UTC Bio II Final

which type of bacterium would not be able to survive in the presence of oxygen?

obligate anaerobic

which term describes an animal that lays eggs? oviparous viviparous ovoviviparous placental eutherial

oviparous

most reptiles are ____ ad their fertilization is ____

oviparous; internal

sharks that are _____ incubate their eggs within the mother's body. oviparous viviparous ovoviviparous placental eutherial

ovoviviparous

what are the viruses that attack bacteria?

phages

temporal and habitat isolation is classified as what type of reproductive barrier?

prezygotic barriers

which is the most economically important bryophyte?

sphagnum

which characteristic defines a virus? viruses cannot replicate viruses cannot metabolize viruses contain both RNA and DNA viruses have various morphologies viruses are very tiny cells with nuclei

viruses cannot metabolize

linnaeus simplified scientific classification by developing clades kingdoms supergroups phylogenetic trees binomial system of nomenclature

binomial system of nomenclature

fungi that lack septa are called

coenocytic

some protists consist of a single cell with multiple nuclei. this condition is known as:

coenocytic

members of which protist group is one of the fossilized deposits in the unique geological formation of the White Cliffs of Dover?

foraminiferans

the sori of most ferns are found on which part of the plant?

fronds

a key step in the evolution of vascular plants was the ability to produce _____, a strengthening polymer in the walls of cells that function for support and conduction

lignin

______ is a form of genetic exchange in bacteria that involves contact between two cells.

conjugation

most protists are

aquatic

which type of organisms were likely the first land animals

arthropods

mushrooms that we eat are technically referred to as basidiospore basidiocarps mycelia hyphae gills

basidiocarps

In order to meet the conditions of the hardy-weinberg predictions, a population must:

be very large

members of which group are known to form blooms known as red tides?

dinoflagellates

alternation of generations in plants refers to the alternation of

diploid and haploid stages

in flowering plants, the _____ generation is dominant.

diploid sporophyte

what is the purpose of sex pili?

To transmit DNA between bacteria

one significant difference between arthropods and other primates is the size of their

brain

DNA sequence analyses indicate that the nearest living relatives to humans are: lemurs gibbons gorillas orangutans chimpanzees

chimpanzees

in cnidarians, nematocysts are housed within what type of specialized cell? cnidocils nerve nets cnidocytes choanocytes pseudopodia

cnidocytes

what is an example of a seed dispersed by water sunflower acorn coconut peach jack fruit

coconut

a flower that has sepals, petals, and stamens, but lack carpels, is known as:

incomplete and imperfect

what is recognized as the most recent stage in the development of human culture?

industrial revolution

allopatric speciation is often exemplified in which type of geographical area or biome?

islands

the phylum name arthropod refers to

jointed appendages

most mollusks are

marine

a grasshopper belongs in the ecdysozoa clade because of its ability to

molt

a taxon that includes all the descendants of an ancestor is called:

monophyletic

marsupials include the: cat armadillo opossum crocodile spiny anteater

opossum

special structures found in seeds that are dispersed by ants are called: glyoxisomes elaiosomes peroxisome elatior lysosome

elaiosomes

in plants, the fertilized egg develops into a multicellular _________ (young plant) within a female gametangium.

embryo

T/F: if a plant produces microspores and megaspores, then by definition, it is homosporous.

false

which of the following is a vascular plant? moss fern liverwort hornwort charophyte

fern

the five stages of a lytic infection are attachment, penetration, ______, assembly, and release.

replication

which mechanism would prevent interbreeding between two species of fish living in the same habitat?

reproductive isolating mechanisms

Mammals evolved from mammal-like ____ known as therapsids more than 200 mya.

reptiles

birds are most closely related to

reptiles

which is critical to polychaete and oligochaete locomotion? jointed appendages parapodia tentacles setae fins

setae

charles darwin called choosing a mate based on its color or some other characteristic

sexual selection

a monophyletic group is defined by:

shared derived characters

T/F: a fruit develops from the ovary wall

true

which is a unique adaptation in insects not found in any other arthropod

wings

which hypothesis suggests that organic molecules formed near earth's surface in pools of water? clay hypothesis iron-clay hypothesis organic broth hypothesis prebiotic soup hypothesis iron-sulfur world hypothesis

prebiotic soup hypothesis

ribbon worms have a unique ______ this is used to capture prey. proboscis tentacle set of jaws forked limb stinging cell

proboscis

the gametophyte generation of ferns is the

prothallus

Many of today's biologists have abandoned kingdom _____ since they have now discovered that many of these unicellular organisms did not descend from one common ancestor.

protista

deuterostomes are characterized by ______ and _____ cleavage.

radial; indeterminate

what are the five conditions that must be met in order to satisfy the predictions of the hardy-weinberg principle?

random mating no mutations large population size no migration no natural selection

which of the following is an adaptation that enables cephalopods to escape from their predators? torsion a hard shell a modified radula rapidly changing colors poisonous salivary secretions

rapidly changing colors

within ciliates, what do the micronuclei control?

reproduction

the anterior end of a tapeworm is known as the

scolex

because whales breathe via lungs, have a little hair when born, and nurse their young, these ______ characters allow us to classify them as mammals.

shared derived

the intermediate host for a blood fluke is a human cow dog cat snail

snail

which arthropod has chelicerae, pedipalps, and silk glands?

spider

If adult sponges are sessile, why can they still be classified as animals?

sponge larvae are motile

adult tunicates resemble _____ and are _____.

sponges; filter feeders

rhizomes, tubers, corms, and stolons are examples of modified

stems

peptidoglycan consists of:

sugars cross linked with proteins

what is the mode of nutrition for most poriferans? parasites autotrophs carnivores herbivores suspension/filter feeders

suspension/filter feeders

which structure is used to help regulate buoyancy of fish? kidney stomach intestine swim bladder ureter

swim bladder

mammals descended from a group of reptiles known as: eutherians lancelets therapsids holothurians labyrinthodonts

therapsids

T/F: a lichen is a combination of a fungus and a(n) photoautotroph

true

a ______ is an underground stem that is greatly enlarged for food storage.

tuber

most protists are ______, with each cell forming a complete organism capable of performing all the functions characteristic of life.

unicellular

ctenophores capture food: with filter feeders. using adhesive glue cells that trap prey. with stinging hair cells that immobilize small invertebrates.

using adhesive glue cells that trap prey

what do the xylem and phloem make up in a plant?

vascular tissue

which characteristic best describes vertebrates? vertebral column blood containing hemoglobin four-chambered heart lungs live birth

vertebral column

which vascular tissue is responsible for conducting water and dissolved minerals in plants?

xylem

which unicellular fungus is probably in most kitchens?

yeast

what is the correct format for the scientific name of corn

Zea mays

which term best describes new ecological opportunities that were not exploited by an ancestral organism?

adaptive zones

which type of protist is responsible for malaria in humans, parasitic to both humans and mosquitoes?

apicomplexans

an example of homologous structures is the wing of a bat and the:

arm of a human

the first air-breathing land animals were

arthropods

the sac fungi are characterized by sexual reproductive structures called: asci basidia conidia gamma conidiophores

asci

ascomycetes reproduce sexually by forming asci basidia conidia hyphae ascospores

ascospores

the immediate ancestors of the genus homo belonged to which genus? pan pongo ardipithecus sahelanthropus australopithecus

australopithecus

the skeleton nicknamed lucy is a representative of which hominin? homo habilis homo erectus ardipithecus ramidus neanderthal australopithecus afarensis

australopithercus afarensis

how do bacteria move?

by means of a rotating flagella

sea snakes, which are reptiles, are similar in body form to eels, which are fish. sea snakes and eels therefore demonstrate:

convergent evolution

a nauplius larva is characteristic of: molluscs gastropods echinoderms crustaceans ctenophores

crustaceans

which arthropods have mandibles, gills, excretory glands, and statocysts? mites insects spiders scorpions crustaceans

crustaceans

which algal group contains individuals that are typically unicellular and from siliceous shells?

diatoms

Like the cnidarians, flatworms depend on ____ for achieving circulation and gas exchange.

diffusion

the fusion of a sperm cell with two polar nuclei in the ovule forms the: cotyledon endosperm fertilized egg zygote embryo

endosperm

what is not an adaptation needed for living on land?

external respiratory surfaces

amphibians evolved directly from which ancestral organisms

fishes

allopolyploidy is a significant factor in the evolution of which type of organism?

flowering plants

species whose ranges overlap, but do not interbreed because they are found in different environments or areas within the range, are said to exhibit

habitat isolation

the absorption of water by a dry seed is known as: apical dominance determinate growth imbibition senescence bolting

imbibition

all echinoderm are found

in marine habitats

where does digestion in a sponge take place?

individual cells

which class of animals has the largest number of species? arachnida insecta gastropoda bivalvia arthropoda

insecta

According to the biological species concept, a species consists of one or more populations whose members do not _______ with members of different species.

interbreed

Why is the Hardy-Weinberg principle useful to biologists?

it identifies those factors that can change allele or genotype frequencies.

pseudopodia are used by amoeba for ingesting food as well as for

locomotion

segmentation is important in annelids as an aid in: reproduction locomotion respiration sensation eating

locomotion

what are the two clades of the protostomes? eumetazoa and metazoa. protostomia and bilateria. bilateria and deuterostomia. lophotrochozoa and ecdysozoa. lophotrochozoa and deuterostomia.

lophotrochozoa and ecdysozoa

which eukaryotic organelles likely arose from symbiotic relationships between larger cells and bacteria?

mitochondria and chloroplasts

the veliger larval form is unique to: insects annelids molluscs arthropods crustaceans

molluscs

a cladism would attempt to classify organisms into ______ taxa.

monophyletic

segmentation in arthropods differs from that of annelids because arthropod segments are: smaller superficial more specialized only present in adults only present in larvae

more specialized

how do mycorrhizae benefit plants?

mycorrhizae increase a plant's absorptive surface area of roots

what term refers to the average rate at which organisms produce offspring? doubling time natality emigration stasis survivorship

natality

seriously abnormal phenotypes or harmful mutations are acted against or reduced to low frequencies by which mechanism?

natural selection

variation that does not alter the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce is therefore considered

neutral

when faced with multiple possible cladograms, the criteria of ______ is employed.

parsimony

polyploidy is much more common among which type of organism?

plants

the larvae of some cnidarians are known as _________ larvae.

planula

viral infections in humans spread via the circulatory system. viral infections in plants spread from cell to cell via:

plasmodesmata

which part of a flowering plant is the immature male gametophyte

pollen grain

what molecular evidence have been found in cnidarians, which have radial symmetry, that is evidence to indicate cnidarians share a common ancestor with bilateral animals?

hox genes

the holocene epoch marks the appearance of

humans

why did animals most likely evolve in the ocean?

internal fluid and salt balance was easy to maintain

what is the purpose of the waxy cuticle in plants?

it prevents desiccation

a marine invertebrate placed into freshwater would have difficulty surviving because

it would have difficulty with osmoregulation

which process takes place within the young basidia on the gills of the mushroom? mitosis meiosis karyogamy fertilization plasmogamy

karyogamy

which term can be applied to bothe monotremes and sharks? oviparous viviparous ovoviviparous placental eutherial

oviparous

which of the following terms is associated with polychaetes? radula mantle parapodia visceral mass metamorphosis

parapodia

the evolutionary history of a group of organisms from a common ancestor is known as

phylogeny

after kingdom, what is the next taxon by which organisms are grouped

phylum

what are the small circles DNA that exist within the bacterial cytoplasm in addition to the bacterial chromosome?

plasmids

each pollen grain produces two cells, one of which may develop into a(n)

pollen tube

which animal phylum has an asymmetrical body plan? cnidaria porifera annelida ctenophora echinodermata

porifera

which mechanism prevents fish sperm from fertilizing frog eggs?

prezygotic barriers

what is the purpose of phage therapy?

to target specific bacteria in the body and destroy them

what is the function of the phloem in plants?

to transport dissolved sugars

the earliest primates were adapted to live in(on): trees deserts swamps grasslands mountain tops

trees

the _____ are very common arthropod paleozoic fossils, and are extinct today.

trilobites

T/F: bacterial plasmids often have genes that code for genetic exchange or antibiotic resistance.

true

T/F: conidia are asexual spores.

true

T/F: foraminiferans are Rhizarians

true

T/F: in algae, gametangia are generally unicellular

true

T/F: in mushrooms, karyogamy occurs within the basidium

true

T/F: microsporidia are unicellular parasites of animals

true

T/F: the archaeplastids include the red algae and the green algae.

true

T/F: the dense cytoplasm of the prokaryote contains ribosomes and storage granules.

true

T/F: the stramenopiles include water molds, diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae.

true

tunicates are _____ in the phylum ______. echinoderms; echinodermata freshwater fish; chordata urochordates; chordata urochordates; echinodermata echinoderms; chordata

urochordates; chordata

which statement about viruses is false? viruses are not cellular. viruses can manufacture proteins. viruses cannot carry on metabolic activities. viruses can only replicate by infecting other cells. viruses have a protective protein coat called a capsid.

viruses can manufacture proteins

After embryonic development, members of the phylum Rotifera are incapable of: reproduction cell division locomotion excretion ingestion

cell division

plants are believed to have evolved from which group of algae?

charophytes

the common ancestor of all animals is/are the

choanoflagellates

the union of gametes is called _______ and takes place within the ________ of a flower.

fertilization; ovary

lancelets are: carnivores filer feeders parasites herbivores algae feeders

filter feeders

one true characteristic of all animals is that they

are heterotrophs

humans began to cultivate crops around _____ years ago

10,000

8. If a population of 2000 individuals has 120 aa genotypes, what would the genotype frequency of aa be? a. 0.006 b. 0.06 c. 0.6 d. 1.6 e. 16

B. 0.06

who developed the binomial system of nomenclature?

Carolus Linnaeus

if a small population of mice colonizes a new area away from the range of the original species, the colony that is geographically isolated may eventually evolve into a new species. these events can be used to describe _______.

allopatric speciation

consuming even a single mushroom of the genus ______ can be fatal.

amanita

what type of organism possesses multiple sets of chromosomes from different species

an allopolyploid

which of the following are rod-shaped bacteria? vibrio bacilli diplococci spirochete streptococci

bacilli

Which of the following organisms would have the highest intrinsic rate of increase? bacteria blue whales red grouse elephants humans

bacteria

which statement about bacteria is false? some bacteria can photosynthesize. bacteria are important decomposers. a small percentage of bacteria are pathogenic. bacteria are not cellular and are sometimes not classified as life forms. bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and the nitrates that can be used by plants.

bacteria are not cellular and are sometimes not classified as life forms

the cell walls of fungi are composed of

chitin

which is characteristic shared between green algae and plants?

chlorophylls a and b in plastids

members of the phylum ________ are the simplest organisms with a separate mouth and anus. platyhelminthes ctenophora placozoa porifera cnidaria

ctenophora

the epidermis of a nematode is derived from the

ectoderm

as a seed develops from an ovule, the ovule wall enlarges and develop into a

fruit

which statement about the megasporocyte is true? it undergoes meiosis to produce three haploid cells. it is a diploid cell located within an ovule. it divides mitotically to form a male gametophyte. it plays an important role in cross-pollination. it will give rise to the generative cell.

it is a diploid cell located within an ovule

what type of conversion occurs when a bacterium carrying viral genes takes on new, atypical characteristics?

lysogenic

most fungal spores are _____ reproductive cells that are produced _____.

nonmotile; sexually or asexually

which suborder do tarsiers belong? prosimii tarsiformes ardipithecus hominoid anthropoidea

tarsiformes

what is the key characteristic that defines the ecdysozoa clade?

the animal molts

for the relative proportions of alleles and genotypes in successive generations to stay the same, which condition must be met for the population?

there can be no natural selection

how do leeches differ from other annelids?

they do not have setae or parapodia

evidence shows that the earliest life may have existed how long ago?

3.5 billion years ago

13. In a certain population, the allele causing sickle cell anemia has an allele frequency of 0.2. If the population is in genetic equilibrium for this allele, what fraction of the population would be carriers for the allele (heterozygous individuals)? a. 0.24 b. 0.32 c. 0.42 d. 0.48 e. 0.80

B. 0.32

4. If an animal population is diploid, then each individual possesses: a. one allele for each locus. b. two alleles for each locus. c. three or more alleles for each locus. d. a partial set of alleles found in each cell. e. a complete set of alleles found in each chromosome.

B. two alleles for each locus

how are fungi differentiated from plants?

Fungi are heterotrophic

3. What best describes all of the alleles for all the loci present in a population? Gene pool Allele collection Population variation Evolutionary potential Population compilation

Gene pool

1. A ____ consists of all of the individuals of the same species that inhabit a particular place at the same time. Family Genotype Population Ecosystem Community

Population

scientists using evolutionary systematics to construct a phylogenetic tree would use:

a combination of ancestral and derived characters

the term clade most closely refers to:

a group of organisms that share common characteristics inherited from a common ancestor

which statement describes a temperate virus? a temperate virus undergoes a lytic cycle. a temperate virus is considered virulent. a temperate virus does not always destroy its host. a temperate virus does not undergo a lsyogenic cycle. a temperate virus always destroys their host immediately.

a temperate virus does not always destroy its host.

humans, as well as all other mammals, have hair. hair, then, would be considered to be a(n):

ancestral character

how do some bacteria respond to adverse environmental conditions?

bacteria form endospores

the club fungi typically reproduce by producing asci basidia zygospores ascospores mycorrhizae

basidia

the fungus that causes black stem rust of wheat belongs to which fungal group?

basidiomycetes

why are bees important to the reproductive success of flowering plants?

bees carry pollen to other plants

the distinctive mating signals that have evolved as part of an animal's courtship illustrate what type of reproductive isolating mechanism?

behavioral isolation

the diverse body plans seen in animalia apparently developed during the

cambrian period

the surface of a paramecium is covered with thousands of short, hair-like _____.

cilia

which protist group is characterized by having a micronucleus and a macronucleus?

ciliates

which were the first organisms to release oxygen by photosynthesis?

cyanobacteria

the earliest mammals resembled small

dogs

which classification level contains the greatest number of species?

domain

Due to our increasing ability to analyze DNA sequences and other molecular data of organisms, scientists are more often classifying organisms by their:

evolutionary history

If the allele or genotype frequencies deviate from the values predicted by the hardy-weinberg principle, the population is

evolving

T/F: xylem is a vascular tissue that conducts dissolved sugars

false

what is the mode of nutrition for clams and oysters? autotrophy herbivores omnivores carnivores filter feeders

filter feeders

in a fungus, a complex multicellular reproductive structure is called a

fruiting body

what are the multicellular sex organs in plants

gametangia

when the reproductive cells of different species are incompatible and cannot accomplish fertilization, it is referred to as

gametic isolation

the migration of breeding individuals between populations causes a corresponding movement of alleles, which is referred to as

gene flow

sexual reproduction results in

genetic diversity among offspring

a population in which the allele and genotype frequencies do not change over time is said to be in:

genetic equilibrium

Zea mays is the scientific name of the corn plant. Zea represents the

genus

which of the following taxa would be the least inclusive? genus family phylum order class

genus

________ is an anticoagulant used by leeches.

hirudin

Which post zygotic barrier do mules illustrate?

hybrid sterility

which of these mechanisms is a post zygotic barrier to reproduction? interbreeding hybrid sterility habitat isolation behavioral isolation mechanical isolation

hybrid sterility

a true body cavity completely surrounded by ______ is called a coelom.

mesoderm

the _______ gives rise to muscles, bones, and the circulatory system.

mesoderm

evolution that involves changes in allele frequencies over just a few successive generations is referred to as

microevolution

taxonomy is the science of

naming, describing, and classifying organisms

which is the only process that can lead to adaptations and directed genetic change of a population?

natural selection

neanderthals were first discovered near and named for the: neander bay in canada neander valley in india neander river in africa neander valley in germany

neander valley in germany

which protist group typically consists of amoeboid cells surrounded by a hard outer shell through which cytoplasmic projections extend?

rhizarians

Which are the animals with a crown of cilia that look like a spinning wheel?

rotifers

the vertebrae of today's cod fish is a ______ with the prehistoric bony fish who also possessed vertebrae.

shared ancestral character

what was the primary challenge animals faced in adapting to life on land?

the desiccating effect of the atmosphere

what distinguishes the gorillas and chimpanzees from the orangutans and gibbons?

they walk on their knuckles

sponges have specialized cells, but those cells are not organized into

tissues

endosperm tissue is: 1/2 n n 2n 3n 4n

3n

what is the approximate age of earth?

4.6 billion years old

the first land animal likely moved onto land how long ago? 650 mya 450 mya 250 mya 150 mya 50 mya

450 mya

T/F: Allopolyploidy accounts for a large portion of the remarkable species diversity observed on earth today.

False

Which of the following consists of organisms, all of which share a common gene pool? a community a population a biosphere an ecosystem a landscape

a population

which statement describes a virulent phage? a virulent phage infects viruses. a virulent phage infects prions. a virulent phage infects virions. a virulent phage destroys bacteria. a virulent phage infects but does not destroy bacteria.

a virulent phage destroys bacteria.

the most significant difference between archaea and bacteria is the:

absence of peptidoglycan in the cell walls of archaea

fruits that develop from a flower with many separate ovaries are referred to as

aggregate fruits

the most diverse, successful, and familiar group of plants today are the

angiosperms

which of the following characteristics about animals is false? animals are consumers. animals have specialized cells. animals cannot respond to stimuli. animals are multicellular eukaryotes. animals have a life cycle of development.

animals cannot respond to stimuli

in a flowering plant, the _____ is the site of meiosis and, ultimately, the production of pollen.

anther

plasmids of bacteria often have genes involved in:

antibiotic resistance

the first function of feathers was most likely

as color displays in courtship rituals

before an animals cell's membrane fuses with a virus, the virus must first:

attach to a specific receptor on the plasma membrane of the host cell

the most common mode of reproduction in bacteria is:

binary fission

what is the key defining characteristic of hominins? language the use of tools opposable thumbs bipedal locomotion loss of supraorbital ridges

bipedal locomotion

which of the following below are living descendants of the dinosaurs? marsupials monotremes birds mammals amphibians

birds

which is an example of a member of phylum zygomycota? yeast morels puffballs black bread mold portobello mushrooms

black bread mold

yeasts reproduce asexually by

budding

all of the sepals of a flower are collectively known as the

calyx

your abdominal cavity, which contains most of your major organs, is a

coelom lined by mesoderm

sponges are believed to have arisen from the choanoflagellates because they possess

collar cells

production of ______ is a means of rapidly propagating new mycelia when environmental conditions are favorable for ascomycetes. asci hyphae conidia sporangia ascospores

conidia

which is the only prokaryote to carry on photosynthesis that generates oxygen?

cyanobacteria

a ________ character is a trait that has evolved relatively recently

derived

Biologists in which of the following applied disciplines must understand population ecology? a. forestry b. agronomy c. wildlife management d. forestry and agronomy e. forestry, agronomy, and wildlife management

e. forestry, agronomy, and wildlife management

The best definition of population density is the number of individuals: a. of all species in a given area. b. of one species in a given area. c. in a given area at a given time. d. of all species in a given area at a given time. e. of one species in a given area at a given time.

e. one of the species in a given area at a time

homosapiens appear to have originated from europe indonesia east africa asia south america

east africa

the lining of the digestive tube is formed from

endoderm

T/F: amoebozoans move by means of flagella.

false

T/F: prokaryotes have a nucleus that contains DNA.

false

T/F: red tides are caused by red algae

false

T/F: the cell walls of fungi are composed of cellulose.

false

T/F: the lowermost and outermost whorl gonna floral shoot consists of petals.

false

what is the translation of "pseudopodia," a characteristic of amoebas?

false feet

which of the following explains why fewer animals live in freshwater than in the ocean? freshwater is turbulent. freshwater generally contains less food. freshwater maintains constant oxygen content. freshwater is generally hypotonic to tissue fluids. freshwater temperatures do not fluctuate much.

freshwater is generally hypotonic to tissue fluids

the movement of 25-year-old fertile individuals between mexico and canada will eventually contribute to

gene flow

members of the ______ are thought to have given rise to plants.

green algae

which species likely co-existed with neanderthals? au. sediba h. habilis h. erectus h. sapiens h. heidelbergensis

h. sapiens

the ranges of black bears and brown bears overlap. however, black bears spend most of their time in the woods and brown bears spend most of their time along the river. which of the following best describes why black and brown bears do not interbreed? habitat isolation temporal isolation biological isolation evolutionary isolation environmental isolation

habitat isolation

the _____ generation is dominant in mosses, as it can live independently.

haploid gametophyte

the evolutionary species concept states that for a population to be declared a separate species, it must:

have diverged significantly from other populations

what term describes how most sponges can produce both male and female gametes?

hermaphroditic

many seedless plants produce spores of one morphological type, which is referred to as:

homospory

if individuals in the same town continue to only mate with other individuals from the same town, one would expect to see an increase in ________ within the population.

homozygosity

flowers that are strongly odoriferous and blue or UV purple in color would most likely be pollinated by: insects birds bats wind small rodents

insects

most flowers are pollinated by which method?

insects

which primates are included within the suborder prosimii? tarsiers monkeys monkeys and apes lemurs, galagos, and lorises monkeys, apes, and humans

lemurs, galagos, and lorises

if two species have incompatible matin structures, then which reproductive isolation mechanism prevents them from mating?

mechanical isolation

shared homologous structures would indicate that two taxa are:

monophyletic

in most protostomes, the blastopore develops into the

mouth

a _____ is a tangled mass of hyphae

mycelium

which of the following is an example of a modified underground bud with fleshy leaves for storage? onion white potato gladiolus ginger strawberry

onion

a taxon that diverges earlier than the other taxa being considered in cladistic analysis is a(n):

outgroup

the female gametophyte generation in angiosperms is found in the

ovule of the ovary

a significant reduction in the amount of which gas would allow more ultraviolet radiation to reach earth's surface?

ozone

9. Which is the correct equation for the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

p2 +2pq+q2 =1

the traditional class reptile is _____ because it does not include all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of the reptiles.

paraphyletic

An example of a density-dependent factor that influences the size of a population is: rainfall temperature a fire parasites and earthquake

parasites

in which group did the amniotic egg first evolve? amphibians birds reptiles mammals frogs

reptiles

after fertilization in angiosperms, what does the ovule develop into?

seed

the female plant structure on which a pollen grain must land for sexual reproduction to occur is the

stigma

which is a characteristic of tapeworms? tapeworms have a simple life cycle. tapeworms have a complete digestive system. tapeworms have a closed circulatory system. tapeworms have a well developed sensory system. tapeworms have bodies that consist of hundreds of reproductive segments.

tapeworms have bodies that consist of hundreds of reproductive segments

one group of fruit flies reproduces in august and one group reproduces in september. which of the following mechanisms is preventing them from cross breeding? sexual isolation diurnal isolation gametic isolation temporal isolation mechanical isolation

temporal isolation

gas exchange in terrestrial insects is accomplished through: the use of gills the use of tracheae the use of book lungs a closed circulatory system diffusion across the epidermal layer

the use of tracheae

some bacteria avoid being phagocytize by a host's immune system by means of:

their capsule

plants that produce scentless, inconspicuous flowers with enormous amounts of pollen are adapted to which type of pollination?

wind

sea stars are primarily: herbivores omnivores carnivores detritivores saprophytes

carnivores

salamanders are members of the order apoda caudata anura tetrapods squamata

caudata

T/F: most conifers are dioecious.

false

which is an example of a monocot? cactus onions oak tree pine tree tomato plant

onions

10. If all of the alleles of a given locus are the same in a population, then what is the frequency of that allele?

1.0

neanderthals appeared how many years ago? 800,000 600,000 300,000 250,000 100,000

250,000

how many years ago did the earliest primates arise? 200 mya 125 mya 56 mya 22 mya 12.5 mya

56 mya

humans share roughly _____ of DNA sequences with gorillas

98%

members of the _____ move via pseudopodia.

Amoebozoa

2. What is the study of the genetic variability within a population and the forces that change allele frequencies? Evolution Allele genetics Variable ecology Population genetics Evolutionary genetics

Population Genetics

why is it believed that RNA was the first informational molecule to evolve?

RNA molecules are able to function as both enzymes and substrates for their own replication

11. What does p2 represent within the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

The homozygous dominant genotype at a given locus

due to a rapid change in the environment, a population of ants was reduced from one million to one thousand. What type of genetic rift will occur in the gene pool of this population when it expands again?

a genetic bottleneck

Natural selection acts most directly on: a. populations. b. communities. c. ecosystems. d. the biosphere. e. individuals.

a. populations

name the structure that allows motility in the following groups: Amoebozoa: _______ excavates: ________ ciliates: ________

amoebozoa: pseudopodia excavates: flagella ciliates: cilia

metamorphosis occurs in which of the following vertebrate classes? chondrichthyes reptilia myxiniformes amphibia actinistia

amphibia

which group of plants are the most recent to evolve? mosses hornworts liverworts angiosperms gymnosperms

angiosperms

the head end of an animal is known as its

anterior end

what is the male sexual structure that produces sperm in plants?

antheridium

sometimes plants produce embryos in seeds without meiosis and fusion of gametes. this process is known as

apomixis

How are viruses classified?

by their host range and other characteristics

density-independent factors: a. influence population size and are in turn influenced by changes in population density. b. may be the result of intense interspecific competition. c. are typically abiotic. d. may include parasites. e. may include diseases.

c. are typically abiotic

Communities are composed of all of the: a. communities of all the different populations that live together within an area. b. ecosystems within the biosphere. c. populations of all the different species that live together within an area. d. various dispersal patterns of the different species within a given area. e. population's females' combined reproductive capabilities within the same given unit of time.

c. populations of all the different species that live together within an area.

which time period of earth represents when evolution was progressing at the most rapid rate, as evidenced by fossils such as those of the burgess shale?

cambrian period

what is the protein coat of a virus called?

capsid

members of the phylum _______ are the most primitive of the fungi and were previously classified as protists. chytridiomycota zygomycota glomeromycota ascomycota basidiomycota

chytridiomycota

which of the following taxa would be the most inclusive? genus family species order class

class

from an evolutionary perspective, true nerve cells are first seen in the phylum porifera cnidaria ctenophora mollusca arthropoda

cnidaria

diploblastic animals, such as cnidarians and _______, have only two germ layers, ectoderm and _______.

ctenophores; endoderm

the ________ of an earthworm allows them to resist desiccation in terrestrial environments.

cuticle

in primary endosymbiosis, an ancient eukaryotic cell engulfed a(n) ________, which survived and evolved into a chloroplast.

cyanobacterium

which phylum has very few surviving species, and are tropical and subtropical plants with stout, trunk-like stems, and compound leaves that resemble those of palms or tree ferns?

cycadophtya

Clumped dispersion is often influenced by: a. the presence of strange groups. b. sexual reproduction in plants or invertebrates. c. unlimited seed dispersal in plants. d. a patchy distribution of resources. e. homogenous environments.

d. a patchy distribution of resources

the hardy-weinberg principle is applicable provided that migration:

does not occur

The organisms associated with patches of floating ocean vegetation would be an example of: a. random dispersion b. density-independent distribution c. uniform dispersion d. density-dependent distribution e. clumped dispersion

e. clumped dispersion

which group of organisms display radial cleavage during development

echinoderms

which of the following phyla is a deuterostome? annelids molluscs flatworms arthropods echinoderms

echinoderms

in most developing dicot seeds, the primary source of nutritive material is in the

endosperm

which theory states that eukaryotic organelles originated as prokaryotes that survived ingestion by a host cell and ultimately evolved mutualistic relationships with the host cell?

endosymbiont theory

which protist clade (supergroup) is characterized by their greatly modified mitochondria?

excavates

which protist group contains the organism Trypanosoma, a colorless parasite that can cause African sleeping sickness?

excavates

T/F: In transduction, two prokaryotic cells of different mating types come together and genetic material is transferred from one cell to another.

false

T/F: chytrids produce spores that lack a flagellum

false

T/F: each archegonium produces many eggs

false

T/F: in the process of double fertilization, one sperm fuses with the egg and the other sperm fuses with a spore.

false

T/F: land plants are thought to have arisen most directly from a(n) red algal ancestor.

false

T/F: mosses have stems, roots, and leaves.

false

urochordates are odd chordates, as typically only the _____ shoe(s) the basic chordate characteristics. head end tail end adult larva egg

larva

of the following, which would be predicted to grow at the slowest rate? yeasts lichens sac fungi mushrooms bread molds

lichens

the oldest known fossils suggest that the ______ may have been the first plants to inhabit land.

liverworts

snakes are most closely related to

lizards

under which mating condition is the hardy-weinberg principle applicable?

matings between individuals are random

in scyphozoans, the ________ is the dominant body form. polyp hydra medusa larvae juvenile

medusa

what do the large female cones of a pine tree contain

megasporangia

arthropods with mandibles, a single pair of antennae, and two legs on most body segments are

millipedes

scientists may compare similarities between nucleotide sequences of organisms to determine their evolutionary history. This is known as:

molecular systematics

a plant with floral parts in threes or multiples of three would be classified as a

monocot

Most conifers have separate male and female reproductive parts on the same tree. This condition is referred to as:

monoecious

sea stars eat

mostly crustaceans and mollusks

cows and other ruminates rely on a ______ relationship with bacteria in their digestive tract.

mutualistic

eukaryotic cells are denoted as _______ rather than ________ because there are two separate haploid nuclei.

n+n; 2n

what kind of organisms likely perished due to the increase of oxygen in the atmosphere three billion years ago?

obligate anaerobes

when a moss spore lands in a suitable spot, it germinates and grows into a filament of cells called a

protonema

gram-positive bacteria would stain ____ in a gram stain because of a thick layer of ____ in their cell walls.

purple; peptidoglycan

which structure do numerous mollusks use to scrape algae off rocks? chelicerae pupa radula beak shell

radula

the specificity of viruses to different types of cells is due to ____ sites on the host cell.

receptor

which are the mechanisms that prevent interbreeding between two different species whose ranges overlap?

reproductive isolating mechanisms

which genus is used to produce beer and wine? agaricus aspergillus amanita rhizopus saccharomyces

saccharomyces

following double fertilization, the ovule develops into a(n) _________, and the ovary develops into a(n) ________

seed; fruit

heterospory is believed to have led to the evolution of:

seeds

what do ferns lack?

seeds

the order of whorls from the flower's periphery to the center is

sepals, petals, stamen, and carpels

when bread gets moldy with visible black or blue spots, you are looking at masses of the colored ________.

spores

after sexual reproduction in a moss, the ______ grows out of the gametophyte.

sporophyte

the diploid portion of a plant life cycle is known as the

sporophyte generation

order ______ includes the snakes. apoda chelonia aves squamata reptilia

squamata

In addition to opposable thumbs, which is another feature of primates adapted to living in an arboreal environment? claws short limbs small brains stereoscopic vision tough epidermal layer

stereoscopic vision

the function of cotyledons in many plants is to

store food reserves

which best describes a population that forms a new species within the same geographical region as the original species?

sympatric speciation

the scientific study of the diversity of organisms and the evolutionary relationships between them is referred to as

systematics

which reproductive isolation mechanism is defined by the prevention of genetic exchange between two species because they reproduce at different times of the day or year? diurnal isolation sexual isolation annual isolation temporal isolation mechanical isolation

temporal isolation

order _____ includes the turtles and tortoises. crocodilia squamata testudines saurischia pterosauria

testudines

which of the following can produce a population of individuals with a relatively high frequency of a harmful or rare allele?

the founder effect

which of the following is a major problem for sessile animals? as adults, they are haploid. they are unable to sexually reproduce. they are limited in the variety of food they can consume. they are not capable of locomotion during their lifetime. they are unable to escape unfavorable environmental conditions.

they are unable to escape unfavorable environmental conditions

which is a characteristic of all annelids? they have a visceral mass they have a segmented body they move with a muscular foot they surround their body with a mantle they have an open circulatory system

they have a segmented body

why are mosses and liverworts limited in size?

they lack vascular tissues

modern botanists think that all plants evolved from a common ancestor that was an ancient green algae. what is the best explanation for this hypothesis?

they share many biochemical and metabolic traits

what was the significant outcome of the miller and urey experiment?

they synthesized organic molecules from inorganic materials

what is the function of the sepal of a flowering plant?

to protect the flower bud

what is the purpose of protonephridia in flatworms? to sense prey to exchange gas to respond to stimuli to regulate fluid balance

to regulate fluid balance

bat-pollinated, night-blooming flowers would most likely display which two characteristics? blue petals and sticky pollen grains. yellow petals and the scent of rotting flesh. orange petals and no scent. white petals and a strongly sweet scent. red petals and sticky pollen grains.

white petals and a strongly sweet scent

how is the pollen of pine trees primarily disseminated?

wind