Vertebrates

Order the appearance of adaptations from first to last in the evolution from early chordates to early amphibians. (Hint, there are a total of seven "steps" in this evolutionary sequence) Notochord Jaws Head Limbs Vertebrae Bony endoskeleton Dorsal hollow nerve cord Lungs Lobe-fins

Notochord = Dorsal hollow nerve cord < Head < Vertebrae < Jaws < Bony endoskeleton = Lungs < Lobe-fins < Limbs

Mammals lived alongside dinosaurs. True False

True

Chordata and Echinodermata share the following traits (select all that apply). a. bilateral symmetry b. deuterostomy c. a body cavity d. diploblastic e triploblastic f. radial symmetry

a, b, c, e

What trait(s) is(are) shared by amphibians and Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)? a. lungs b. bony endoskeleton c. gills d. gill slits e. cranium f. notochord g. amniotic egg h. limbs

a, b, d, e, f

Which of the following traits do all mammals have in common? a. Lungs b. Amniotic egg c. Placenta d. Milk production e. Hair/fur f. Limbs g. Gill slits h. None of these

a, b, d, e, f, g

What trait(s) is(are) shared by the Amniota? a. amniotic egg b. mammary glands c. notochord d. vertebral column e. cranium f. limbs g. fur/hair h. jaws i. placenta

a, c, d, e, f, h

Cnideria differ from deuterostomia in that cnideria a. are protosomes b. are radially symmetrical c. have a central nervous system d. have segmentation

b (Cnidaria (think jellyfish) are radially symmetrical. They are neither protostomes nor deuterostomes, they lack a central nervous system (protostomes and deuterostomes) and segmentation (some protostomes). )

Jaws arose from a. modified ear bones b. modified gill arches c. modified rib bones d. none of the above

b (Modified gill arches move forward toward mouths in jawless vertebrates to eventually give rise to jaws.)

Vertebrates (internal skeleton with verterbral column) and Echinoderms (an invertebrate phylum), share the following traits: a. protostomes b. deuterostomes c. bilateral symmetry d. coelomates e. triploblastic

b, c, d, e

Choose all of the following characteristics that are unique to chordates (only found in chordates). a. blastopore becomes the anus b. dorsal, hollow nerve cord c. post-anal tail d. pharyngeal slits e. nervous tissue f. notochord

b, c, d, f (the notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail are the defnining synapomorphies of all vertebrates. hox genes are present in all animals (with the possible exception of sponges). some sort of nervous tissue (central nervous system or nerve net) is present in all animals except sponges.)

Put the following vertebrate adaptations in chronological order, starting with the earliest adaptation. limbs capable of moving on land bony exoskeleton amniotic egg bony endoskeletons lungs jaws lactation

bony exoskeleton < jaws < bony endoskeletons = lungs < limbs capable of moving on land < amniotic egg < lactation

Use the phylogenetic tree below to answer the following questions. The earliest trait to appear in the Chordate lineage was pharyngeal gill slits (see base of tree). How do we infer that Echinoderms also once had pharyngeal gill slits? a. they still have pharyngeal gill slits in the larval stage b. they arose from a sister group to chordates and independently evolved pharyngeal gill slits c. pharyngeal gill slits were present in the common ancestor d. they are chordates e. none of these

c

Which of the following statements is not true concerning mammal evolution? a. All modern lineages were established when dinosaurs roamed the earth. b. Fossilized mammalian teeth and jaws document the coevolutionary pattern of diversification with grasses. c. Aquatic mammals descended from mammal-like reptiles. d. Mammals display unique skull structure in former jaw bones moving to the middle ear canal.

c (aquatic mammals are "secondarily aquatic" and decended from now-extinct terrestrial mammals that diverged from the lineage that lead to hippos.)

What does the notochord provide to the new organisms forming the base of the chordate lineage? a. hollow tube for nerves to conduct electrical signals through the body b. attachment site for bony ribcage to protect lungs and enhance terrestrial breathing c. flexible rod for muscle attachment to create movement d. none of these

c (the notochord is not hollow, but provides an attachment site for musculature to support movement. the dorsal hollow nerve cord, located alongside the notochord, conducts electrical signals. in vertebrates, the notochord becomes reduced during embryonic development to form the discs between the vertebrae. the vertebrate body ribcage is attached to the vertebrae.)

Which of the following is a reason Tiktaalik is a significant fossil? a. It reproduced with a primitive amniotic egg b. it had ray-shaped fins with bones similar to the bones of modern marine fish c. it had limb-like fins with bones similar to the bones of modern tetrapods d. it had a flat skull with eyes on the top of its head e. it appears in the fossil record during the time of the vertebrate transition to life on land

c, d, e,

Chordates are deuterostomes possessing ________________________. a. lungs b. articulated appendages c. a vertebral column d. a notocord e. c & d f. b, c & d g. all of the above (a,b, c & d)

d

All vertebrates capable of walking on land are amniotes. true false

false

Lungs first appear in early amphibians, descendents of the lobe-finned fishes which moved ashore on their primitive legs. true false

false

Lungs first appear in early lobe-finned fishes, whose descendents which moved ashore on their primitive legs. true false

false

What features do Vertebrates and Cnidarians share in common? a. radial symmetry b. bilateral symmetry c. deuterostomes d. protostomes e. triploblastic f. diploblastic g. coelomate h. motile

h

Feathers on reptiles appear in the fossil record before the appearance of birds. true false

true