Volcanoes, Earthquakes, Earth's History/Geologic Time Reduced Unit

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surface waves

Rayleigh waves and Love waves; slowest but most damaging waves

fault

a break in rock layers where movement causes an earthquake

unconformity

a gap or missing layer in a rock column

Ring of Fire

a region around the Pacific Ocean containing most of Earth's active volcanoes

nonexplosive

a type of eruption that produces lava flows or fountains

Sunset Crater

an example of a cinder cone volcano

Mount Fuji

an example of a composite volcano

Mauna Loa

an example of a shield volcano

seismograph

an instrument that records seismic waves

relative age

an object or event being older or younger than another

geologic time

broken into eons, eras, periods, and epochs

P waves

compression or push/pull waves; fastest seismic waves

pyroclastic flows

dangerous volcanic materials such as volcanic bombs, lapilli, and ash

farther

distance at which an earthquake occurred if there is a large time gap between the P waves and S waves

closer

distance at which an earthquake occurred if there is a small time gap between the P waves and S waves

4.6 billion years

estimated age of Earth and the solar system

fossil

evidence of past life; most commonly preserved in sedimentary rock

tsunami

large powerful wave that forms after an underwater earthquake, volcano or landslide

eon

largest unit of geologic time

solids, liquids, gases

material(s) through which P waves can travel

solids only

material(s) through which S waves can travel

magma

molten rock found underneath Earth's surface

earthquake

movement of the ground caused by the sudden release of energy

index fossil

must come from a species that existed for a short period of time

catastrophism

principle that states geologic events are rare and sudden

uniformitarianism

principle that states geologic processes are slow and gradual

superposition

principle that states that younger rocks lie above older rocks if the layers have not been disturbed

Mercalli Scale

ranks an earthquake based on the damage caused

Richter Scale / Moment Magnitude Scale

ranks an earthquake based on the energy released

S waves

shear or side-to-side waves; can only go through solids

era

shorter than an eon, longer than a period

period

smaller than an era, longer than an epoch

epoch

smallest unit of geologic time

plate boundaries

the location on Earth where most earthquakes occur

correlation

the matching of rock layers from different areas in terms of age

lava

the name for magma that reaches Earth's surface

epicenter

the point on the surface directly above the focus of an earthquake

focus

the point underground where an earthquake occurs

seismogram

the record or tracing of an earthquake's seismic waves

cinder cone

the smallest type of volcano with explosive eruptions

composite volcano

the type of volcano with explosive and nonexplosive eruptions

shield volcano

the type of volcano with very long, gentle slopes and nonexplosive eruptions

seismic waves

the way an earthquake's energy travels through the body and surface of Earth

explosive

type of eruption that produces clouds of ash and debris


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