- Booker T and the MGs- drummer plays behind the beat. Aretha Franklin, Otis REading, Sam and Error! Contact not defined. Wilson Pickett- Midnight Hour.

Early Rock and Roll

Originally appealed to teenagers only. First time teens had their own music. Better economic times. had their own cars, radios, etc. Beginnings of the generation gap.

The Rolling Stones

Part of the British Invasion. Compared to The Beatles they were more like juvenile delinquents than lovable mop tops. MOre influence by early R&B.

Simon and Garfunkle

Paul Simon and Art Garfunkle. Folk duo performed song written by Paul Simon. The Sound Of Silence.

Payola Scandal

Payola was the practice of DJs takig bribes for record airplay. US congressional hearings took place. Alan Freed was convicted and put in jail. His career was over.

2 main centers emerged to clean up R&R

Philadelphia and New York

Cream

Power trio (one electric guitar, one electric bass, drums) from England. Eric Clapton- guitar. Jack Bruce- bass and lead vocals. Ginger Baker- drums. Sunshine of Your Love 1967.

Soul Music

Really begins with Ray Charles.

Joan Baez

Resisted more commercial aspects of folk music.

Sources for rock and roll

Rhythm and blues- shouting vocals, honking sax, exlectric guitar, blues form. Boodie-woogie- underlying pulse of 8 beats per measure, repetitive patterns, blues form. Country Western- electric guitar, nasal vocals, understated.

1959

Rock & Roll reached a crossroad and a crisis. Many wondered if it would last. Many stars were no longer performing.

Bill Haley and the Comets

Rock Around the Clock. 1st Rock and Roll hit 1955. Combines R&B, C&W, and BW- movie Blackboard Jungle.

Acid, Soul, Funk

Rock virtuosos- exceptional musicians- compared to great jazz improvisers. Considered to be artists.

Jefferson Airplane

San Francisco band. Grace Slick- lead singer. Somebody to Love- first hit. White Rabbit- LSD song. Influenced by Spanish flamenco music. Surrealistic pillow- hit album.

The Chords

Sh-Boom 1954. Considered to be the first R&R record. Not blues form. Shuffle rhythm.

Joe Turner

Shake, RAttle and Roll 1954. R&B later called R&R. Erthy lyrics- secual, clened up and covered by Bill Haley.

Folk Music

Simple by nature. Easily played and sung by amateurs. Learned by rote- oral tradition. Narrative songs. Usually tell stories. Usually sung by a group or a lead singer plus a group. Participatory- invite audience to sing along. 1940s- became popular during the musicians and ASCAP strikes.

Pop Music 1945-1955

Sing declines in popularity. People grow tired of it.

The Supremes

Sold more records than anyone except the Beatles during the 60s. 12 number 1 singles. Diana Ross- lead singer. Later billed as Diana Ross and The Supremes.

Acid Rock and Psychedelic Music

Started with San Francisco Hippies. Rock music that was extremely loud, with heavy distortion and electronic effects, and long improvised solos. Forerunner of heavy metal and hard rock.

Hit Soul Groups

Supremes, Four Tops, Miracle, Temptations.

Sly and the Family Stone

Sylvester Stewart. Sum up the entire 1960s. Combines all of the 60s music. Rock, soul, funk, acid rock, jazz rock, etc. Point the way for the 70s and to the present day. Concept of family- black an whites, males and females. Refined funk into a more versatile music.

Pattie Page

Tennessee Waltz- biggest hit of the period.

I Get Around 1964

The Beach Boys. complex harmony. polyphony- simultaneous melodies. Complex chord progressions. Complex arrangement. A cappella intro.

Brian Epstein

The Beatles manager

George Martin

The Beatles record producer, recording engineer, and arranger. Sometimes called the 'Fifth Beatle'. extremely important to the Beatles' REcords during the middle period.

Famous girl groups

The Ronnetts (be my baby) The Dixi-Cups (chapel of love) The Crystals (Da-doo-ron-ron) The Shangra-Las (leader of the pack)

1960s Dances

The Twist, The Jerk, The Mashed Potatoe, The Locomotion, The Swim.

Abbey Road

The last recorded album of The Beatles. Many consider it to be their best.

I Want To Take You Higher

Very static- virtually no harmonic change- ritualistic- elements of folk, acid, and funk.

In The Midnight Hour 1965

Wilson Pickett. Notice the laid-back feel and how th edrummer lages on beats 2 and 4- more so on beat 2. Gospel influenced vocal.

Mr. Tambourine Man

Written by Dylan. Lyrics are ambiguous, thought provoking, can be taken on different levels. Music is dense, static, heavy, rudimentary, pounding beat.

The Eve Of Destruction 1965

Written by P.F. Sloan. Recorded by Barry McGuire. Popular anti-war song- reached No. 1 on the pop charts. Addresses the frustration of young men drafted to fight the Viet-Nam War0 a war many thought was senseless. Part of Summer of Anger.

The Jitterbug

and it's derivations was the most common dance done to early R&R. Featured- swinging one's partner around and movement across the dance floor.

Aretha Franklin

background in gospel music. Started as a jazz singer- discovered by John Hammond. Later became the Queen of Soul. Respect 1967.

Ravi Shankar

became friends with The Beatles. Eastern influence. Sitar player.

The Twist 1960

by Chubby Checker. 12 bar blues form. not much different from early R&R. Original record by Hank Ballad and the Midnighters.

Twist and Shout 1962

by The Isley Brothers. the music now changes to match the dance. Music is static. Important change for what will become rock instead of rock and roll. Included 3 way rhythmic layering: basic pulse of 4 beats per measure, underlying pulse of 8 beats per measure, bass in 2 beats per measure.

James Brown

creates new way of structuring music. emphasis on pure rhythm. Static harmonic blocks of rhythmic activity. Choke guitar and broken bass patterns. Cut off notes. Does not let them ring.

Elvis Pressley

discovered by Sam Phillips- Sun Records in Memphis. Combines country with R&B to create a unique vocal style- high pitch screams to ow purring within one phrase. Second superstar in pop history. Bigger than life. National attention to himself and R&R when he appears on the Ed Sullivan TV show. TV becomes important medium for pop music for the first time. Heartbreak Hotel.

Girl Groups

dominated th emusic from the Brill Building. There were relatively few women in the early 1950s R&R. Now girl groups dominated the charts in the early 1960s. Sang about boys. Appealed to teenage girls who bought the most records.

Acid Rock

ear splitting volume.

Papa's Got a Brand New Bag

first funk record 1965.

Rockability

inspired by Elvis. Cross over country singers- Carl Perkins, Jerry Lee Lewis, Everly Bros., etc.

Brian Wilson

main writer and arranger for The Beach Boys.

Pop Art

movement in the art world. reaction against abstract art. painting of common everyday objects.

Andy Warhol

painted a Campbell's soup can like a billboard.

Phil Spector

producer/arranger at the Brill Building

Chuck Berry

sets standard for R&R guitar playing and improve. Combines country and R&B guitar. Writes original songs for teens- Roll Over Beethoven.

Philadelphia

specialized in "teen idols". took teenage boys off the street and made them recording stars. tried to make them as "the boy next door" image.