VTNE 7: Dentistry

Which of the following teeth are not normally present in the adult cat?

(^/V 1)P(^/V 1) and (V 2)P(V 2)

Which of the following statements accurately describe feline cervical line lesions/feline neck lesions/feline resorptive lesions?

-aggressive dental carries that result in root resorption and tooth loss -present with raspberry seed-type sign at the base of tooth where it meets gingival margin -commonly find more than one in the oral cavity

What is the proper dilution of chlorhexidine solution for use in the mouth?

0.2%

A sulcus depth </= ____mm is normal in a cat

1

Which of the following mm increments do periodontal probes with Williams markings have?

1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10

When comparing the size of the upper canine tooth, __________ of the tooth is exposed versus below the gumline.

1/3

Using the modified Triadan system, the right maxillary teeth would be in the ____ series.

100

How many incisors are present in the adult equine patient?

12

The dental formula for the permanent teeth in the dog is:

2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3) = 42

A symmetrical malocclusion in which the mandible is caudal to the maxilla is a class _____________________________

2 mandibular distoclusion

Which of the following correctly describes the adult feline dental formula?

2 x [I 3/3:C 1/1:P 3/2:M 1/1]

Which of the following correctly describes the lagomorph dental formula?

2 x {I 2/1:C 0/0:P 3/2:M 3/3}

Which of the following correctly describes the puppy dental formula?

2 x {i 3/3: c 1/1:p 3/3}

When using motorized equipment for an equine prophy, speeds should range from ________________ to prevent thermal damage.

2000-3000 rpm

Using the Triadan system, the proper way to describe a dog's first maxillary left permanent premolar is:

205

Horses have ____ deciduous teeth.

24

How many maxillary and mandibular premolars does the cat have in one half of the mouth?

3 in the maxilla and 2 in the mandible

A symmetrical malocclusion in which the mandible is rostral to the maxilla is termed a class ________________

3 mandibular mesoclusion

The normal sulcus depth in the dog is:

3 mm

How many teeth does an adult cat have under normal conditions?

30

When taking radiographs of the canine tooth in a large breed dog, what size of dental film should be used to ensure that the whole tooth is included?

4

At what age do the permanent canine and premolar teeth in dogs generally erupt?

4-6 months

Using the Triadan system, the proper way to describe a cat's first mandibular right molar is:

409

The normal adult canine mouth has how many permanent teeth?

42

Ideally, the cutting edge of the scaler should be held at what angle to the tooth surface?

45-90 degrees

When brushing a pet-patient's teeth, which angle should the brush be held at?

45-degree angle

Fluoride treatments should be left on the surfaces of the teeth for ___________ before gently removing excess with gauze.

5 min

At what age do premolars erupt in foals?

5-7 days after birth

What is the minimum age for a cat to have all of its permanent teeth?

6 months

The pulp canal of a tooth contains:

Blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissues

Abbreviations are commonly used in veterinary practice and some abbreviations are exclusive to dental terminology. Which abbreviation best aligns with the complicated crown fracture?

CCF

Which abbreviation best aligns with a complicated crown and root fracture?

CCRF

Pocket depth is measured from the:

Current free gingival margin to the bottom of the gingival sulcus

What members of the veterinary staff make up the oral health care team?

DVM, vet tech, receptionists

The free or marginal gingiva:

Forms the gingival sulcus around the tooth

Dry socket is more likely to occur when one:

Overirrigates the tooth socket so that no clot can form

Gingivoplasty is the:

Removal of hyperplastic gingival tissue

A curette is used to:

Scale calculus from the tooth surface located in the gingival sulcus; may be used supra/or/subgingivally

What breed would be associated with a dolichocephalic head shape?

Seal point siamese

What is one reason that human toothpaste is not recommended for pets?

The fluoride content is too high

Which abbreviation best aligns with the uncomplicated crown fracture?

UCF

When using hand instruments to clean teeth:

Use a modified pen grasp with overlapping pull strokes that are directed away from the gingival margin.

Prognathism is a normal condition in brachycephalic breeds but is considered a genetic defect in other breeds. It is best characterized as:

a mandible that is longer than the maxilla

Brachygnathism is a genetic defect best characterized as

a maxilla that is longer than the mandible

For what is crown reduction and restoration used?

a palatal trauma caused by a lingually displaced mandibular canine

Stomatitis is NOT a ________________ dental condition

a preventable

A dental bur refers to:

a working tip that is placed on a handpiece in order to cut through tooth or bone by a DVM

What term identifies the loss of tooth structure by an outside cause?

abrasion

An oronasal fistula can often occur secondary to:

abscess of the maxillary canine tooth

Hypodontia is defined as:

absence of only a few teeth

___________________ suture should be used following a significant extraction.

absorbable

When conduction a tooth-by tooth evaluation with dental radiographs, when is the client given the total estimate for care?

after the evaluation is completed while the patient is still anesthetized

The maxillary nerve block will anesthetize:

all the maxillary teeth on the injected side

A genetic disorder resulting in the absence of all teeth is termed:

anodontia

Another term for rostral crossbite is:

anterior crossbite

In patients with severe, chronic periodontal disease, medications can be administered before a dental cleaning is performed. What is the most common type of medication chosen for these animals?

antimicrobials

Nerves and blood vessels enter the tooth through the:

apical delta

What is the best time to use the extraction forceps?

at the end of the procedure when the tooth is very mobile

What term identifies the wearing away of enamel by tooth-against-tooth contact during mastication?

attrition

The flap side of the dental film should face:

away from the tube head

A malocclusion in which the canines erupt in an overly upright position, or the mandible is narrowed, is known as:

base-narrow mandibular canines

Epulis are the most common ________________ soft-tissue tumor found in the oral cavity.

benign

Chlorhexidine contributes to dental prophylaxis by:

bonding to the cell membrane and inhibiting bacterial growth

A bulldog would be described as having what type of head shape?

brachycephalic

In equine patients, the ______________ teeth fully erupt between 4-5 years and are normally long and hard enough to survive for the life of the individual.

brachydont

The term that best describes a dog with an abnormally short mandible is:

brachygnathism

What is the cause of gingival hyperplasia?

breed predisposition, inflammatory response to bacteria

All of the following factors must be considered when aging a horse:

breed, environmental conditions, injury

The permanent lower canines erupt ____________ to the deciduous canines.

buccal

The heaviest calculus deposition in dogs and cats is typically located on the:

buccal surfaces of the upper cheek teeth

Normal scissor occlusion is when the maxillary fourth premolars occlude:

buccally to the mandibular first molar

What breed is prone to lip fold dermatitis?

bulldogs

Why would thermal bone injury be a complication of tooth extraction?

bur will overheat and damage the soft tissue and bone

After plaque bacteria have formed on the tooth, the bacteria will absorb calcium from the saliva to form what substance?

calculus

When grading furcation involvement, which of the following descriptions would be termed Grade 1?

can be felt with the probe/explorer, but horizontal tissue destruction is <1/3 of the horizontal width

Which teeth in the equine patient are brachydont?

canine and wolf teeth

________________, or tooth decay, can readily begin on biting surfaces of posterior teeth, in pits, fissures, and defects of the enamel.

caries

Caries are extremely rare in __________________

cats and small breed dogs

Tooth resorption lesions first appear clinically in the cat at the:

cementoenamel junction

A thin layer of bony material that fixes teeth to the jaw is:

cementum

What mineralized tissue covers the root of the tooth?

cementum

Dentin is covered by:

cementum and enamel

An adult equine mouth normally contains 24 ____________.

cheek teeth

The term "buccal" identifies the tooth surface facing the:

cheeks

The occlusal surface is defined as the:

chewing surface of the tooth

Which of the following antiseptics are considered choice oral rinses for horses?

chlorhexidine gluconate

Which of the following statements about canine toy breeds is true?

chronic impaction of incisor teeth with hair and debris often results in a chronic osteomyelitis

When referring to dental-related conditions, staging is a way to:

classify severity, complexity, and extent of disease

When assessing and quantifying gingivitis, the modified Loe and Silness index is often referred to. According to this index, a gingival index 0 indicates:

clinically healthy gingiva

Epulides are best described as:

common types of lumps on gum tissue due to long-term inflammation and hyperplasia

What is a consideration the veterinary team should take into account after giving clients instructions for a daily dental home care program?

compliance rates - likelihood or capability to follow through on a regular basis

Oligodontia is defined as:

congenital absence of many, but not all, teeth

Cleft palate is defined as:

congenital condition resulting in opening of the hard palate in the mouth +/- the lip

What is the purpose of the water spray on ultrasonic scaler?

cool the tip of the instrument and cool the tooth to prevent pulp damage

What inheritable oral condition, causing a non-neoplastic bone formation, is primarily seen in West Highland white terriers?

cranial mandibular osteodystrophy

Removal of calculus and necrotic cementum from the tooth roots is called:

curettage

What is the main purpose of premolar teeth?

cutting and breaking

Prevention of periodontal disease involves all of the following:

daily teeth brushing or mouth rinsing, routine professional scaling and polishing, proper diet

A client would like to know what chew toy would be safest for her dog's teeth. You suggest that she is best to give "Fido" a:

dense rubber exerciser

Periodontal disease is the result of the inflammatory process to:

dental plaque

As part of normal tooth development, which part of the tooth widens?

dentin

Most abnormal dental conditions experienced by lagomorphs and rodents are a result of:

diet, environment, husbandry

Enamel hypoplasia is sometimes referred to as _____________, a condition in which sections of the tooth enamel are pitted or discolored.

distemper teeth

If a tooth is fractured and there is a black spot in the center of the cut surface, into which you can place a dental explorer, the best treatment would be:

either a root canal or an extraction

Teeth that grow throughout an equine patient's life are termed:

elodont

A dog exposed to distemper as a puppy may develop which of the following oral conditions?

enamel hypoplasia

Polishing is an important aspect of prophy as a rough surface will:

enhance plaque retention

While performing a routine prophylactic dentistry, the vet tech notes a large, red raised lesion on the lip of her feline patient. The client noted that the lesion "comes and goes." What is a reasonable differential for this lesion?

eosinophilic ulcer

____________ refers to a rare, occasionally neoplastic condition seen in the oral cavity of horses.

epulis

Which of the following species have continually growing teeth?

equine, rabbit, rat

What instrument is used to detect subgingival calculus?

explorer

All of the following are preventative measures that can be taken to prevent malocclusion:

extraction of persistent primary teeth, interceptive orthodontics, removable orthodontic devices

The most obvious clinical sign of an abscessed tooth root is:

facial wound below the pet's eye and/or gums

A pseudopocket can be defined as:

false pocket

The distal tooth surface describes the surface of a tooth that is:

farthest from the midline

Another term for neck lesions often seen on feline teeth is:

feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions

The most common dental procedure performed on a horse is:

floating

All of the following instruments may be used to remove deciduous cheek tooth remnants:

forceps, elevators, dental picks

Odontoblasts are responsible for:

formation of dentin

How are odontoclastic resorptive lesions best detected in cats?

full mouth radiographs (10 to 20)

What term identifies the space between the roots of the same tooth?

furcation

Two tooth buds that grow together to form one larger tooth is referred to as

fusion

The term for a tooth that has one root but two crowns is:

gemini

A complete oral examination is only possible with:

general anesthesia and appropriate instrumentation

The periodontium includes the periodontal ligament and all of the following:

gingiva, cementum, alveolar bone

Excessive growth of gingival tissue is termed:

gingival hyperplasia

The shrinkage of free gingiva in the presence of bacteria, plaque, and/or dental calculus is termed:

gingival recession

When inspecting the pathology of a patient during an oral assessment, one would look at:

gingival recession, mobility, furcation exposure, lesions/masses/abrasions/lacerations, facial/dental asymmetry, fractures, retained deciduous teeth, tooth loss, gingival inflammation, fistulas, calculus/plaque, coronal defects, pulp exposure

Equine cheek teeth are used primarily for:

grinding and mastication

Which material is used to fill the pulp chamber inside the tooth during root canal therapy?

gutta percha

What is the first sign that owners see that alerts them to the fact that their pet may have dental disease?

halitosis

In veterinary dentistry, chlorhexidine solutions are used because they:

have antibacterial properties

Deciduous incisors:

have roots that are long, thin, and fragile

Topical fluoride:

helps to desensitize teeth and to strengthen enamel against cariogenic bacteria that cause cavities

All of the following are complications that may result from extraction:

hemorrhage, jaw fracture, oronasal fistula

_________________ bone loss occurs in cases of periodontal disease.

horizontal

When grading tooth mobility, which of the following corresponds to Grade 1?

horizontal movement <1 mm

When grading tooth mobility, which of the following grades corresponds to a Grade 2?

horizontal movement >1 mm

The bisecting angle principle states that the plane of an x-ray beam should be 90 degrees to the:

imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the tooth's long axis and the film plane

The most common mistake made in treating periodontal disease is:

inadequate root planing

Which teeth are the most appropriate for determining the age of horses?

incisors

What is the LEAST effective method of local anesthesia in dental patients?

infiltration or splash block

Stomatitis is defined as:

inflammation of the mouth's soft tissue

__________________ resorption primarily affects the pulp.

internal

Local antibiotic therapy is provided:

into the periodontal pocket

Luxation of a tooth can be termed as:

intrusion, extrusion, d. Avulsion

Applying fluoride and rinsing with diluted chlorhexidine at the same time:

is less effective, because the binding of one product may inactivate the other

Which of the following statements regarding enamel is true?

is relatively nonporous and impervious

A biopsy report confirms that an oral mass is an acanthomatous ameloblastoma or an acanthomatous epulis. Which of the following statements is true regarding this growth?

it is a nonmalignant tumor

Tooth extractions do not require scrubbing in or gowning/closed gloving because:

it is considered a non-sterile/contaminated procedure

The surface of the tooth toward the lips is known as the:

labial

The surface of the tooth toward the tongue is:

lingual

When polishing teeth using an air-driven unit, at what speed should the hand piece be set?

low speed

Canine teeth are always present in _____ horses.

male

The most common dental problem found in rodents is:

malocclusion

The placement of an esophagostomy feeding tube benefits the dental patient after which procedure?

mandibulectomy or maxillectomy

The upper fourth premolar communicates with the:

maxillary sinus

Which teeth on each side of the dog's mouth have three roots?

maxillary: fourth premolars and first and second molars

The surface of the tooth that is closest to the midline of the face is known as:

mesial

How long does it take plaque to accumulate on a clean tooth surface?

minutes

From birth to 9 months of age, what conditions may be present in the oral cavity?

missing teeth, extra teeth, abnormal jaw length

When assessing and quantifying gingivitis, a gingival index 2 according to the Loe and Silness index indicates:

moderate gingivitis, with gentle probing resulting in bleeding

Which of the following systemic factors may affect enamel development?

nutritional deficiency

Which cells are responsible for destroying the hard surfaces of the root?

odontoclasts

Vital pulp therapy refers to:

operating outright on the pulp on a live tooth

Which disease causes a cat to start spontaneously and aggressively pawing at the face and mouth and to cry out in pain?

orofacial pain syndrome

Parrot mouth in foals is also known as a:

overbite

How does tracheal rupture occur in feline dental patients?

overinflation of the endotracheal tube cuff

What best describes the modified pen grasp?

pads of the index finger and thumb oppose each other on the handle closest to the working end

The only radiographic view that can be made with a true parallel technique is:

parallel mandibular view

A periodontal pocket is defined as:

pathologically deepened gingival sulcus around the tooth at the gingival margin

Which discipline deals with dental conditions specific to puppies and kittens?

pedodontics

What term identifies a protein film that covers all intraoral surfaces?

pellicle

The application of time-released antibiotics directly within the oral cavity refers to:

perioceutics

What is the most common dental disease found in dogs and cats?

periodontal disease

Furcation exposure occurs as a sequela to:

periodontal disease, bone loss, gingival recession

The inflammatory reactions in periodontitis result in the destruction of which of the following structures?

periodontal ligament, alveolar bone

What tissues are part of the periodontium?

periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, gingiva

A class 2 furcation occurs when:

periodontal probe can pass more than halfway through furcation but does not exit the opposing aspect

Vet techs are NOT permitted to perform:

periodontal surgery

The bisecting angle technique involves directing the central beam ____________________ to the line that bisects the angle formed by the film and long axis of the tooth.

perpendicular

The thin film covering a tooth that is composed of bacteria, saliva, and food particles is:

plaque

The crown of a tooth is defined as:

portion above the gum line and covered by enamel

A malocclusion in which the upper fourth premolar lies palatal to the first molars is known as:

posterior crossbite

Which of the following topics would be most helpful to discuss as a part of the discharge instructions after a dental cleaning?

postoperative complications, home care, dietary concerns

What is the purpose of properly cuffing the endotracheal tube securely and using gauze at the back of the patient's oral cavity during a dental procedure?

prevent fluids and debris from gaining access to the trachea

The instrument used to measure pocket depth is a periodontal _________________.

probe

What is epinephrine's role in local anesthesia in relation to a dental procedure?

prolongs the anesthetic through vasoconstriction

Which of the following safety items should be used when operating motorized dental instruments on the equine patient?

protective eyewear, air filter mask, ear protection

What is the function of the pulp of the tooth?

provide nutrition and sensation to the tooth

What is the purpose of a dentifrice when used in the dog and cat?

provides a pleasant taste and improves the effectiveness of brushing

The nerves and blood vessels of a tooth are located in the:

pulp cavity

In dental radiographs, periapical disease appears as a:

radiolucent area around the apex of the tooth

What is the purpose of dental radiographs?

reach a diagnosis, create a treatment plan, assess results following certain procedures

The ultimate purpose of anesthetized dental cleanings is:

reduce the incidence of gingivitis

Sometimes a 0.12%-chlorhexidine solution is sprayed in the patient's mouth before beginning dental prophylaxis. What is the benefit of this activity?

reduces the bacterial load in the mouth to reduce exposure to the technician who performs the procedure

Why would a vet tech lavage a pathological pocket with chlorhexidine?

remove bacteria, remove free-floating debris, prevent the formation of an abscess

What is the purpose of the irrigation and air syringes in dentistry?

remove calculus and contaminants after scaling, remove paste and debris after polishing, cool the tooth after ultrasonic scaling

When scaling a tooth that has a large amount of calculus, the process should occur in which order?

remove gross dental deposits with rongeurs or extraction forceps; remove residual supragingival deposits with hand instruments; use power scaler to remove remaining deposits

What is the purpose of polishing an animal's teeth following scaling?

remove microscopic grooves left by the scaling process above the gum line

What is the most common cause for dental malocclusions?

retained deciduous teeth

The goal of orthodontic care is to:

return the pet to a comfortable or functional bite

An older dog with dental disease is presented to the clinic with a draining tract below his right eye. What is the most likely cause?

right-sided maxillary carnassial tooth root abscess

To prep a patient for surgical tooth extraction, which of the following should occur?

rinse with chlorhexidine, scale, polish, rinse with chlorhexidine, then extract

___________________ refers to scraping of the cementum of the tooth root with a curette to smooth subgingival root surfaces and prevent or treat periodontitis.

root planing

Apical means "toward the _____________."

root tip

What is the directional term for "toward the front of the head"?

rostral

A malocclusion in which one or more of the upper incisor teeth are caudal to the lower incisors is known as:

rostral crossbite

Which dental radiographic projection images 301-304 and 401-404?

rostral mandibular view

Which dental radiographic projection images 101, 102, 103, 201, 202, 203?

rostral maxillary

When performing a dental prophylaxis, minimal safety equipment includes:

safety glasses, mask, and gloves

All of the following would be considered part of an oral assessment:

salivary glands, temporomandibular joint, facial bones and zygomatic arch

A scaler is used to:

scale large amounts of calculus from the tooth surface

What instrument is used for removal of supragingival calculus?

scaler

In normal occlusion, the bite can also be called a:

scissor bite

Prophylactic antibiotics are especially beneficial in:

senior patients with morbid conditions

When assessing and quantifying gingivitis, the modified Loe and Silness index is often referred to. According to this index, a gingival index 3 indicates:

severe gingivitis with spontaneous hemorrhage +/- ulceration of the gingival margin

What is the function of carnassial teeth?

shearing/cutting meat

Fractured deciduous teeth:

should be extracted

Which of the following instruments should be used to reduce the crown of sharp canine teeth?

small files

Primary teeth are _________________________.

smaller than permanent teeth with long, slender roots

Malocclusions can lead to dental disease for all of the following reasons:

soft-tissue trauma from teeth that are abnormally positioned, accelerated development of periodontal dz resulting from the lack of normal wear and normal flushing of teeth with saliva, abnormal wear of teeth resulting from malposition leading to fracture and pulp exposure

All of the following are common soft-tissue neoplasms seen in horses:

squamous cell carcinoma, sarcoid, ossifying fibroma

What stage of periodontal disease shows no change to the alveolar height, but includes mild gingival inflammation?

stage I

Erythematous, ulcerative, proliferative lesions affecting the gingiva, glosspolataline arches, tongue, lips, buccal mucosa, and/or hard palate are all signs of feline _____________

stomatitis

A common cause of excessive wear and attrition in teeth is:

stone chewing, playing ball, loss of teeth

The term polydontia refers to:

supernumerary teeth

The ultrasonic scaler may be used for:

supragingival and subgingival scaling

Which of the following is the correct definition for describing the palatal tooth surface?

surface of the tooth facing toward the maxillary hard palate

What drug should not be given to pregnant dogs because it may cause discoloration of the puppies' teeth?

tetracycline

If the lover incisors seem excessively loose in a brachycephalic or miniature-breed dog,

the depth of the gingival sulcus should be tested

Dental dysplasia is the abnormal development of teeth that involve which of the following?

the entire tooth

The first dental examination should occur when:

the patient is 6-8 weeks old

When grading furcation involvement, which of the following descriptions is termed Grade 3?

the probe can be passed through the furcation from buccal to palatal/lingual

The furcation is best described as:

the space between two roots where they meet the crown

The polishing instrument should be moved from tooth to tooth to prevent:

thermal damage to the pulp

An owner's goal when providing oral home care is:

to remove or reduce the accumulation of plaque

You are looking at your dental radiograph and notice that the tooth is elongated. This happened because the beam was perpendicular to the:

tooth

Which of the following is the single most effective means of removing plaque?

tooth brushing

When the pulp cavity of a tooth is exposed, what is the most appropriate procedure that should be performed?

tooth extraction or root canal therapy

The Triadan system is a:

tooth identification system designed to aid in dental charting

What is the general appearance of a Class 5 feline resorptive lesion?

tooth is not visible, only gum tissue

What are potential complications in oral pathology that may occur due to malocclusion?

tooth-on-tooth or tooth-on-tissue trauma, severe tooth wear or fractures, fistulas

Which of the following is a complication that might develop if a curette is used improperly?

torn epithelial attachment

The directional term "coronal" means:

toward the crown

Local factors that could affect enamel development include all of the following:

trauma, infection, bite injury

You have an instrument in your hand that has two sharp sides, a rounded back, and a rounded point. Which instrument are you holding?

universal curette

Dental film should be placed in the mouth with the dimple facing:

up and pointing rostrally

The carnassial teeth in dogs and cats are:

upper 4th premolars and lower first molars

Which tooth has three roots in both dogs and cats?

upper fourth premolar

To protect the pulp tissue of teeth from thermal damage during ultrasonic scaling, one should:

use constant irrigation

Between patients, it is best to maintain instruments in the following order:

use, wash, sharpen, sterilize

When grading tooth mobility, which of the following grades corresponds to a Grade 3?

vertical and horizontal movement

When inspecting the mucous membranes during an oral assessment, one would look at:

vesicle formation and ulceration

A malocclusion where one side of the mandible or maxilla is disproportionate to its other side is known as:

wry mouth