VID251 Introduction to Winemaking - Midterm Study Questions
What is micro-oxygenation
addition of O2 to accelerate aging
When is the dosage is added to sparkling wine made by methode chapenoise?
after disgorgement
Wines are taxed based on their ______ and ________.
alcohol content and carbonation level
What is the most important factor when harvesting grapes?
amount of sugar in the grape
In the US, the highest federal excise tax is for what type of wine?
c. Sparkling Wine
When opening a pre 1990 wine bottle, you have to be careful to: Select one: a. drink less because the alcohol levels were high b. be cautious when opening because the glass might break c. wipe the bottle neck to remove lead salts d. not drink the wine due to high potassium levels e. release carbon dioxide pressure
c. wipe the bottle neck to remove lead salts
What affect does warm weather have on next year's crop/
can damage bud development
What happened a few days after bud break?
shoots emerge
What part of the berry contains pigment and tannins?
skin
As wine became scarce, what did it become a sign of?
social status
What is disgorgement?
the process of getting the yeast cells out of the bottle without losing CO2.
What is pomace?
the skins and seeds left after pressing
What does ethyl acetate smell like?
finger nail polish remover
What lowers BAC?
food consumption
If wine has more than 14% alcohol, what is it called?
fortified wine
The flavor profile of blush and rose is based on what?
fruit
What declines as wine ages?
fruity aromas
Aging wines in oak barrels never addes ___ to wines.
fruity flavor
What unit is acid measured?
g/L
What is added to Muscat-type varieties?
glucosidases
What is required for good pigment and tannin extraction?
good skin contact
Why are there no nutritional labels on wine?
governed by TTB not FDA
How long is white wine left in barrels?
greater than 6 mos.
What is the process for making white wine?
harvest --> crush -->press -->ferment --> stabilize -->age -->filter -->bottle
What are the steps in red wine making?
harvest -->crush -->ferment -->press --> age -->filter --. bottle
What is it called when the grape flower has both male and female parts of the flower?
hermaphroditic
Grapes intended for red wines are typically harvested at _____ brix levels than grapes intended for white wines.
higher
Grapes intended for white wines are typically harvested at a _____ brix level than grapes intended for sparkling wine.
higher
Describe the acidity of grapes grown in warmer climates vs. cooler climates.
higher acidity
What does Brettanomyces cause?
horsey, sweaty smell
Where does secondary fermentation take place in the charmat process?
in a tank
What unit is sugar measured?
in degrees brix
What causes the Marangoni Effect?
increase in alcohol, surface tension is broken
How do you induce MLF?
inoculate with ML34 or PSU-1 at the same time as yeast
Extended skin contact is associated with what?
premium red wine production
Why are black glasses used for wine tasting?
prevent that taster from seeing the color of the wine
What is he most important factor determining the rate of fermentation?
the temperature of the must during fermentation
What happens for MLF occurs in he bottle?
the wine is fizzy
Why are white wine sometimes fermented in barrels?
to get oaky flavor
Why would you add tannin?
to modify the body of the wine and increase color
What does MLF prevent?
undesirable bacteria from producing off flavors
What does stuck fermentation have in it?
unfermented sugar
Characteristically barrel fermented Chardonnay wines have _____ flavor from the oak and a ____ flavor formed during fermentation.
vanilla; butter
The time during maturation when berries start to soften and turn color is called what?
veraison
What does acetic acid smell like?
vinegar
What is the most important factor as far as soil influence on grape/wine quality?
water holding capacity
How do you find out how may drinks will be metabolized in an hour?
weight/250
What happens during malolatic fermentation?
wince becomes less acidic
Maceration of standard red wine
wine is fermented until sugar level = 0
What was Sappho's thoughts on wine?
1. Drink the oldest wine to be found. 2. Wine ages well, men do not.
Who was the 3 largest producers and marketers of wine in 2012?
1. E & J Gallo 2. The Wine Group 3. Constellation Brands
What is ethanol?
1. EtOH 2. anything with a hydroxyl (OH-) 3. The alcohol that derives from fermentation
What happened to the wine trade at the fall of the Roman Empire?
1. Europe became atomized. 2. The ability for trade decreased
After the introduction of phylloxera, what happened to the Vignerons?
1. Forced off land with dead crops 2. migrated - took knowledge of grape growing and wine making with them
What are the top 5 countries for wine production?
1. France 2. Italy 3. Spain 4. United States 5. Argentina
What are the top 5 countries for wine consumption?
1. France 2. US 3. Italy 4. Germany 5. China
What caused the over supply of wine after WW II?
1. Industrialization 2. urbanization 3. safer drinking water 4. increase in money = increase in variety (soft drinks & beer)
What allowed the creation of sparkling wine in the early 1500's?
1. Introduction of stronger glass 2. allowed secondary fermentation in the bottle.
From where did the US import the most wine in 2012 by volume?
1. Italy 2. Australia 3. Argentina 4. Chile 5. France
What are the top 5 exporting countries?
1. Italy 2. Spain 3. France 4. Australia 5. Chile
What are the grape growing areas in the northern hemisphere?
1. Japan 2. China 3. Mediterranean basin 4. European peninsula 5. North Africa 6. East & West Coast of the US
What is noble rot?
1. Light botrytis infection 2. wine made with this has apricot/peach taste/aroma
What are the two versions of Leuconostoc oeons?
1. ML34 2. PSU-1
What are the top 5 countries by vineyard in hectares (surface area planted to grapes)?
1. Spain 2. France 3. Italy 4. Turkey 5. China
Who is considered Old World Wine producers? (5 countries)
1. Spain 2. Portugal 3. France 4. Italy 5. Germany
What were the 3 contributing factors of the collapse of the traditional French way of making wine at the turn of the 20th C?
1. Steam Transportation 2. Phylloxera 3. Pasteruization
What happens to tannins with aging?
1. Tannins react with O2 2. astringency decreases
Where did the US export the most wine by volume in 2012? (Top 6)
1. UK 2. Canada 3. Italy 4. China 5. Japan 6. Germany
Who is considered New World Wine Producers? (6 countries)
1. United States (California predominantly) 2. South Africa 3. Argentina 4. Chile 5. Australia 6. New Zealand
What are the different types of trellis configurations?
1. Vertical shoot positioning 2. lyre trellis 3. t-top trellis
What are the 5 North American grape species?
1. Vitis californica 2. Vitis lambrusca 3. Muscadinia rotundifolia 4. Vitis riparia 5. Vitis rupesteris
What 2 North American grape species are important for their use of rootstock?
1. Vitis riparia 2. Vitis rupesteris
Who owned the vineyards in the South?
1. Wine cultured continued 2. people made wine for their own use.
How can you prevent MLF?
1. add SO2 2. sterile filtration
How do you you prevent malolactic fermentation?
1. add SO2 2. sterile filtration
What are the 2 types of filtration?
1. addition of DE (Bentonite) 2. sterile filtration
When is racking done in red wine?
1. after fermentation 2. yeast cells settle out 3. pumped to another container
What other nutrients are found in grapes besides nitrogen?
1. ammonium 2. amino acids 3. arginine 4. biotin
Wine is taxed on what 2 aspects?
1. amount of alcohol 2. level of carbonation
What are the 4 types of presses?
1. basket press 2. screw press 3. bladder press 4. champagne press
The tannins of wine contribute to what?
1. bitterness 2. astringency 3. a puckery sensation 4. the aging capacity of wine
What are the 2 types of Champagne?
1. blanc de blancs 2. blanc de noirs
What doe pectinases do in white wine?
1. breaks down skin integrity 2. allows skin/material to yield additional juice
How do you fight phylloxera?
1. breed vitis viniferia with a resistant species (hybrid species) 2. graft vitis vinifera on to a resistant root stock
What does yeast need?
1. carbon source 2. nitrogen source 3. vitamins 4. minerals 5. low pH 6. temperature between 50-100 degrees F
Clear just or wine may be removed from lees by what process?
1. centrifugation 2. filtration 3. racking
How do you stabilze win to get rid of excess tartrate before bottling?
1. chill wine down 2. rack off ppt tartrates
How do you restart fermentation if the reason is over heating?
1. coll fermentation off 2. reinoculate with new yeast
What are the 5 sensory wine classifications for wine?
1. color 2. level of sugar remaining 3. alcohol level 4. tax catagory 5. level of carbonation
What happens during veraison?
1. color change 2. berry starts to soften 3. increase in sugar content 4. decrease in acidity
What increases BAC?
1. concentration of alcohol 2. carbonation 3. gender
What is must?
1. crushed grapes & juice 2. anything that comes out of the crusher
What are the pros of the wooden barrel?
1. decrease level of spoilage 2. controlled oxidation 3. imparts flavor
What are the reasons for stuck fermentation?
1. depletion of nitrogen and/or phosphorus 2. over heating
In the late 1800's winegrowing in France was transformed by what two things?
1. devastation of Phylloxera 2. changes in transportation
Why does malic acid decrease after veraision?
1. dilution due to berry expansion 2. metabolism of the acid
What does increase of maceration time have on color and tannin?
1. does not increase color 2. increases tannin
When yeast ferment grape sugar, what are the fermentation products?
1. ethanol 2. CO2 3.heat 4. energy for yeast growth and metabolism
What happens if there are too few buds left?
1. excessive vigor 2. shady fruit zone 3. poor grape flavor
What are the 3 things that affect wine flavor?
1. fermentation character 2. processing/aging 3. grapes
What were the Greeks' thoughts on wine?
1. frowned upon to drink during the day 2. Poets encouraged drinking anytime
What are the 2 sugars found in the grape?
1. fructose 2. glucose
What are the 3 non-sensory wine attributes
1. grape variety 2. where the grapes are grown 3. price
What are the 3 sources of wine flavor?
1. grape variety 2. wheree the grapes are grown 3. how the grapes are grown
What did the Roman winemakers add to disguise the flavor of oxidized wine?
1. gypsum 2. lime 3. sea water 4. resin
How do you prevent acetic acid bacteria?
1. have CO2 in bottles 2. add SO2 3. increase alcohol content
Why are grapes ideal for wine?
1. high in sugar 2. high levels of nitrogen
Describe the following in warm climates: 1. sugar 2. acid 3. color 4. flavor 5. yield 6. value
1. higher 2. lower 3. lower 4. lower 5. higher 6. lower
What is the purpose of fermentation tanks?
1. hold the must during fermentation 2. let out heat 3. keep out air 4. let out CO2
When is racking done in white wine?
1. immediately after pressing. 2. juice sets in containers 24 hours 3. grape lees settle 4. clarified liquid pumped into another container
What were the 3 trends in wine production in the 20th Century?
1. increase in oversupply (due to decrease in consumption) 2. increase in New World Wine 3. movement toward globalization and branding (increase in varietal labeling)
What causes the longer release of bubbles in sparkling wine?
1. increased CO2 2. decreased temp 3. increased alcohol
What is the result of sugar addition and 2nd fermentation in the bottle in sparkling wine?
1. increased alcohol 2. increased CO2
What did mechanization do for wine making?
1. increased scale of wine making operation 2. decreased cost
What does too much water do?
1. increases canopy 2. shade leads to poor fruit quality
Why is SO2 used in winemaking?
1. kills wild yeast 2. inhibits enzymatic browning 3. is an antioxidant 4. inhibits chemical browning
What are the most relevant bacteria for wine?
1. lactobacillus 2. pediococcus 3. leuconostoc
If there is an increase in Brettanomyces, what are the attributing factors?
1. left over fermentable sugar 2. not enough SO2 was used 3. sanitation not good
Why is stuck fermentation more common in white wine?
1. less nutrients in the juice 2. conducted at lower temperatures
How do you do a sensory evaluation of wine?
1. look at it 2. smell it 3. place it in the mouth
Describe the following in cooler climates: 1. sugar 2. acid 3. color 4. flavor 5. yield 6. value
1. lower 2. higher 3. higher 4. higher 5. lower 6. higher
What role did the Catholic Church play in wine production?
1. made wine and kept records 2. Monastic orders specialized in wine making
What are the 2 acids found in the grape?
1. malic acid 2. tartaric acid
What is carbonic maceration?
1. modified fermentation process 2. fruit put into container w/o crushing
What are the advantages of using Saccharomyces cerevisiae?
1. more alcohol tolerant 2. less SO2 sensitive
Why would you add acid to the must?
1. not enough acid in the fruit 2. pH is too high 3. wine tastes sour
What are the disadvantages of having wild yeast do the fermentation?
1. off flavors 2. alcohol intolerant 3. undredictable 4. SO2 sensitive
What to ways do we perceive smells?
1. orthonasal olfaction 2. retronasal olfaction
What happens if there are too many buds left?
1. over cropped 2. will have grapes that won't ripen
What are the two types of enzymes that are added?
1. pectinase 2. glucosidase
What are the characteristics of good wine yeast?
1. predictable 2. vigorous 3. alcohol tolerant 4. higher temperature tolerant 5. produces minimal off flavors 6. SO2 tolerant
Maceration in blush wine
1. pressed immediately 2. a little bit of color will come from pressing
What are the 2 types of cap management?
1. punch down 2. pump over
What 4 things are Thompson Seedless grapes used for?
1. raisins 2. wine 3. table grapes 4. grape juice concentrate
Why do you blend wine?
1. refine taste 2. reduce cost
Why are vines pruned?
1. regulate the size of the vine 2. adjust the amount of fruit the vine will produce 3. limit the number of shoots on the vine 4. alter the number of dormant buds on the vine
The main reasons why acid concentration in the grape declines after veraison is because of what/
1. respiration of malic acid 2. dilution of the acid
Where does the energy made in fermentation go?
1. some stored as ATP 2. most lost as heat
What are the 3 important components in a grape?
1. sugar 2. acid 3. tannin & pigment
What adjustments can be made to the must?
1. sugar 2. acidity 3. nutirents 4. SO2 5. water
What happens to sugar and alcohol in normal fermentation?
1. sugar goes down to zero 2. alcohol goes from zero up to max
Why do you add SO2 to must?
1. suppression of wild yeast and bacteria in must 2. to inhibit oxidation enzymes 3. slows/stops chemical oxidation during aging.
What are the 5 basic tastes?
1. sweet 2. sour 3. bitter 4. salty 5. unami
What are the 3 environmental components in determining fruit composition?
1. temperature 2. water 3. soil
What 3 things are used to manage the vine?
1. training 2. trellising 3. pruning
What did wine making in France look like in the 15th century?
1. trelis planted vineyards 2. used presses
What did the discovery of pasteurization lead to?
1. understanding of fermentation 2. increase technological control of fermentation.
Explain wine production in France in the 1800's.
1. wine farmed on a share crop basis 2. Vigneron grew grapes and made wine for the land owner. 3. Vignern keeps 1/2 of the wine, gives 1/2 to the land owner. 4. Both keep some wine and tell the rest to an Eleveure. 5. Eleveure stores, blends and sells wine to Negciants in larger cities.
Maceration in rose wine
1.2 - 1 day skin/seed contact then pressed
What are the top 3 countries that have the highest adult per capita consumption of wine?
1.France 2. Italy 3. Spain
How much % alcohol will be produced by grapes picked at 20% Brx?
11% alcohol 20 x 0.55 = 11%
How many tons of grapes does it take to make 1000 cases of wine?
15 1000/60 = 15
The typical tines and temperatures of white win fermentation is what?
15 days, 60 degrees F
When was Champagne introduced?
1600's
When was the cork screw invented?
1778 - England
Grapes for sparkling wine are harvested at what brix?
18 - 20 degrees Brix
What percentage of CA wines were exported in 2012?
18% of all CA wines were exported
When did Phylloxera appear in France?
1863
When was pasteurization discovered?
1864
What let to laws of appellation of origin to protect the local producers?
1910 Champagne Riots
French Appellation of origin was put in place when?
1935
What is associated with leaf drop?
1st hard freeze
How many bud spurs are usually left after pruning?
2
In general, how many clusters are found in a shoot?
2
California produces what percentage of US made wine?
90%
Which wines have become more expensive to import due to the value of the dollar?
Australian wines
Which wines have the least value in the US? Are least expensive?
Australian wines
How do you find out how long it takes to metabolize the alcohol in 1 drink?
BAC/0.016
What wine is made by carbonic maceration?
Beaujoulais
France/Italy do not label wine organic. What do they label it?
Biologic wine
Why is alcohol burned shortly after it is consumed?
Body does not have a way to store the calories
What is cold soak?
Common in some Pinot noir 1. crush fruit 2. add SO2 3. put in fermentation tank 4. refridgerate (~50 degrees) 1-3 days 5. fermentation
Why is sparking wine taxed higher?
Congress deemed it a luxury that could only be consumed primarily by wealthy people.
Explain how Vitis vinifera spread through the Mediterranean.
N. Iran ---> S. Iran--->Turkey (mainland) --->Greece ---> Egypt
What is dry wine?
No sugar left after fermentation
Where did Phylloxera originate?
North America - insect accidentally transported to Europe.
What is the cheapest alternative to oak barrels?
Oak chips
We obtain our most detailed sensory impressions from what?
Olfactory receptors
What are fermentation locks?
One way valves that allow fermentation tanks to release CO2
Why is canopy management important?
Optimize fruit to foliage ratio
How did viticulture spread to France?
Rome conquered France; spread grapes throughout Provence --->Bordeaux ---> Rhone
How do you serve red wine?
Room temperature - cool (ideal is 55 degrees F)
What is Brettanomyces sensitive to?
SO2
What is the name of the domesticated wine yeast?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
What is the white grape of Bordeaux?
Sauvignon Blanc
What are the parents of the Cabernet Sauvignon grape?
Sauvignon Blanc + Cabernet franc
What is sparkling win in Germany called?
Sekt
What is racking?
Siphoning off the juice one the sediments have settled.
How did phylloxera spread through France?
Southern part of France (Rhone) --->Eastern Part of France --->North & Southern parts of France
What were the results of the 1908 and 1910 Champagne riots?
Sparkling wine called "Champagne" must be made from grapes only from the Champagne area in France.
What is sparkling wine in Italy called?
Spumante or Presecco
How do you determine the % sugar in the fruit at harvest?
Take the % alcohol from the bottle and divide by 0.55
What is field budding?
Takes the top of the rootstock plant off and puts on buds of the Vitis vinifera.
What part of the government oversees wine production and sales?
Tax & Trade Bureau of the Treasury TTB
Grapes grown in cool climates will have more ____ and less ____ then grapes gown in warmer climates.
acid, sugar
What is the acetic acid bacteria that is also called the vinegar bacteria?
actobacter species
How to do remove proteins?
add betonite
What is wine?
By Federal Law must be made from grapes
When doesn't "contains sulfites" have to be on the label?
If there are less than 10mg/L or 10 ppm
Which country is the world's largest wine importer?
UK
What is an Eleveure?
Wine businessman
What color is aged white wine?
amber yellow
What grape species is native to the south east?
Muscadina rotundifolia
What wine species is very resistant to Pierce's disease?
Muscadina rotundifolia
Which grape species is resistant to Pierce's disease?
Muscandinia rotundifolia
Alcohol is converted into what?
acetaldehyde then into acetic acid
Why would you induce MLF?
acid is very high in the wine
What is the 2nd most important factor when harvesting grapes?
acid level
What is stuck fermentation?
fermenting stops before all of the sugar is used up
What is Brix?
% sugar by weight unit = degrees
What is the level of terminal BAC?
0.45 - 0.5
What is off-dry wine?
0.5% sugar left after fermentation
What is medium sweet wine?
0.75% - 1.5% sugar left after fermentation
How long does the wine ferment on the lees in the Methode Champenoise?
1 - 5 years
How quickly does alcohol burn off?
1 standard drink per hour
How long are red wines aged?
1 year with 6-9 months in the barrel
Which of the following grape varieties are red? 1. Zinfandel 2. Sauvignon blanc 3. Pinot noir 4. Riesling 5. Merlot
1, 3, 5 are red 2 and 4 are white
What is phylloxera?
1. American insect - grows on the roots 2. nearly destroyed European viticulture
Who are the botanical relatives of the grapevine?
1. Boston Ivy 2. Virginia Creeper 3. Grape Ivy
What are the grape growing areas in the southern hemisphere?
1. Chile 2. Argentine 3. South Africa 4. Australia 5. New Zealand
Why do sparkling wines sparkle?
1. DO held under pressure 2. when pressure released CO2 comes out of solution
What is the average life span of a grape vine?
20 - 25 years
When do you harvest white grapes?
21-26 degrees Brix
23 g sugar per 100g must is what Brix?
23 degrees Brx
What degree brix is white wine grapes harvested?
24 - 25 degrees Brix
When do you harvest red grapes?
24-28 degrees Brix
What percentage of American Adults consume about 90% of all the wine consumed in the US?
25%
Red grapes ripe for table wine have how much sugar and acid?
25% sugar 0.7 g acid per 100 mL
If you want red wine at 14% alcohol you should harvest the grapes at this degree Brix.
25.5
What is the Brix level of red wine grapes at harvest?
26 - 28 degrees Brix
What is the source of CO2 in sparkling wine?
2nd fermentation in the bottle
Maceration in Picnic wine
3 day skin/seed contact then pressed
How long does it take for the first crop in a new vineyard?
3-4 years
When does the highest amount of color in red wine fermentation occur?
3-5 days
What is the legal limit of sulfites?
350 ppm
How many chromosomes do grapes in the vitis genus have?
38
How many clusters will be produced per 2-bud spur?
4
How do you find the BAC?
4 x (#of drinks)/weight
How many chromosomes do muscadine grapes have?
40
How many stamen surround the flower?
5
Sparkling wines account for __% of the wine market
5%
Evidence of grape winemaking has been found that dates back as far as what?
5,000 - 6,000 years ago
Most sparkling wines have how much excessive pressure?
5-6 atm
What is the ideal temperature for aging wine in bottles?
55 - 57 degrees F
At what temperature and how long does fermentation take in white wine?
55 - 70 degrees F for a few weeks
How much of the sugar by volume tuned out to be alcohol?
55%
How much energy does fermentation produce?
56 kcal energy per mol sugar
How long odes it take for consistent fruit production in a new vineyard?
6-8 years
How many cases of wine typically come from a ton of grapes?
60 cases or 720 bottles
Wine consumed in the United States: _____ % produced by California _____% is imported ____ % produced by other states
61% produced by California 32% is imported 7% produced by other states
How much energy does the organism derive during respiration?
680 kcal energy per mol sugar
At what temperature and how long does fermentation take in red wine?
70 - 90 degrees F for a few days
What is the temperature at fermentation of red wine?
75 - 90 degrees F
Table wine accounts for ___% of the wine market.
86%
Starting with must at 70 degrees F and 15 degrees Brix, what would the temperature be at 7 degrees Brix with no heat loss?
88 degree F
Dessert/Fortified wines account for ___% of the wine market.
9%
How much of the US wine is produced by California?
90 %
What is fermented apple juice called to everyone EXCEPT the US?
Apple Cider
What is yeast?
A fungus used in fermenation.
What is required for vinegar production from must?
Acetobacter
How do you restart fermentation if the reason is depletion of essential minerals?
Add DAP
How do you remove sulfur?
Add copper salts
How do you remove tannin?
Add protein
How do you remove tannins?
Add proteins
What is chaptalization?
Addtion of sucrose
When is white wine pressed?
After crushing
When is red wine pressed?
After fermentation
What is a symposium?
An intellectual meeting where academics would get together and discuss topics. Wine was diluted
What is an amphorae?
Ancient pottery used for moving liquids.
What causes bunchrot and noble rot?
Botrytis cinera
Where did a secondary of phylloxera happen in 1870?
Bourdeaux
In wines less than $10/bottle, appellation is being replaced by what as an indicator of quality?
Brand
During respiration, yeast metabolize sugar to what?
CO2 and water (many kcal/mole eenrgy)
What happens if MLF occurs in the barrel?
CO2 escapes
What are carbonated wines?
CO2 is added artificially
What is the red grape of Bordeaux?
Cabernet Sauvignon
Which red variety is important in Bordeaux?
Cabernet sauvignon
Where was Vitis vinifera first domesticated and used for wine production?
Caucus Mountians (Northern Iran, Eastern Turkey or Armenia)
What is sparkling win in Spain called?
Cava
What is the white grape of Burgundy?
Chardonnay
What wine varietals are used for Champagne?
Chardonnay, Pinot meunier, & Pinot noir
In the US, when a wine's alcohol level exceeds 14%, that makes it legally what kind of wine?
Dessert or Fortified wine
What part of the life cycle of a vine occurs around Feb.?
Dormant vine
When was Port developed?
Early 1700's - trade agreement between England and Portugal.
What is natural fermentation?
Fermentation that is not inoculated with bought yeast.
Which countries consume less than they produce?
France & Argentina
The use of rootstocks was pioneered by which cultures?
French
Who introduced the wooden barrel for wine storage?
French
Which wines have the highest value in the US? Are most expensive?
French wines
What wine company has the largest share of the US market?
Gallo
What is kottabos?
Game where wine was thrown away.
What causes Pierce's disease?
Glassy wing sharp shooter
What caused the 1910 Champagne riots?
Grape growers in S. France rioted because they were not getting enough money for their grapes.
You can only make GREAT wine from what?
Great Grapes
Who was the first to understand that the grape quality influenced the quality of wine?
Greeks & Romans
Who was responsible for the spread of viticulture?
Greeks & the Romans
Who first described the appreciation of high quality growing sites?
Greeks and Romans
What is fermented apple juice called in the US?
Hard Apple Cider
What is the name of the free standing plants with no posts?
Head-trained vined aka the Goblet System
When are grapes for sparkling wine pressed?
Immediately after harvest
What is sparkling wine in France called?
In Champagne - champagne In the rest of France - Cremant
Where can fermentation of red wine happen?
In an open taken covered with a loose board or piece of cloth
What caused the French to create the appellation process?
Increase of artificial wine being produced because of the decrease in wine production due to phylloxera
What happens to any flower that has not be pollinated?
It will fall off.
What is found in the grape pulp?
Juice (no pigment)
What is the most important bacteria for wine?
Leuconstoc oenos
All woody vines are called what?
Liana
White wines are fermented at ___temperatures to red wines because one wants to ____ in white wines.
Lower, minimize loss of fruity/floral flavors
What is organic wine?
Made from organic grapes and NO sulfites
What is fermented honey called?
Mead
Vitis vinifera is native to where?
Mediterranean
What allows "fermented in this bottle" to be printed on the bottle?
Method Champenoise
What method makes the highest quality sparkling wine?
Methode Champenoise
What is fermented pear juice called?
Perry
What spurred New World wine development?
Phylloxera
What was the reason for today's French appellation systems?
Phylloxera damage to wine economy
What is the most wide spread fungal diseases?
Powdery mildew
In the 1700's what was Port?
Red wine - fermentation halted and spirits were added.
What is a Bacchae?
Religious festival out in nature. Wine was consumed at full strength.
What was the only solution to phylloxera in French vineyards?
Replant on resistant rootstock.
Which winemakers understood the relationship between sugar and alcohol?
Romans
How did wine in Ancient Greece and Rome form a more involved form of social organization?
The Metropolis would send out colonies to other locations and then they would trad back and forth.
What are the basic parameters for red wine maceration?
The amount of time that the fermenting juice is in contact with the skins and seeds
What will grow out and become a shoot next year?
The compound bud at the axil
When did wine production become more of a business than a way of life?
The introduction of steam transportation.
What is an aroma threshold?
The lowest concentration at which we can detect odor.
What is malic acid fermentation?
The process by which lactic acid bacteria converts malic acid into lactic acid.
Once the Romans conquered the Mediterranean, what happened?
There was a decrease in the cost of the movement of products.
Why have Argentine imports increased due to the value of the dollar?
They have become less expensive.
What grape variety is harvested for table grapes?
Thompson Seedless
Almost all raisins are made from which grape variety?
Thompson seedless
T/F: Wine was discovered not intentionally made.
True
Which country consumes more wine they they produce?
US and Germany
In 20111, who was the largest single consumer of win in the world due to population?
United States
Was was the result of naming New World wine after the appellation of origin laws/
Varietal labeling
What grape can be found in the coastal mountains and foothills of California?
Vitis californica
Concord grapes are a variety of what grape species?
Vitis labrusca
What grape variety has the most desirable flavors for making wine?
Vitis vinifera
What is the name of the European wine grape?
Vitis vinifera
What grape species is native to California?
Vitus californica
What grape species is the concord grape?
Vitus labrusca
Alcohol level is most often measured in the blood because: Select one: a. it is convenient b. it is the only tissue where alcohol is found in the body c. it is the only tissue to give accurate results d. all of the above e. a and c only
a. it is convenient
Wine is a culture symbol where?
Western World
What wine is not possible without sterile filtration?
White Zinfandel
What is Brettanomyces?
Wild yeast
What is a vVgneron?
Wine grower
In Northern European "temperance" cultures- drinking frequency is __________ and antisocial behavior from intoxication is ___________. Select one: a. occasional, excused b. daily, excused c. occasional, condemned d. daily, condemned e. excessive, condemned
a. occasional, excused
What happens if secondary fermentation happens in the bottle?
Wine is: - cloudy - fizzy - tastes bad
What is sur lees aging?
Wine stays in contact with yeast and lees.
What wine grape is native to Croatia
Zinfandel
How long is white wine fermented?
a couple of weeks
What is benchgraft?
a groove is cut in the rootstock and a notch is made in the Vitis Vinifera scion. The 2 are taped together to heal.
When does harvesting of the grape take place?
about 6 weeks after veraison
Shoot leaves grow from what part of the vine?
apex
What is the difference between aroma and bouquet?
aroma - smells that come from the grape bouquet - smells that come from the wine making process
Alcohol is to "hot" as tannin is to ___.
astringent
To attain a typically illegal for driving BAC of 0.10%, a 200 lb person would consume this number of standard drinks (assuming no metabolism): Select one: a. 3 b. 5 c. 7 d. 9 e. 11
b. 5
What is Cuvee?
base wine for sparkling wine
Sparkling wines were possible through the creation of what?
better quality glass bottles
What is the prevalent type of press used at major wineries across the world or white winemaking?
bladder press
What are hybrid producers produced by?
breeding Vitis vinifera and a resistant root stock
How does yeast grow/reproduce?
budding
What does malolatic fermentation impart on white wine?
buttery flavor
When did wine trade begin back up through out Europe?
by the 11th century
How do you serve white wine?
cold or cool
What will inhibit pollination?
cold or wet conditions around fruit set
What does swirling the class do in smelling wine?
concentrates the aromas in the bowl of the glass
What is Saccharomyces cereviseae responsible for?
conversion of sugar into CO2
What does lactic acid bacteria do during malolactic fermentation?
converts malic acid into lactic acid and CO2
What do large fermentors require?
cooling
What do stainless steel tanks need for fermentation to help with heat being released?
cooling jackets
What gives wine a buttery flavor?
creation of diacetyl
Alcohol absorption: Select one: a. takes place mainly in the liver b. lowers blood alcohol c. takes place mainly in the stomach d. raises blood alcohol concentration e. none of the above
d. raises blood alcohol concentration
Many studies show that moderate wine consumption is associated with: Select one: a. reduced breast cancer b. increased IQ c. reduced diabetes d. reduced heart disease
d. reduced heart disease
What is the primary role of MLF?
deacidification
Why are white grapes destemmed before crushing?
decreased juice yield
What does too little water do?
decreases production
What is wine called if it has greater than 14% alcohol
dessert or fortified wine
Yeast nutrition can be supplemented by the addition of what?
diammonium phosphate (DAP)
Why does tartaric acid decrease after veraision?
dilutes due to berry expansion
Wild grape vines need a male plant and a female plant to pollinate. What is this called?
dioescious
The rate at which alcohol is absorbed is influenced by: Select one: a. carbonation b. fatigue c. food consumption d. a and b e. a and c
e. a and c
Which of the following does not affect Blood Alcohol Content (BAC)? Select one: a. drink ethanol content b. drink carbonation level c. food consumed with drinks d. gender of drinker e. all of the above affect BAC
e. all of the above affect BAC
Alcohol is primarily metabolized in the: Select one: a. lungs b. stomach c. small intestine d. kidneys e. liver
e. liver
Where does an organism receive from sugar respiration?
energy needed to run our metabolism
What is the by product of fermentation?
ethanol
Which produces less energy respiration or fermentation?
fermentation
What is hyperoxidation?
juice is treated to O2
What is free run?
juice that runs out of press without pressing
The secondary fermentation used in wine production is caused by what?
lactic acid bacteria
What is the part of fermentation where the yeast is not reproducing and no alcohol is produced?
lag phase
What is hard press?
last bit of material left in press
57% of all wine sold in the US retails for how much a bottle?
less than $7.00
What is the temperature at which white wine is fermented?
less than 60 degrees F
Carbonic maceration is used to make what kind of wine?
light red wine
What color is young white wine?
light yellow
Why is white wine pressed right after fruit is crushed?
limit tannin etraction
The body breaks the alcohol down where?
liver
Where is alcohol metabolized?
liver and stomach
What is the part of fermentation where there is linear growth of yeast cells and alcohol is being produced?
log phase
What is the yeast growth phase called?
log phase
When disgorging a sparkling wine made in the traditional method, the winery takes advantage of what factor to reduce CO2 pressure?
low temperature
In red winemaking, what is the process of extracting color and tannins from the grape skins and seeds?
maceration
What does malic acid break down to?
malic acid and CO2
At harvest, the acid content of healthy grapes is usually what kind of acid?
malic acid and tartaric acid
What happens in secondary fermentation?
malic acid is changed to lactic acid
Sulfur is used in the vineyard to control what?
mildew
What is cap management?
mixing the cap back into the must
Wine yeasts are _____ SO2 tolerant and ______ alcohol tolerant than wild yeasts.
more, more
Do the flower clusters turn into fruit clusters?
no
Who owned the vineyards in the North?
nobility and the clergy
Where do the fruit aromas from red wine come from?
out of the skin
Aged wine changes color due to what?
oxidation
In red wines red color extraction ___tannin extraction___.
peaks afer 3-5 days of fermentation; continuous until pressing
What is added to white grapes to increase yield during pressing?
pectinases
Grape vines are grafted to protect them from what?
phylloxera
What is the main use of the wine aroma wheel?
provides a common vocabulary to communicate perception of wine aroma
What determines the number of dormant buds/clusters/maximum amount of fruit?
pruning
All wild grapes are what color?
purple
What color is aged red wine?
red -->brown
What is an indication of leaf roll virus?
red leaves in the fall (should be yellow)
What color is young red wine?
reddish purple
What is sugar level measured by?
refraction
Why is nitrogen important in wine?
required by the yeast for making proteins
What does MLF create?
rounder, fuller mouth feel
What type of soil has the best water holding capacity?
sandy loam + clay
What is slurry?
seeds, skin & juice that comes out of the crusher
What is maceration?
the process of extracting color and tannin into the wine
What are lees?
solids settled in a container
What is wine called if it has greater than 1 ATM?
sparking wine
How to viticuluturest combat powdery mildew?
spray sulfur at early onset
What is the pollen bearing organ of the flower?
stamen
What is the part of fermentation where the yeast cells are not increasing but the alcohol increases as remaining yeast cells convert sugar?
stationary phase
What is wine called if it has less than 1 ATM?
still wine
Chaptalization involved the addition of what?
sugar
What is the chemical formula for respiration?
sugar + oxygen ---> carbon dioxide and water
What is the chemical formula for fermentation?
sugar ---> ethanol and carbon dioxide
What gives rise to alcohol in fermentation?
sugar in the grape
What is tirage?
sugar/yeast syrup
What leads to root rot?
summer rain
What did the Roman's call boiled must?
syrup
What is wine called if it has 7 - 14% alcohol?
table wine
What is Riddling?
the process of getting the dead yeast cell sediment into the neck of the bottle
What is found in the seeds?
tannin (no pigment)
What contributes to the bitterness and astringency in red wine?
tannins
Which acid is responsible for the tartness?
tartaric acid
What dictates where we plant different varietals?
temperature
What is the most important factor during fermentation?
temperature
What is the overriding factor in fermenting white wine?
temperature
What ancient culture caused the use of barrels rather than amphorae to store wine?
the Gauls
What does the color of red wine come from?
the alcohol extracts color from the skins during fermentation
The Charmat process is also known as what?
the bulk method
What is the most important component and source of wine flavor?
the grapes
What is fining?
the process of adding something to remove some things
What is the legal definition of sparkling wine?
wine that has at least 1 atm
What encourages deep roots?
winter rain
high sugar + high nirtogen = ??
wonderful growth media for yeast
What is the most common alternative to oak barrels?
wood staves in the tank
When is the grape ready?
~ 130 days after flowering
What is the pH of grapes when harvested?
~ 3.3 - 3.8
When does veraison usually occur?
~85 days after flowering
When is bud break?
~April 1st
