viruses

cytoplasm

most RNA viruses undergo their entire replicative cycle in the ______. 2 exceptions = retrovirus & flu. a. nucleus b. cytoplasm c. mitochondria d. ribosome e. golgi

icosahedral

most human DNA viruses have _____ symmetry

retro

except ________ viruses, all RNA positive sense strand viruses are already in their mRNA format.

minus

for both _____(plus/minus) stranded RNA viruses & DNA viruses, the genome has to be transcribed. Whereas the DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus utilizing host cell machinery, ______ strand RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm & must use their own machinery, which is a RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase.

acidification

for non-enveloped viruses, that utilized receptor mediated endocytosis to enter the cell, uncoating requires ________ of the endosome to occur, which causes degradation of the capsid, allowing the genome to enter the cytoplasm.

RNA polymerase

for the majority of minus sense RNA viruses, anti-virals function to block viral gene expression by inhibiting Viral ________ (DNA polymerases/RNA endonuclease/DNA exonuclease/RNA polymerase). •the antiviral drugs that accomplish this function are termed Nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitors. these drugs work against: HCV, influenza A and B, RSV, SARS CoV-2.

icosahedral

one form of viral nucleocapsid symmetry is termed _______. In this form of symmetry, the capsomers are arranged in 20 triangles that form a symmetric figure (an icosahedron) with the approximate outline of a sphere. -these can either be enveloped or non-enveloped.

genomic seqeuence

how are viruses classified?

cytoplasm

hox viruses differ from other DNA viruses because they replicate in the ________ instead of the nucleus. as a result, they have to encode their own proteins for replication - they encode their own DNA & RNA polymerases!!!!

fixed

icosahedral symmetric virus have a _____(fixed/non-fixed) volume

minus

in _____(plus/minus) sense viruses, the genome has to first be transcribed to make mRNA in order for the virus to replicate in the infected host cell.

budding

in the last step of viral replication, in which the newly assembled virions leave the host cell, enveloped viruses usually cause host cell ______(apoptosis/lysis/budding/replication)

lysis

in the last step of viral replication, in which the newly assembled virions leave the host cell, nonenveloped viruses usually cause host cell ______(necrosis/lysis/budding/replication)

strain

in viral ICTV classification, the ______ groups virueses based on a particular host or to a specific geography. a. species/subspecies b. order c. family/subfamily d. genus/subgenus e. serotype f. isolate g. strain

genus/subgenus

in viral ICTV classification, the ______ groups virueses based on genome organization/size and sequence homologies. a. species/subspecies b. order c. family/subfamily d. genus/subgenus e. serotype f. isolate g. strain

serotype

in viral ICTV classification, the ______ groups virueses distinguished by a common set of antigens a. species/subspecies b. order c. family/subfamily d. genus/subgenus e. serotype f. isolate g. strain

species/subspecies

in viral ICTV classification, the ______ groups virueses that all occupy a particular ecological niche. a. species/subspecies b. order c. family/subfamily d. genus/subgenus e. serotype f. isolate g. strain

isolate

in viral ICTV classification, the ______ groups virueses that has resulted from being isolated from a host or the environment. a. species/subspecies b. order c. family/subfamily d. genus/subgenus e. serotype f. isolate g. strain

family/subfamily

in viral ICTV classification, the ______ groups viruses based on genome organization & gene arrangement. a. species/subspecies b. order c. family/subfamily d. genus/subgenus e. serotype f. isolate g. strain

order

in viral ICTV classification, the ______ of a family of viruses is based on the general genome organization of the virus (eg: is it single stranded? double stranded? RNA/DNA?) a. species/subspecies b. order c. family d. genus/subgenus e. serotype f. isolate g. strain

late

in virus terminology, ______(early/late) genes are associated with expression & replication of structural, capsid proteins.

early

in virus terminology, ______(early/late) genes are those that are used to replicate the viral genome

tropism

A ______ defines which cells or cell-type are infected by the virus (eg, what host cells the virus targets.

helical

All human viruses that have a ______ symmetry are enveloped

pandemic

An ________(endemic/pandemic/epidemic) is defined as a worldwide epidemic

endemic

An ________(endemic/pandemic/epidemic) is defined as continuous transmission within a population

epidemic

An ________(endemic/pandemic/epidemic) is defined as peaks of disease above baseline or expected rate

envelope

Some viruses have a___________(helical/envelop/capsid/nuceleocapsid), which is a lipoprotein membrane composed of lipid derived from the host cell membrane and protein that is virus-specific. -Furthermore, there are frequently glycoproteins in the form of spikelike projections on the surface, which attach to host cell receptors during the entry of the virus into the cell.

non-nucleoside

The first set of drugs utilized as HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors where nucleoside analogs. However, reverse transcriptase's ability to quickly mutate confered resistance to these drugs. As a result, a new class of drugs, called __________inhibitors were made, which act by binding to reverse transcriptase but NOT at the active site & work by blocking reverse transcriptase from moving so that HIV viral replication can not occur. -Specifically, these drugs bind non-substrate binding pocket of HIV RT. Inhibit enzymatic activity

parvo

The genome of all DNA viruses consists of double-stranded DNA, except for the ______ viruses, which have a single-stranded DNA genome. a. pox b. retro c. parvo d. herpes e. papilloma

reo

The genome of all RNA viruses consists of single-stranded RNA, except for members of the _____virus family, which have a double-stranded RNA genome. a. pox b. reo c. parvo d. herpes e. papilloma f. retro

capsid

The shape of virus particles is determined by the arrangement of the repeating subunits that form the protein coat, called the ______, of the virus. -the _____ surrounds the virus's genome.

nucleocapsid

The structure composed of the nucleic acid genome and the capsid proteins is called the ________. viral ______ have 1 of 2 forms of symmetry: icosahedral helical

incubation

The time between initial infection of an infection and the presentation of viral symptoms is known as the ______(stable/incubation/unstable/burst/asymptomatic) period.

capsid

The______ proteins of a viral structure functions to protect the genome DNA or RNA from degradation by nucleases

parvo

Unlike all other DNA viruses, the _______ virus replicated in the cytoplasm of the host cell & has to carry their own polymerase within itself. -this DNA virus also has a single-stranded genome.

DNA

____(RNA/DNA) virus genomes are linear or circular, with most human _____ viruses having icosahedral capsid symmetry

enveloped

____(enveloped/non-enveloped) viruses enter the host cell (after attachment) via fusion of the virus with the cell membrane. )

non-enveloped

____(enveloped/non-enveloped) viruses enter the host cell (after attachment) via receptor mediated endocytosis

small

____(large/small) DNA viruses replicate their genome utilizing HOST DNA polymerase.

large

____(large/small) DNA viruses replicate their genome utilizing VIRAL DNA polymerase.

gaunosine

______ analogs are the best way to block viral DNA polymerase from functioning, ensuring that viral replication does not occur.

viruses

______ are defined as a colleciton of genetic information inside a protective protein coat. -all _____ are obligate intracellular pathogens that require host machinery to replicate & cannnot replicate/divide on their own.

minus

a _____(plus/minus) stranded genome for a RNA virus must transcribe its own mRNA using its genome. Since host cells do not have an RNA polymerase capable of using RNA as a template, these virus carry its own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

viral

adenovirus & herpes virus are both large DNA viruses, meaning that they utilize ____(viral/host) nucleic acid synthesis proteins.

cytoplasm

after uncoating, all RNA viruse genomes are found in the ________, except for influenza & retrovirus.

DNA

all _____(DNA/RNA) viruses replicate in the nucleus & utilize the host cell's DNA-dependent RNA polymerase to generate their mRNA. the poxviruses are an exception to this rule.

enveloped

all _____(enveloped/non-enveloped) viruses have a capsid (nucleocapsid) surrounded by a lipid bilayer that has viral proteins protruding from it. All viruses with this structure are not stable in the environment. examples include: HIV-1 VZV (chicken pox) influenza

helical

all _____(icosahedral/helical) capsids are minus stranded genomes for RNA viruses.

stable

all non-enveloped viruses are ______(unstable/stable) in many different environments.

Picorna

all of the following are characteristics associated with the ______ virus family:RNA Genome •Positive sense, single stranded (~ 9 kb), Icosahedral capsid symmetry, & Cytoplasmic replication Examples: •Rhinovirus (HRV14) •EV-D68 •Poliovirus

non-enveloped

all of the following are examples of _____(enveloped/non-enveloped) viruses: 1. poliovirus 2. adenovirus 3. FMDV

C

all of the following criteria & examples describe a category ______(A/B/C/D/E) virus. ex: emerging viruses • readily available. • easy to produce and disseminate. potential for high morbidity and mortality and major health impact

B

all of the following criteria & examples describe a category ______(A/B/C/D/E) virus. ex: encephalitis viruses • moderately easy to disseminate • cause moderate morbidity and low mortality • require specific enhancements of CDC's diagnostic capacity and enhanced disease surveillance.

A

all of the following criteria & examples describe a category ______(A/B/C/D/E) virus. ex: smallpox, viral hemorrhagic fevers. • easily disseminated or transmitted person-to-person. • cause high mortality, with potential for major public health impact. • might cause public panic and social disruption. • require special action for public health preparedness.

fecal-oral

all viruses that are transmitted by the _____(respiratory/fecal-oral/bodily-fluid/bloodborne) route do not have an envelope; that is, they are naked nucleocapsid viruses. -These include viruses such as hepatitis A virus, poliovirus, Coxsackie virus, echovirus, Norwalk virus, and rotavirus

helical

all viruses with _____(helical/icosahedral) symmetry are rodlike or filamentous structures that are all enveloped. viruses with this symmetry have an open conformation that is not fixed - the size is adjustable.

host

both papilloma & polyoma are small DNA viruses, meaning that they rely on utilization of _____(host/viral) DNA polymerase for replication of viral genome.

uncleavable substrate mimics

drugs called __________ target viral assemby by blocking the active site of the HIV protease. As a result, the HIV protease can not cleave the long, polypeptide chain into its constituent parts to form the mature, functioning form of the viral protein. these drugs mimic the peptide the HIV protease is supposed to cleave, but are not able to be cleaved - inhibit HIV assembly.

nucleoside

drugs that inhibit replication, by acting as reverse transcriptase inhibitors, include: ____(nucleoside/guanosine/nucleotide/pyrophosphate) analogs. All these drugs function to inhibit HIV through modification. function as pyrimidine analogs. -they all have a chemical group that prevents extension of the viral chain (cause chain termination of nascent viral HIV chain). -in order to work, they require phosphorylation.

incubation

during the __________(latent/asymptomatic/viremia/systemic/tropic/ incubation) period of viral infection, the following occur: •the virus has initial replication at site of infection •Spread to target tissues (tropism)

acute followed by chronic

one type of pattern of viral infection & disease is called _______. in this pattern, the symptoms of the virus go away, but the virus never goes away. Instead, low levels of the virus will exist in the individual for the rest of their life. the level of virus produced consistently throughout life is called the set point. •Initial infection and partial clearance •Persistent infection and production of virus Examples: •Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) •Tumors (Cancer) what pattern of infection is this? a. acute followed by clearance b. acute followed by latency c. acute followed by chronic d. acute followed by infection

acute followed by clearance

one type of pattern of viral infection & disease is called _______. in this pattern, the virus is either localized or disseminated & will be ultimately eradicated. Examples: •Colds or Respiratory Infections •Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses •Variola (Smallpox) •Influenza what pattern of infection is this? a. acute followed by clearance b. acute followed by latency c. acute followed by chronic d. acute followed by infection

acute followed by latency

one type of pattern of viral infection & disease is called _______. this pattern is classified by persistance & reactivation. there is initial infection and apparent clearance. However, viral genomes maintained in specific tissues, cell types & reactivation can occur by physiological responses to external stimuli. Example: Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1) •Initial infection in epithelium (oral tissues) •Spread to neurons and maintenance of genomes in cell bodies •Reactivation by responses to stress what pattern of infection is this? a. acute followed by clearance b. acute followed by latency c. acute followed by chronic d. acute followed by infection

phosphonate

other drugs that function to inhibit viral DNA polymerase include: Adefovir (PMEA) & tenofovir (PMPA). these drugs are acyclic nucleoside ______(pyrophosphates/guanosines/phosphonates) & have activity against retroviruses and HBV.

pyrophosphate

other drugs that function to inhibit viral DNA polymerase include: Foscarnet (phosphonoformic acid). •foscarnet is an organic analog of inorganic __________ & acts directly on viral DNA polymerase. -this drug blocks the active site of the viral DNA polymerase & completely inhibits its ability to work.

influenza

out of all the helical RNA enveloped viruses, which has the most viral segments (has 8 viral segments) a. corona b. influenza c. measles d. lassa e. SARS f. ebola

diploid

retro viruses are the only RNA, icosahedral, single stranded viruses that are _____ (haploid/diploid).

reverse transcriptase

retroviruses have a positive-stranded, single-stranded RNA that is transcribed into double-stranded DNA by the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, termed ___________, which is carried by the virus. -This DNA copy is then transcribed into viral mRNA by the regular host cell RNA polymerase (polymerase II). Retroviruses are the only family of viruses that are diploid (i.e., that have two copies of their genome RNA).

co-receptor

the 2 anti-viral drugs listed below both function to inhibit the entry of the virus, specifically HIV, by inhibiting the attachment/expression of the _____(attachment protein/co-receptor) required for entry into the host cell. •maraviroc, CCR5 inhibitor •ibalizumab, anti-gp120 Mab

HIV

the 2 anti-viral drugs listed below both function to inhibit the entry of the virus, specifically _____(HPV/HIV/rubella/rabies) by inhibiting the attachment/expression of either the attachment protein (gp120) or the required chemokine co-receptor needed for entry into the host cell. •maraviroc, CCR5 inhibitor •ibalizumab, anti-gp120 Mab

enveloped

the RNA icosahedral viruses that are typically more severe in terms of symptoms & prognosis are typically _______(enveloped/non-enveloped). these are all plus stranded & single stranded & include: 1. flavi 2. toga (rubella) 3. retro (HIV1)

reo

the ______ viral family, is the only double stranded RNA virus which is icosahedral, & naked. one member of this group is the rotavirus.

maraviroc

the anti-viral drug _______, which is a coreceptor antagonist that inhibits entry of HIV into the host cell (via blocking entry step of viral process), functions to inhibit CCR5, which is the chemokine co-receptor required for entry into the cell after gp120 (on the viral particle) binds to CD4 on the host cell. a. IDU b. baloxavir marboxil c. maraviroc d. ibalizumab

both

to replicate the viral genome once inside the cell & after viral gene expression has occurred, _______ sense RNA Viruses utilize Viral RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase (Replicase) to replicate their genome. a. plus b. minus c. both d. neither

ibalizumab

the anti-viral drug _______, which is an anti-gp120 monoclonal antibody, functions as an antagonist that inhibits entry of HIV into the host cell (via blocking entry step of viral process. this occurs bc the drug functions to inhibit binding of HIV's attachment protein (gp120), to the host cell's CD4 receptor. a. IDU b. baloxavir marboxil c. maraviroc d. ibalizumab e. enfuvirtide f. adamantanamine

CCR5

the anti-viral drug maraviroc is a coreceptor antagonist that inhibits entry of HIV into the host cell (via blocking entry step of viral process). Maraviroc functions to inhibit ________ which is the chemokine co-receptor required for entry into the cell after gp120 (on the viral particle) binds to CD4 on the host cell. a. VP1 b. ICAM-1 c. VP1 d. HA e. CCR5

enfuvirtide

the anti-viral, ________, functions to inhibit the entry of the HIV virus into the cell by inhibiting fusion of the gp41 peptide with the host cell membrane. a. IDU b. baloxavir marboxil c. maraviroc d. ibalizumab e. enfuvirtide f. adamantanamine

gp41

the anti-viral, enfuvirtide , functions to inhibit the entry of the HIV virus into the cell by inhibiting fusion of the ____(gp120/CCR5/gp41/ICAM/NA/HA) peptide with the host cell membrane.

M2

the best way to block the uncoating step in the viral process is seen through a drug associated with influenza type A. these drugs are called adamontanamine derivates & function to block the _______(NA/H+/M2/gp41/CCR5) ion channel, which prevents uncoating & maturation of HA. problem: rapid development of resistance towards these drugs. ex: amantadine & rimantadine

A

the best way to block the uncoating step in the viral process is seen through a drug associated with inhibition of influenza type_____(A/B/C/D/E). these drugs are called adamontanamine derivates & function to block the M2 ion channel, which normally allows for acidification & thus, permits the viral genome to be free inside the host cell. However, these drugs function to prevent uncoating & maturation of HA. problem: rapid development of resistance towards these drugs. ex: amantadine & rimantadine

guanosine

the drug ACV functions as a _______ analog & requires phosphorylation by viral thymidine kinase to inhibit formation of HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV by blocking viral DNA polymerase.

thymidine kinase

the drug ACV functions as a guanosine analog & requires phosphorylation by viral ___________ to inhibit formation of HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV by blocking viral DNA polymerase.

GCV

the drug _______ is an updated version of the original viral DNA Polymerase inhibitor & functions to have selectivity against CMV & HSV.

ACV

the drug _________ functions as a guanosine analog, with selectivity against alpha herpes strands (HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV). this drug has the following steps: 1.Requires phosphorylation by viral thymidine kinase. 2. specifically inhibits viral DNA polymerase by competition with GTP. 3.Chain termination of nascent DNA by incorporation of _____. a. IDU b. baloxavir marboxil c. maraviroc d. ibalizumab e. enfuvirtide f. ACV g. HSV h. adamantanamine

cidofovir

the drug _____________(foscarnet/cidofovir/adefovir/tenofovir) is a nucleoside analog of cytosine with a phosphonate group. in vitro, this anti-viral drug, which functions to inhibit viral DNA polymerase, has activity against: •HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, CMV, EBV, adenovirus, HPV, human polyoma virus.

IMP dehydrogenase

the drug ribavirin functions to inhibit _________, which is required to form GTP. Since GTP is a limiting nucleoside in RNA synthesis, decreasing the amout of GTP in nucleoside pools decreases the ability of viruses to replicate.

alpha

the drug, acyclovir, is a guanosine analog that is a very effective inhibitor against _____(beta/alpha/delta/epsilon) herpes viruses, including HSV1, HSV2, &VZV. -this drug requires phosphorylation by viral thymidine kinase to be incorporated into the viral DNA chain. Upon incorporation, it causes chain terminal & also inhibits the newly formed virus to be transported out of the cell, resulting in very high intracellular levels of ACV-P.

endonuclease

the flu virus, which is an RNA virus that replicates in the nucleus, has _______ activity so that it can take a 7-methyl G-cap from host-mRNA & put this on the viral mRNA formed. this allows the viral mRNA to be recognized by the host ribosomes, permitting for translation. the drugs Baloxavir/marboxil (Xofluza) function to block the _______ activity of the flu. a. exonuclease b. polymerase c. endonuclease d. DNA polymerase e. RNA polymerase

NA inhibitors

the main anti-viral drugs utilized for the flu are termed __________, which function to inhibit the activity of the virus's enzyme that typically cleaves the host cell's sialic acid (which binds to the newly formed influenza HA molecules). As a result, the newly formed viral molecules are able to be appropriately released from the prior host cell & able to infect/replicate inside a new host cell.

icosahedral

the majority of _____(icosahedral/helical) capsids are plus stranded genomes for RNA viruses. this means that the virus's genome serves as the mRNA (no transcription has to occur).

RNA polymerase

the plus stranded RNA viruses are already in the form of mRNA. As a result, they do not need to undergo transcription & instead can immediately begin translation utilizing the host's ____________. a. RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase. b. DNA polymerase c. ribosome d. RNA polymerase e. DNA polymerase

uncoating

the third step of entry of a virus into the host cell is called _______, in which the viral genome is delivered into cell cytoplasm or nucleus. -the way this is accomplished differs depending on how the virus entered the host cell (eg, whether it used endocytosis or fusion).

CD4

to attach to the host cell membrane, HIV utilizes its attachment protein, gp120, which attaches to ______ & a chemokine receptor. the cell HIV wants to infect has to express BOTH these proteins.

passive immunization

to inhibit the first step of viral replication (attachment), _________ is utilized. a. active immunization b. passive immunization c. adamantanamine d. baloxavir marboxil e. IDU

both

to leave the host cell in the final step of viral replication (egression), non-enveloped viruses leave the host cell by a. apoptosis b. lysis c. neither d. both

viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase

to replicate the viral genome once inside the cell & after viral gene expression has occurred, both plus & minus sense RNA Viruses utilize_________, also called transcriptase, to replicate their genome. a. host DNA dependent RNA polymerase b. viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase c. viral DNA dependent DNA polymerase d. host RNA dependent RNA polymerase

pox

unlike all other DNA viruses, the _____(retro/pox/filo/parvo) viruses do not replicate in the nucleus & utilize the host's DNA dependent RNA polymerase. Instead, they replicate in the cytoplasm, where they do not have access to the host cell RNA polymerase. They therefore carry their own polymerase within the virus particle.

hepadna (hep B)

unlike other DNA viruses, which are usually double stranded genomes, the _____ virus, serves as an exception, having a genome with a partially single-stranded region a. parvo b. hepadna c. polyma d. retro e. irido f. herpes

complex

unlike other viruses, the COX viral family has a ________ symmetry. a. helical b. capsid c. icosahedral d. complex

Picorna

what RNA, positive sense, single stranded viral family causes disease in the following locations? Respiratory, GI, cardiac, hepatic illness

polymerases

what do RNA viruses bring in to the host cell & utilize for replication?

sialic acid

what does influenza's binding protein (HA) bind to on the host cell? a. glycoproteins b. NA c. gp120 d. sialic acid e. ICAM-1

gp120

what is HIV's attachment protein? a. HA b. gp140 c. VP1 d. NA e. VP2 f. gp120

HA

what is influenza's attachment protein? a. HA b. gp140 c. VP1 d. NA e. VP2 f. gp120

VP1

what is rhinovirus's attachment protein? a. HA b. gp140 c. VP1 d. NA e. VP2 f. gp120

HSV-1

what virus is an example of an acute infection followed by latent infection? a. retro b. HSV-1 c. HBV d. polio e. rhinoviruses

NA

when the influenza virus is trying to leave the host cell after replication, it utilizes its protein _____(HIVprotease/NA/gp120/gp41/VP1) to cleave the HA of the virus from sticking to the sialic acid of the host cell, allowing it to be free to infect the next cell.