UTC Bio II Final
which type of bacterium would not be able to survive in the presence of oxygen?
obligate anaerobic
which term describes an animal that lays eggs? oviparous viviparous ovoviviparous placental eutherial
oviparous
most reptiles are ____ ad their fertilization is ____
oviparous; internal
sharks that are _____ incubate their eggs within the mother's body. oviparous viviparous ovoviviparous placental eutherial
ovoviviparous
what are the viruses that attack bacteria?
phages
temporal and habitat isolation is classified as what type of reproductive barrier?
prezygotic barriers
which is the most economically important bryophyte?
sphagnum
which characteristic defines a virus? viruses cannot replicate viruses cannot metabolize viruses contain both RNA and DNA viruses have various morphologies viruses are very tiny cells with nuclei
viruses cannot metabolize
linnaeus simplified scientific classification by developing clades kingdoms supergroups phylogenetic trees binomial system of nomenclature
binomial system of nomenclature
fungi that lack septa are called
coenocytic
some protists consist of a single cell with multiple nuclei. this condition is known as:
coenocytic
members of which protist group is one of the fossilized deposits in the unique geological formation of the White Cliffs of Dover?
foraminiferans
the sori of most ferns are found on which part of the plant?
fronds
a key step in the evolution of vascular plants was the ability to produce _____, a strengthening polymer in the walls of cells that function for support and conduction
lignin
______ is a form of genetic exchange in bacteria that involves contact between two cells.
conjugation
most protists are
aquatic
which type of organisms were likely the first land animals
arthropods
mushrooms that we eat are technically referred to as basidiospore basidiocarps mycelia hyphae gills
basidiocarps
In order to meet the conditions of the hardy-weinberg predictions, a population must:
be very large
members of which group are known to form blooms known as red tides?
dinoflagellates
alternation of generations in plants refers to the alternation of
diploid and haploid stages
in flowering plants, the _____ generation is dominant.
diploid sporophyte
what is the purpose of sex pili?
To transmit DNA between bacteria
one significant difference between arthropods and other primates is the size of their
brain
DNA sequence analyses indicate that the nearest living relatives to humans are: lemurs gibbons gorillas orangutans chimpanzees
chimpanzees
in cnidarians, nematocysts are housed within what type of specialized cell? cnidocils nerve nets cnidocytes choanocytes pseudopodia
cnidocytes
what is an example of a seed dispersed by water sunflower acorn coconut peach jack fruit
coconut
a flower that has sepals, petals, and stamens, but lack carpels, is known as:
incomplete and imperfect
what is recognized as the most recent stage in the development of human culture?
industrial revolution
allopatric speciation is often exemplified in which type of geographical area or biome?
islands
the phylum name arthropod refers to
jointed appendages
most mollusks are
marine
a grasshopper belongs in the ecdysozoa clade because of its ability to
molt
a taxon that includes all the descendants of an ancestor is called:
monophyletic
marsupials include the: cat armadillo opossum crocodile spiny anteater
opossum
special structures found in seeds that are dispersed by ants are called: glyoxisomes elaiosomes peroxisome elatior lysosome
elaiosomes
in plants, the fertilized egg develops into a multicellular _________ (young plant) within a female gametangium.
embryo
T/F: if a plant produces microspores and megaspores, then by definition, it is homosporous.
false
which of the following is a vascular plant? moss fern liverwort hornwort charophyte
fern
the five stages of a lytic infection are attachment, penetration, ______, assembly, and release.
replication
which mechanism would prevent interbreeding between two species of fish living in the same habitat?
reproductive isolating mechanisms
Mammals evolved from mammal-like ____ known as therapsids more than 200 mya.
reptiles
birds are most closely related to
reptiles
which is critical to polychaete and oligochaete locomotion? jointed appendages parapodia tentacles setae fins
setae
charles darwin called choosing a mate based on its color or some other characteristic
sexual selection
a monophyletic group is defined by:
shared derived characters
T/F: a fruit develops from the ovary wall
true
which is a unique adaptation in insects not found in any other arthropod
wings
which hypothesis suggests that organic molecules formed near earth's surface in pools of water? clay hypothesis iron-clay hypothesis organic broth hypothesis prebiotic soup hypothesis iron-sulfur world hypothesis
prebiotic soup hypothesis
ribbon worms have a unique ______ this is used to capture prey. proboscis tentacle set of jaws forked limb stinging cell
proboscis
the gametophyte generation of ferns is the
prothallus
Many of today's biologists have abandoned kingdom _____ since they have now discovered that many of these unicellular organisms did not descend from one common ancestor.
protista
deuterostomes are characterized by ______ and _____ cleavage.
radial; indeterminate
what are the five conditions that must be met in order to satisfy the predictions of the hardy-weinberg principle?
random mating no mutations large population size no migration no natural selection
which of the following is an adaptation that enables cephalopods to escape from their predators? torsion a hard shell a modified radula rapidly changing colors poisonous salivary secretions
rapidly changing colors
within ciliates, what do the micronuclei control?
reproduction
the anterior end of a tapeworm is known as the
scolex
because whales breathe via lungs, have a little hair when born, and nurse their young, these ______ characters allow us to classify them as mammals.
shared derived
the intermediate host for a blood fluke is a human cow dog cat snail
snail
which arthropod has chelicerae, pedipalps, and silk glands?
spider
If adult sponges are sessile, why can they still be classified as animals?
sponge larvae are motile
adult tunicates resemble _____ and are _____.
sponges; filter feeders
rhizomes, tubers, corms, and stolons are examples of modified
stems
peptidoglycan consists of:
sugars cross linked with proteins
what is the mode of nutrition for most poriferans? parasites autotrophs carnivores herbivores suspension/filter feeders
suspension/filter feeders
which structure is used to help regulate buoyancy of fish? kidney stomach intestine swim bladder ureter
swim bladder
mammals descended from a group of reptiles known as: eutherians lancelets therapsids holothurians labyrinthodonts
therapsids
T/F: a lichen is a combination of a fungus and a(n) photoautotroph
true
a ______ is an underground stem that is greatly enlarged for food storage.
tuber
most protists are ______, with each cell forming a complete organism capable of performing all the functions characteristic of life.
unicellular
ctenophores capture food: with filter feeders. using adhesive glue cells that trap prey. with stinging hair cells that immobilize small invertebrates.
using adhesive glue cells that trap prey
what do the xylem and phloem make up in a plant?
vascular tissue
which characteristic best describes vertebrates? vertebral column blood containing hemoglobin four-chambered heart lungs live birth
vertebral column
which vascular tissue is responsible for conducting water and dissolved minerals in plants?
xylem
which unicellular fungus is probably in most kitchens?
yeast
what is the correct format for the scientific name of corn
Zea mays
which term best describes new ecological opportunities that were not exploited by an ancestral organism?
adaptive zones
which type of protist is responsible for malaria in humans, parasitic to both humans and mosquitoes?
apicomplexans
an example of homologous structures is the wing of a bat and the:
arm of a human
the first air-breathing land animals were
arthropods
the sac fungi are characterized by sexual reproductive structures called: asci basidia conidia gamma conidiophores
asci
ascomycetes reproduce sexually by forming asci basidia conidia hyphae ascospores
ascospores
the immediate ancestors of the genus homo belonged to which genus? pan pongo ardipithecus sahelanthropus australopithecus
australopithecus
the skeleton nicknamed lucy is a representative of which hominin? homo habilis homo erectus ardipithecus ramidus neanderthal australopithecus afarensis
australopithercus afarensis
how do bacteria move?
by means of a rotating flagella
sea snakes, which are reptiles, are similar in body form to eels, which are fish. sea snakes and eels therefore demonstrate:
convergent evolution
a nauplius larva is characteristic of: molluscs gastropods echinoderms crustaceans ctenophores
crustaceans
which arthropods have mandibles, gills, excretory glands, and statocysts? mites insects spiders scorpions crustaceans
crustaceans
which algal group contains individuals that are typically unicellular and from siliceous shells?
diatoms
Like the cnidarians, flatworms depend on ____ for achieving circulation and gas exchange.
diffusion
the fusion of a sperm cell with two polar nuclei in the ovule forms the: cotyledon endosperm fertilized egg zygote embryo
endosperm
what is not an adaptation needed for living on land?
external respiratory surfaces
amphibians evolved directly from which ancestral organisms
fishes
allopolyploidy is a significant factor in the evolution of which type of organism?
flowering plants
species whose ranges overlap, but do not interbreed because they are found in different environments or areas within the range, are said to exhibit
habitat isolation
the absorption of water by a dry seed is known as: apical dominance determinate growth imbibition senescence bolting
imbibition
all echinoderm are found
in marine habitats
where does digestion in a sponge take place?
individual cells
which class of animals has the largest number of species? arachnida insecta gastropoda bivalvia arthropoda
insecta
According to the biological species concept, a species consists of one or more populations whose members do not _______ with members of different species.
interbreed
Why is the Hardy-Weinberg principle useful to biologists?
it identifies those factors that can change allele or genotype frequencies.
pseudopodia are used by amoeba for ingesting food as well as for
locomotion
segmentation is important in annelids as an aid in: reproduction locomotion respiration sensation eating
locomotion
what are the two clades of the protostomes? eumetazoa and metazoa. protostomia and bilateria. bilateria and deuterostomia. lophotrochozoa and ecdysozoa. lophotrochozoa and deuterostomia.
lophotrochozoa and ecdysozoa
which eukaryotic organelles likely arose from symbiotic relationships between larger cells and bacteria?
mitochondria and chloroplasts
the veliger larval form is unique to: insects annelids molluscs arthropods crustaceans
molluscs
a cladism would attempt to classify organisms into ______ taxa.
monophyletic
segmentation in arthropods differs from that of annelids because arthropod segments are: smaller superficial more specialized only present in adults only present in larvae
more specialized
how do mycorrhizae benefit plants?
mycorrhizae increase a plant's absorptive surface area of roots
what term refers to the average rate at which organisms produce offspring? doubling time natality emigration stasis survivorship
natality
seriously abnormal phenotypes or harmful mutations are acted against or reduced to low frequencies by which mechanism?
natural selection
variation that does not alter the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce is therefore considered
neutral
when faced with multiple possible cladograms, the criteria of ______ is employed.
parsimony
polyploidy is much more common among which type of organism?
plants
the larvae of some cnidarians are known as _________ larvae.
planula
viral infections in humans spread via the circulatory system. viral infections in plants spread from cell to cell via:
plasmodesmata
which part of a flowering plant is the immature male gametophyte
pollen grain
what molecular evidence have been found in cnidarians, which have radial symmetry, that is evidence to indicate cnidarians share a common ancestor with bilateral animals?
hox genes
the holocene epoch marks the appearance of
humans
why did animals most likely evolve in the ocean?
internal fluid and salt balance was easy to maintain
what is the purpose of the waxy cuticle in plants?
it prevents desiccation
a marine invertebrate placed into freshwater would have difficulty surviving because
it would have difficulty with osmoregulation
which process takes place within the young basidia on the gills of the mushroom? mitosis meiosis karyogamy fertilization plasmogamy
karyogamy
which term can be applied to bothe monotremes and sharks? oviparous viviparous ovoviviparous placental eutherial
oviparous
which of the following terms is associated with polychaetes? radula mantle parapodia visceral mass metamorphosis
parapodia
the evolutionary history of a group of organisms from a common ancestor is known as
phylogeny
after kingdom, what is the next taxon by which organisms are grouped
phylum
what are the small circles DNA that exist within the bacterial cytoplasm in addition to the bacterial chromosome?
plasmids
each pollen grain produces two cells, one of which may develop into a(n)
pollen tube
which animal phylum has an asymmetrical body plan? cnidaria porifera annelida ctenophora echinodermata
porifera
which mechanism prevents fish sperm from fertilizing frog eggs?
prezygotic barriers
what is the purpose of phage therapy?
to target specific bacteria in the body and destroy them
what is the function of the phloem in plants?
to transport dissolved sugars
the earliest primates were adapted to live in(on): trees deserts swamps grasslands mountain tops
trees
the _____ are very common arthropod paleozoic fossils, and are extinct today.
trilobites
T/F: bacterial plasmids often have genes that code for genetic exchange or antibiotic resistance.
true
T/F: conidia are asexual spores.
true
T/F: foraminiferans are Rhizarians
true
T/F: in algae, gametangia are generally unicellular
true
T/F: in mushrooms, karyogamy occurs within the basidium
true
T/F: microsporidia are unicellular parasites of animals
true
T/F: the archaeplastids include the red algae and the green algae.
true
T/F: the dense cytoplasm of the prokaryote contains ribosomes and storage granules.
true
T/F: the stramenopiles include water molds, diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae.
true
tunicates are _____ in the phylum ______. echinoderms; echinodermata freshwater fish; chordata urochordates; chordata urochordates; echinodermata echinoderms; chordata
urochordates; chordata
which statement about viruses is false? viruses are not cellular. viruses can manufacture proteins. viruses cannot carry on metabolic activities. viruses can only replicate by infecting other cells. viruses have a protective protein coat called a capsid.
viruses can manufacture proteins
After embryonic development, members of the phylum Rotifera are incapable of: reproduction cell division locomotion excretion ingestion
cell division
plants are believed to have evolved from which group of algae?
charophytes
the common ancestor of all animals is/are the
choanoflagellates
the union of gametes is called _______ and takes place within the ________ of a flower.
fertilization; ovary
lancelets are: carnivores filer feeders parasites herbivores algae feeders
filter feeders
one true characteristic of all animals is that they
are heterotrophs
humans began to cultivate crops around _____ years ago
10,000
8. If a population of 2000 individuals has 120 aa genotypes, what would the genotype frequency of aa be? a. 0.006 b. 0.06 c. 0.6 d. 1.6 e. 16
B. 0.06
who developed the binomial system of nomenclature?
Carolus Linnaeus
if a small population of mice colonizes a new area away from the range of the original species, the colony that is geographically isolated may eventually evolve into a new species. these events can be used to describe _______.
allopatric speciation
consuming even a single mushroom of the genus ______ can be fatal.
amanita
what type of organism possesses multiple sets of chromosomes from different species
an allopolyploid
which of the following are rod-shaped bacteria? vibrio bacilli diplococci spirochete streptococci
bacilli
Which of the following organisms would have the highest intrinsic rate of increase? bacteria blue whales red grouse elephants humans
bacteria
which statement about bacteria is false? some bacteria can photosynthesize. bacteria are important decomposers. a small percentage of bacteria are pathogenic. bacteria are not cellular and are sometimes not classified as life forms. bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and the nitrates that can be used by plants.
bacteria are not cellular and are sometimes not classified as life forms
the cell walls of fungi are composed of
chitin
which is characteristic shared between green algae and plants?
chlorophylls a and b in plastids
members of the phylum ________ are the simplest organisms with a separate mouth and anus. platyhelminthes ctenophora placozoa porifera cnidaria
ctenophora
the epidermis of a nematode is derived from the
ectoderm
as a seed develops from an ovule, the ovule wall enlarges and develop into a
fruit
which statement about the megasporocyte is true? it undergoes meiosis to produce three haploid cells. it is a diploid cell located within an ovule. it divides mitotically to form a male gametophyte. it plays an important role in cross-pollination. it will give rise to the generative cell.
it is a diploid cell located within an ovule
what type of conversion occurs when a bacterium carrying viral genes takes on new, atypical characteristics?
lysogenic
most fungal spores are _____ reproductive cells that are produced _____.
nonmotile; sexually or asexually
which suborder do tarsiers belong? prosimii tarsiformes ardipithecus hominoid anthropoidea
tarsiformes
what is the key characteristic that defines the ecdysozoa clade?
the animal molts
for the relative proportions of alleles and genotypes in successive generations to stay the same, which condition must be met for the population?
there can be no natural selection
how do leeches differ from other annelids?
they do not have setae or parapodia
evidence shows that the earliest life may have existed how long ago?
3.5 billion years ago
13. In a certain population, the allele causing sickle cell anemia has an allele frequency of 0.2. If the population is in genetic equilibrium for this allele, what fraction of the population would be carriers for the allele (heterozygous individuals)? a. 0.24 b. 0.32 c. 0.42 d. 0.48 e. 0.80
B. 0.32
4. If an animal population is diploid, then each individual possesses: a. one allele for each locus. b. two alleles for each locus. c. three or more alleles for each locus. d. a partial set of alleles found in each cell. e. a complete set of alleles found in each chromosome.
B. two alleles for each locus
how are fungi differentiated from plants?
Fungi are heterotrophic
3. What best describes all of the alleles for all the loci present in a population? Gene pool Allele collection Population variation Evolutionary potential Population compilation
Gene pool
1. A ____ consists of all of the individuals of the same species that inhabit a particular place at the same time. Family Genotype Population Ecosystem Community
Population
scientists using evolutionary systematics to construct a phylogenetic tree would use:
a combination of ancestral and derived characters
the term clade most closely refers to:
a group of organisms that share common characteristics inherited from a common ancestor
which statement describes a temperate virus? a temperate virus undergoes a lytic cycle. a temperate virus is considered virulent. a temperate virus does not always destroy its host. a temperate virus does not undergo a lsyogenic cycle. a temperate virus always destroys their host immediately.
a temperate virus does not always destroy its host.
humans, as well as all other mammals, have hair. hair, then, would be considered to be a(n):
ancestral character
how do some bacteria respond to adverse environmental conditions?
bacteria form endospores
the club fungi typically reproduce by producing asci basidia zygospores ascospores mycorrhizae
basidia
the fungus that causes black stem rust of wheat belongs to which fungal group?
basidiomycetes
why are bees important to the reproductive success of flowering plants?
bees carry pollen to other plants
the distinctive mating signals that have evolved as part of an animal's courtship illustrate what type of reproductive isolating mechanism?
behavioral isolation
the diverse body plans seen in animalia apparently developed during the
cambrian period
the surface of a paramecium is covered with thousands of short, hair-like _____.
cilia
which protist group is characterized by having a micronucleus and a macronucleus?
ciliates
which were the first organisms to release oxygen by photosynthesis?
cyanobacteria
the earliest mammals resembled small
dogs
which classification level contains the greatest number of species?
domain
Due to our increasing ability to analyze DNA sequences and other molecular data of organisms, scientists are more often classifying organisms by their:
evolutionary history
If the allele or genotype frequencies deviate from the values predicted by the hardy-weinberg principle, the population is
evolving
T/F: xylem is a vascular tissue that conducts dissolved sugars
false
what is the mode of nutrition for clams and oysters? autotrophy herbivores omnivores carnivores filter feeders
filter feeders
in a fungus, a complex multicellular reproductive structure is called a
fruiting body
what are the multicellular sex organs in plants
gametangia
when the reproductive cells of different species are incompatible and cannot accomplish fertilization, it is referred to as
gametic isolation
the migration of breeding individuals between populations causes a corresponding movement of alleles, which is referred to as
gene flow
sexual reproduction results in
genetic diversity among offspring
a population in which the allele and genotype frequencies do not change over time is said to be in:
genetic equilibrium
Zea mays is the scientific name of the corn plant. Zea represents the
genus
which of the following taxa would be the least inclusive? genus family phylum order class
genus
________ is an anticoagulant used by leeches.
hirudin
Which post zygotic barrier do mules illustrate?
hybrid sterility
which of these mechanisms is a post zygotic barrier to reproduction? interbreeding hybrid sterility habitat isolation behavioral isolation mechanical isolation
hybrid sterility
a true body cavity completely surrounded by ______ is called a coelom.
mesoderm
the _______ gives rise to muscles, bones, and the circulatory system.
mesoderm
evolution that involves changes in allele frequencies over just a few successive generations is referred to as
microevolution
taxonomy is the science of
naming, describing, and classifying organisms
which is the only process that can lead to adaptations and directed genetic change of a population?
natural selection
neanderthals were first discovered near and named for the: neander bay in canada neander valley in india neander river in africa neander valley in germany
neander valley in germany
which protist group typically consists of amoeboid cells surrounded by a hard outer shell through which cytoplasmic projections extend?
rhizarians
Which are the animals with a crown of cilia that look like a spinning wheel?
rotifers
the vertebrae of today's cod fish is a ______ with the prehistoric bony fish who also possessed vertebrae.
shared ancestral character
what was the primary challenge animals faced in adapting to life on land?
the desiccating effect of the atmosphere
what distinguishes the gorillas and chimpanzees from the orangutans and gibbons?
they walk on their knuckles
sponges have specialized cells, but those cells are not organized into
tissues
endosperm tissue is: 1/2 n n 2n 3n 4n
3n
what is the approximate age of earth?
4.6 billion years old
the first land animal likely moved onto land how long ago? 650 mya 450 mya 250 mya 150 mya 50 mya
450 mya
T/F: Allopolyploidy accounts for a large portion of the remarkable species diversity observed on earth today.
False
Which of the following consists of organisms, all of which share a common gene pool? a community a population a biosphere an ecosystem a landscape
a population
which statement describes a virulent phage? a virulent phage infects viruses. a virulent phage infects prions. a virulent phage infects virions. a virulent phage destroys bacteria. a virulent phage infects but does not destroy bacteria.
a virulent phage destroys bacteria.
the most significant difference between archaea and bacteria is the:
absence of peptidoglycan in the cell walls of archaea
fruits that develop from a flower with many separate ovaries are referred to as
aggregate fruits
the most diverse, successful, and familiar group of plants today are the
angiosperms
which of the following characteristics about animals is false? animals are consumers. animals have specialized cells. animals cannot respond to stimuli. animals are multicellular eukaryotes. animals have a life cycle of development.
animals cannot respond to stimuli
in a flowering plant, the _____ is the site of meiosis and, ultimately, the production of pollen.
anther
plasmids of bacteria often have genes involved in:
antibiotic resistance
the first function of feathers was most likely
as color displays in courtship rituals
before an animals cell's membrane fuses with a virus, the virus must first:
attach to a specific receptor on the plasma membrane of the host cell
the most common mode of reproduction in bacteria is:
binary fission
what is the key defining characteristic of hominins? language the use of tools opposable thumbs bipedal locomotion loss of supraorbital ridges
bipedal locomotion
which of the following below are living descendants of the dinosaurs? marsupials monotremes birds mammals amphibians
birds
which is an example of a member of phylum zygomycota? yeast morels puffballs black bread mold portobello mushrooms
black bread mold
yeasts reproduce asexually by
budding
all of the sepals of a flower are collectively known as the
calyx
your abdominal cavity, which contains most of your major organs, is a
coelom lined by mesoderm
sponges are believed to have arisen from the choanoflagellates because they possess
collar cells
production of ______ is a means of rapidly propagating new mycelia when environmental conditions are favorable for ascomycetes. asci hyphae conidia sporangia ascospores
conidia
which is the only prokaryote to carry on photosynthesis that generates oxygen?
cyanobacteria
a ________ character is a trait that has evolved relatively recently
derived
Biologists in which of the following applied disciplines must understand population ecology? a. forestry b. agronomy c. wildlife management d. forestry and agronomy e. forestry, agronomy, and wildlife management
e. forestry, agronomy, and wildlife management
The best definition of population density is the number of individuals: a. of all species in a given area. b. of one species in a given area. c. in a given area at a given time. d. of all species in a given area at a given time. e. of one species in a given area at a given time.
e. one of the species in a given area at a time
homosapiens appear to have originated from europe indonesia east africa asia south america
east africa
the lining of the digestive tube is formed from
endoderm
T/F: amoebozoans move by means of flagella.
false
T/F: prokaryotes have a nucleus that contains DNA.
false
T/F: red tides are caused by red algae
false
T/F: the cell walls of fungi are composed of cellulose.
false
T/F: the lowermost and outermost whorl gonna floral shoot consists of petals.
false
what is the translation of "pseudopodia," a characteristic of amoebas?
false feet
which of the following explains why fewer animals live in freshwater than in the ocean? freshwater is turbulent. freshwater generally contains less food. freshwater maintains constant oxygen content. freshwater is generally hypotonic to tissue fluids. freshwater temperatures do not fluctuate much.
freshwater is generally hypotonic to tissue fluids
the movement of 25-year-old fertile individuals between mexico and canada will eventually contribute to
gene flow
members of the ______ are thought to have given rise to plants.
green algae
which species likely co-existed with neanderthals? au. sediba h. habilis h. erectus h. sapiens h. heidelbergensis
h. sapiens
the ranges of black bears and brown bears overlap. however, black bears spend most of their time in the woods and brown bears spend most of their time along the river. which of the following best describes why black and brown bears do not interbreed? habitat isolation temporal isolation biological isolation evolutionary isolation environmental isolation
habitat isolation
the _____ generation is dominant in mosses, as it can live independently.
haploid gametophyte
the evolutionary species concept states that for a population to be declared a separate species, it must:
have diverged significantly from other populations
what term describes how most sponges can produce both male and female gametes?
hermaphroditic
many seedless plants produce spores of one morphological type, which is referred to as:
homospory
if individuals in the same town continue to only mate with other individuals from the same town, one would expect to see an increase in ________ within the population.
homozygosity
flowers that are strongly odoriferous and blue or UV purple in color would most likely be pollinated by: insects birds bats wind small rodents
insects
most flowers are pollinated by which method?
insects
which primates are included within the suborder prosimii? tarsiers monkeys monkeys and apes lemurs, galagos, and lorises monkeys, apes, and humans
lemurs, galagos, and lorises
if two species have incompatible matin structures, then which reproductive isolation mechanism prevents them from mating?
mechanical isolation
shared homologous structures would indicate that two taxa are:
monophyletic
in most protostomes, the blastopore develops into the
mouth
a _____ is a tangled mass of hyphae
mycelium
which of the following is an example of a modified underground bud with fleshy leaves for storage? onion white potato gladiolus ginger strawberry
onion
a taxon that diverges earlier than the other taxa being considered in cladistic analysis is a(n):
outgroup
the female gametophyte generation in angiosperms is found in the
ovule of the ovary
a significant reduction in the amount of which gas would allow more ultraviolet radiation to reach earth's surface?
ozone
9. Which is the correct equation for the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
p2 +2pq+q2 =1
the traditional class reptile is _____ because it does not include all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of the reptiles.
paraphyletic
An example of a density-dependent factor that influences the size of a population is: rainfall temperature a fire parasites and earthquake
parasites
in which group did the amniotic egg first evolve? amphibians birds reptiles mammals frogs
reptiles
after fertilization in angiosperms, what does the ovule develop into?
seed
the female plant structure on which a pollen grain must land for sexual reproduction to occur is the
stigma
which is a characteristic of tapeworms? tapeworms have a simple life cycle. tapeworms have a complete digestive system. tapeworms have a closed circulatory system. tapeworms have a well developed sensory system. tapeworms have bodies that consist of hundreds of reproductive segments.
tapeworms have bodies that consist of hundreds of reproductive segments
one group of fruit flies reproduces in august and one group reproduces in september. which of the following mechanisms is preventing them from cross breeding? sexual isolation diurnal isolation gametic isolation temporal isolation mechanical isolation
temporal isolation
gas exchange in terrestrial insects is accomplished through: the use of gills the use of tracheae the use of book lungs a closed circulatory system diffusion across the epidermal layer
the use of tracheae
some bacteria avoid being phagocytize by a host's immune system by means of:
their capsule
plants that produce scentless, inconspicuous flowers with enormous amounts of pollen are adapted to which type of pollination?
wind
sea stars are primarily: herbivores omnivores carnivores detritivores saprophytes
carnivores
salamanders are members of the order apoda caudata anura tetrapods squamata
caudata
T/F: most conifers are dioecious.
false
which is an example of a monocot? cactus onions oak tree pine tree tomato plant
onions
10. If all of the alleles of a given locus are the same in a population, then what is the frequency of that allele?
1.0
neanderthals appeared how many years ago? 800,000 600,000 300,000 250,000 100,000
250,000
how many years ago did the earliest primates arise? 200 mya 125 mya 56 mya 22 mya 12.5 mya
56 mya
humans share roughly _____ of DNA sequences with gorillas
98%
members of the _____ move via pseudopodia.
Amoebozoa
2. What is the study of the genetic variability within a population and the forces that change allele frequencies? Evolution Allele genetics Variable ecology Population genetics Evolutionary genetics
Population Genetics
why is it believed that RNA was the first informational molecule to evolve?
RNA molecules are able to function as both enzymes and substrates for their own replication
11. What does p2 represent within the Hardy-Weinberg equation?
The homozygous dominant genotype at a given locus
due to a rapid change in the environment, a population of ants was reduced from one million to one thousand. What type of genetic rift will occur in the gene pool of this population when it expands again?
a genetic bottleneck
Natural selection acts most directly on: a. populations. b. communities. c. ecosystems. d. the biosphere. e. individuals.
a. populations
name the structure that allows motility in the following groups: Amoebozoa: _______ excavates: ________ ciliates: ________
amoebozoa: pseudopodia excavates: flagella ciliates: cilia
metamorphosis occurs in which of the following vertebrate classes? chondrichthyes reptilia myxiniformes amphibia actinistia
amphibia
which group of plants are the most recent to evolve? mosses hornworts liverworts angiosperms gymnosperms
angiosperms
the head end of an animal is known as its
anterior end
what is the male sexual structure that produces sperm in plants?
antheridium
sometimes plants produce embryos in seeds without meiosis and fusion of gametes. this process is known as
apomixis
How are viruses classified?
by their host range and other characteristics
density-independent factors: a. influence population size and are in turn influenced by changes in population density. b. may be the result of intense interspecific competition. c. are typically abiotic. d. may include parasites. e. may include diseases.
c. are typically abiotic
Communities are composed of all of the: a. communities of all the different populations that live together within an area. b. ecosystems within the biosphere. c. populations of all the different species that live together within an area. d. various dispersal patterns of the different species within a given area. e. population's females' combined reproductive capabilities within the same given unit of time.
c. populations of all the different species that live together within an area.
which time period of earth represents when evolution was progressing at the most rapid rate, as evidenced by fossils such as those of the burgess shale?
cambrian period
what is the protein coat of a virus called?
capsid
members of the phylum _______ are the most primitive of the fungi and were previously classified as protists. chytridiomycota zygomycota glomeromycota ascomycota basidiomycota
chytridiomycota
which of the following taxa would be the most inclusive? genus family species order class
class
from an evolutionary perspective, true nerve cells are first seen in the phylum porifera cnidaria ctenophora mollusca arthropoda
cnidaria
diploblastic animals, such as cnidarians and _______, have only two germ layers, ectoderm and _______.
ctenophores; endoderm
the ________ of an earthworm allows them to resist desiccation in terrestrial environments.
cuticle
in primary endosymbiosis, an ancient eukaryotic cell engulfed a(n) ________, which survived and evolved into a chloroplast.
cyanobacterium
which phylum has very few surviving species, and are tropical and subtropical plants with stout, trunk-like stems, and compound leaves that resemble those of palms or tree ferns?
cycadophtya
Clumped dispersion is often influenced by: a. the presence of strange groups. b. sexual reproduction in plants or invertebrates. c. unlimited seed dispersal in plants. d. a patchy distribution of resources. e. homogenous environments.
d. a patchy distribution of resources
the hardy-weinberg principle is applicable provided that migration:
does not occur
The organisms associated with patches of floating ocean vegetation would be an example of: a. random dispersion b. density-independent distribution c. uniform dispersion d. density-dependent distribution e. clumped dispersion
e. clumped dispersion
which group of organisms display radial cleavage during development
echinoderms
which of the following phyla is a deuterostome? annelids molluscs flatworms arthropods echinoderms
echinoderms
in most developing dicot seeds, the primary source of nutritive material is in the
endosperm
which theory states that eukaryotic organelles originated as prokaryotes that survived ingestion by a host cell and ultimately evolved mutualistic relationships with the host cell?
endosymbiont theory
which protist clade (supergroup) is characterized by their greatly modified mitochondria?
excavates
which protist group contains the organism Trypanosoma, a colorless parasite that can cause African sleeping sickness?
excavates
T/F: In transduction, two prokaryotic cells of different mating types come together and genetic material is transferred from one cell to another.
false
T/F: chytrids produce spores that lack a flagellum
false
T/F: each archegonium produces many eggs
false
T/F: in the process of double fertilization, one sperm fuses with the egg and the other sperm fuses with a spore.
false
T/F: land plants are thought to have arisen most directly from a(n) red algal ancestor.
false
T/F: mosses have stems, roots, and leaves.
false
urochordates are odd chordates, as typically only the _____ shoe(s) the basic chordate characteristics. head end tail end adult larva egg
larva
of the following, which would be predicted to grow at the slowest rate? yeasts lichens sac fungi mushrooms bread molds
lichens
the oldest known fossils suggest that the ______ may have been the first plants to inhabit land.
liverworts
snakes are most closely related to
lizards
under which mating condition is the hardy-weinberg principle applicable?
matings between individuals are random
in scyphozoans, the ________ is the dominant body form. polyp hydra medusa larvae juvenile
medusa
what do the large female cones of a pine tree contain
megasporangia
arthropods with mandibles, a single pair of antennae, and two legs on most body segments are
millipedes
scientists may compare similarities between nucleotide sequences of organisms to determine their evolutionary history. This is known as:
molecular systematics
a plant with floral parts in threes or multiples of three would be classified as a
monocot
Most conifers have separate male and female reproductive parts on the same tree. This condition is referred to as:
monoecious
sea stars eat
mostly crustaceans and mollusks
cows and other ruminates rely on a ______ relationship with bacteria in their digestive tract.
mutualistic
eukaryotic cells are denoted as _______ rather than ________ because there are two separate haploid nuclei.
n+n; 2n
what kind of organisms likely perished due to the increase of oxygen in the atmosphere three billion years ago?
obligate anaerobes
when a moss spore lands in a suitable spot, it germinates and grows into a filament of cells called a
protonema
gram-positive bacteria would stain ____ in a gram stain because of a thick layer of ____ in their cell walls.
purple; peptidoglycan
which structure do numerous mollusks use to scrape algae off rocks? chelicerae pupa radula beak shell
radula
the specificity of viruses to different types of cells is due to ____ sites on the host cell.
receptor
which are the mechanisms that prevent interbreeding between two different species whose ranges overlap?
reproductive isolating mechanisms
which genus is used to produce beer and wine? agaricus aspergillus amanita rhizopus saccharomyces
saccharomyces
following double fertilization, the ovule develops into a(n) _________, and the ovary develops into a(n) ________
seed; fruit
heterospory is believed to have led to the evolution of:
seeds
what do ferns lack?
seeds
the order of whorls from the flower's periphery to the center is
sepals, petals, stamen, and carpels
when bread gets moldy with visible black or blue spots, you are looking at masses of the colored ________.
spores
after sexual reproduction in a moss, the ______ grows out of the gametophyte.
sporophyte
the diploid portion of a plant life cycle is known as the
sporophyte generation
order ______ includes the snakes. apoda chelonia aves squamata reptilia
squamata
In addition to opposable thumbs, which is another feature of primates adapted to living in an arboreal environment? claws short limbs small brains stereoscopic vision tough epidermal layer
stereoscopic vision
the function of cotyledons in many plants is to
store food reserves
which best describes a population that forms a new species within the same geographical region as the original species?
sympatric speciation
the scientific study of the diversity of organisms and the evolutionary relationships between them is referred to as
systematics
which reproductive isolation mechanism is defined by the prevention of genetic exchange between two species because they reproduce at different times of the day or year? diurnal isolation sexual isolation annual isolation temporal isolation mechanical isolation
temporal isolation
order _____ includes the turtles and tortoises. crocodilia squamata testudines saurischia pterosauria
testudines
which of the following can produce a population of individuals with a relatively high frequency of a harmful or rare allele?
the founder effect
which of the following is a major problem for sessile animals? as adults, they are haploid. they are unable to sexually reproduce. they are limited in the variety of food they can consume. they are not capable of locomotion during their lifetime. they are unable to escape unfavorable environmental conditions.
they are unable to escape unfavorable environmental conditions
which is a characteristic of all annelids? they have a visceral mass they have a segmented body they move with a muscular foot they surround their body with a mantle they have an open circulatory system
they have a segmented body
why are mosses and liverworts limited in size?
they lack vascular tissues
modern botanists think that all plants evolved from a common ancestor that was an ancient green algae. what is the best explanation for this hypothesis?
they share many biochemical and metabolic traits
what was the significant outcome of the miller and urey experiment?
they synthesized organic molecules from inorganic materials
what is the function of the sepal of a flowering plant?
to protect the flower bud
what is the purpose of protonephridia in flatworms? to sense prey to exchange gas to respond to stimuli to regulate fluid balance
to regulate fluid balance
bat-pollinated, night-blooming flowers would most likely display which two characteristics? blue petals and sticky pollen grains. yellow petals and the scent of rotting flesh. orange petals and no scent. white petals and a strongly sweet scent. red petals and sticky pollen grains.
white petals and a strongly sweet scent
how is the pollen of pine trees primarily disseminated?
wind