VTNE urinalysis

Urine samples collected in the morning from housebroken dogs tend to be a. Unacceptable for sediment analysis b. The most concentrated samples c. Bright orange d. The least concentrated samples

b

What change would not be seen in stale urine? a. Bacterial overgrowth b. Decrease in PH c. Cellular degeneration d. Cast degeneration

b

What test on the dipstick is the least useful in animals? a. Glucose b. Urobilinogen c. Protein d. Ketones

b

Which of the following substances is a by product of muscle metabolism, produced at a constant rate and filtered out by the renal glomeruli? a. Urea b. Creatinine c. Glucose d. Sodium

b

A kidney function test that is useful in birds and Dalmatians is a. BUN b. Creatinine c. Uric acid d. AST

c

A urine sample that shows 3+ occult blood on a dipstick and is red and clear would most likely contain a. Mucus b. RBC c. Hemoglobin d. Crystals

c

An ammonium biurate crystal is sometimes described as a. Shaped like an envelope b. Shaped like a pyramid c. Looking like a thorny apple d. Looking like a bicycle wheel

c

Anuria is a. Decrease urine output b. Decreased drinking c. Complete lack of urine production d. Excessive drinking

c

Bacteria in urine sediment may be confused with a. Fat droplets b. Sperm c. Amorphous phosphates or urates d. Calcium carbonate crystals

c

Casts seen in urine sediment are a. Mucous threads filled with amorphous sediment b. Always significant c. Formed in the renal tubules d. Artifacts

c

Dark yellow, cloudy urine generally would be expected to have a a. PH of 5.0 or below b. Low USG c. High USG d. PH of 8.0 or above

c

Normal voided urine is clear, except in which of the following species? a. Dogs b. Cats c. Horses d. Cows

c

Prerenal azotemia refers to a. Increases in BUN resulting from severe renal disease b. Decreases in BUN resulting from severe renal disease c. Increases in BUN resulting from dehydration, shock, and/or decreased blood flow to the kidneys d. Increases in BUN resulting from inability to urinate

c

Pus in the urine is called a. Dysuria b. Hematuria c. Pyuria d. Proteinuria

c

Struvite crystals is another name for a. Calcium carbonate crystals b. Calcium oxalate crystals c. Triple phosphate crystals d. Amorphous phosphate crystals

c

The ability of the renal tubules to concentrate or dilute a urine sample is assessed by what component of the urinalysis? a. PH b. Volume c. USG d. Examination of sediment

c

The best urine sample for culture is a a. Bladder expression b. Metabolism cage collection c. Cystocentesis d. Voided

c

The presence of protein in the urine may indicate a. Acid-base imbalance b. Hemolytic anemia c. Kidney disease d. Diabetes mellitus

c

USG is actually a measure of a. Liver function b. Renal glomerular function c. Renal tubular function d. Bladder function

c

Uric acid is major nitrogenous waste in a. Cattle b. Horses c. Birds d. Dogs

c

Urine samples should be centrifuged at a a. Low speed (1000-3000 RPM) for 20 minutes b. High speed (6000-12000 RPM) for 20 minutes c. Low speed (1000-3000 RPM) for 5 minutes d. High speed (6000-12000 RPM) for 5 minutes

c

What are the two preferred methods of collecting a urine sample for culture? a. Catheter and voiding b. Expressing the bladder and cystocentesis c. Cystocentesis and catheter d. Cystocentesis and voiding

c

What breed of dog has the most problems with uric acid stones? a. Basenji b. German shepherd c. Dalmatian d. Shetland sheepdog

c

What can you do if the USG of a sample is greater than 1.065? a. Multiply the results by 2 b. Dilute it 2:1 with distilled water c. Dilute it 1:2 with distilled water d. Read it using the total protein scale

c

What condition could result in myoglobinuria? a. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia b. Transfusion reaction c. Prolonged recumbency d. Overeating disease

c

What is the main constituent of a struvite crystal? a. Calcium carbonate b. Calcium oxalate c. Magnesium phosphate d. Silica

c

What type of cast is the most common found in urine? a. Leukocyte b. Waxy c. Granular d. Erythrocyte

c

What urinalysis finding is consistent with bacterial cystitis in the dog and cat? a. Oliguria b. Negative nitrate c. Alkaline PH d. Glycosuria

c

What urine sample collection would not be associated with traumatic hematuria? a. Catheter b. Manual expression c. Free catch d. Cystocentesis

c

When performing a urinalysis test, the sample should be analyzed within _____ minutes or refridgerated. a. 10 b. 20 c. 30 d. 40

c

Which of the following is false? a. Few hyaline or granular casts may be seen in normal urine b. All casts are cylindric with parallel sides c. Casts dissolve in acidic urine d. Casts may be disrupted with high speed centrifugation and rough sample handling

c

Which of the following regarding creatinine is false? a. Indicator of the glomerular filtration rate. b. Produced as a result of normal muscle metabolism c. Less reliable indicator of renal function than BUN d. Usually evaluated in conjunction with BUN and USG

c

Which test is the most accurate on a dipstick? a. Leukocytes b. USG c. PH d. Nitrites

c

A control should be run on the dipstick a. After the dipstick has been reconstituted b. Before each urinalysis is begun c. After each urinalysis is completed d. When there is a shift change is personnel

d

A drop of ____ added to the urine sediment lyses RBCs but not fat droplets. a. Physiologic saline b. Sedi-stain c. 3% potassium hydroxide d. Dilute acetic acid

d

A good initial urinary screening test for Cushings disease is a. Endogenous ACTH b. Low dose dexamethasone suppression test c. ACTH d. Cortisol/creatinine ratio

d

A normal adult horse would most likely have a urine PH of a. 5.5 b. 6.5 c. 7.0 d. 7.5

d

Aged urine left at room temp and exposed to UV light may cause a false positive of a. Ketones b. Protein c. Glucose d. Bilirubin

d

All of the following are assessed in a routine urinalysis, except a. PH b. Occult blood c. Uroglobinogen d. Bilirubin

d

Brown urine most likely contains a. Hemoglobin b. Bilirubin c. Bile pigments d. Myoglobin

d

Calcium oxalate crystals are a. Hexagonal b. Dark, needle rods c. Brown spheres with long spicules d. Small squares with an X

d

For determinnig specific gravity values, what is the order from most reliable to least reliable method? a. Urinometer, refractometer, reagent test strip b. Refractometer, reagent test strip, urinometer c. Reagent test strip, urinometer, refractometer d. Refractometer, urinometer, reagent test strip

d

How would you expect the USG of dilute, colorless urine to compare with that of dark yellow urine? a. Slightly higher b. Moderately higher c. Much higher d. Lower

d

Hyaline casts a. Are granular and contain WBC b. Are clear and red c. Are granular and contain fat d. Are clear and colorless

d

In what species is ketonuria most commonly found? a. Canine b. Feline c. Equine d. Bovine

d

Ketonuria is most commonly associated with what condition? a. Liver disease b. UTI c. Renal failure d. Diabetes mellitus

d

Leukocytes in the urine and positive nitrite reaction on the dipstick give presumptive evidence that the patient may have a a. Neoplasm b. Diabetic condition c. Renal failure d. Bacterial infection

d

Oliguria is a. Excessive eating b. Green urine c. Excessive bilirubin is the urine d. Decreased urine output

d

Patientis weak and dehydrated. What would the USG be? a. 1.002 b. 1.012 c. 1.030 d. 1.060

d

Squamous epithelial cells are not normally seen in urine samples obtained by a. Catheter b. Manual expression c. Free catch d. Cystocentesis

d

The USG of a patients urine is so high you cannot measure it. You dilute the sample 1:2 with water. Now the specific gravity is 1.032. What was the true USG? a. 2.032 b. 1.016 c. 2.064 d. 1.064

d

The best urine sample from a housebroken dog is collected a. Late evening b. Afternoon c. Midmorning d. Early morning

d

The ictotest is used to detect a. Blood b. Fat c. Urobilinogen d. Bilirubin

d

Urinary PH is not affect by the a. Patient diet b. Bacteria in the urine c. Patients acid-base balance d. Crystals in the urine

d

What crystal is commonly described as having a coffin lid appearance? a. Bilirubin b. Calcium oxalate c. Cystine d. Triple phosphate

d

What is the most likely constituent of the grit seen in the urethra of male cats? a. Oxalate b. Uric acid c. Capillaria d. Struvite

d

What lab test evaluates kidney function and is a breakdown product of protein? a. Glucose b. ALT c. Creatinine d. BUN

d

What percentage of the glomeruli in both kidneys must be nonfunctional before serum chemistry changes indicate renal disease? a. 10% b. 20% c. 50% d. 70%

d

What substance increases in the urine in glomerular disease? a. Glucose b. Ketones c. Bilirubin d. Protein

d

What urine sediment component would be most significant? a. Sperm b. Fat droplets c. Squamous epithelial cells d. Blood cells

d

Which of the following crystals is most likely to be found in the urine of an animal with ethylene glycol toxicity? a. Ammonium biurate b. Tyrosine c. Triple phosphate d. Calcium oxalate

d

Which of the following wouldn't be on a dipstick? a. Glucose b. Blood c. Total protein d. BUN

d

Which of these would not be associated with ketones in the urine? a. Diabetes mellitus b. Lactating cows c. Starvation d. Hemolysis

d

Which statement regarding catheter in female dog is false? a. Technically difficult in female dogs b. May introduce bacteria into urinary tract c. May cause gross or microscopic hematuria d. Often better tolerated by a dog than cystocentesis

d

A false positive urine glucose reading may result from administration of a. Acetaminophen b. Morphine c. NaCl d. NaOH

a

A renal cast is a. Glycoprotein mold of renal tubules b. Calculi formed in the urinary tract c. Crystals stuck together d. Calculi formed in the renal medulla

a

An alkaline urine PH can be the result of a. Urinary tract obstruction b. Uncontrolled diabetes c. Prolonged diarrhea d. Starvation

a

Best sample to examine for USG in canine is a. First morning b. Midday c. Late afternoon d. Last sample of the day

a

Bilirubinuris is a normal finding in what species? a. Dogs b. Cats c. Horses d. Sheep

a

Calcium oxalate crystals a. Are seen with ethylene glycol toxicity b. Have a characteristic coffin lid appearance c. Are seen with hepatic disease d. Have 3-6 sides

a

Creatinine concentrations in serum are influenced by a. Hydration level b. Amylase concentration c. Liver disease d. Insulin production

a

Fresh urine appears what color when myoglobinuria is present? a. Brown b. Colorless c. Red d. White

a

In a urine sample, a RBC may be easily confused with a/an a. Fat droplet b. Degenerate WBC c. Renal epithelial cell d. Amorphous crystal

a

Isosthenuria is urine that would most likely have USG a. Of 1.010 b. Below 1.006 c. Of 1.000 d. Above 1.065

a

Keeping the urine _____ will keep struvite crystals dissolved in solution. a. Acidic b. Basic c. Isosthenuric d. Dilute

a

Kidney disease results in accumulation of metabolic waste in the blood, a condition know as a. Azotemia b. Bilirubinemia c. Hypernaatremia d. Hyperkalemia

a

Painful urination is recorded as a. Dysuria b. Hematuria c. Pyuria d. Proteinuria

a

Patient overhydrated with IV fluids, most likely have a USG of a. 1.002 b. 1.012 c. 1.030 d. 1.060

a

Pollakiuria is a. Urinating frequently, small volume voided b. Complete lack of urine production c. Excessive drinking and urinatining d. Excessive urination at night

a

The USG is a measure of a. The weight of urine compared with the weight of water b. The weight of urine compared withe the weight of physiologic saline c. The weight of urine d. The weight of urine minus the weight of water

a

The average USG for a healthy adult dog is a. 1.025 b. 1.035 c. 1.040 d. 1.045

a

The best method of urine collection to assess the patency of the urethra is a. Catheter b. Manual expression c. Free catch d. Cystocentesis

a

The correct medical term for a urinary bladder stone is a. Urolith b. Cystolith c. Renal calculus d. Cystic calculus

a

The largest epithelial cells found in urine are a. Squamous epithelial cells b. Caudate epithelial cells c. Transitional epithelial cells d. Renal epithelial cells

a

The most common uroliths found in feline and canine urine are a. Struvite b. Calcium oxalate c. Urate d. Cystine

a

The urine of an animal with hematuria is most likely to be a. Cloudy and red b. Clear and brown c. Red and clear d. Brown and cloudy

a

Urine often has a sweet odor if which of the following is present? a. Ketones b. Bacteria c. Bilirubin d. Protein

a

WBCs in urine sediment may be confused with a. Renal epithelial cells b. Transitional epithelial cells c. Squamous epithelial cells d. Caudate epithelial cells

a

What is becoming a common type of urolith in cats? a. Oxalate b. Silica c. Urate d. Cystine

a

What part of the urinalysis is measured by a refractometer? a. Protein b. Glucose c. Ketones d. PH

a

What species has a grossly lobulated kidney? a. Bovine b. Canine c. Equine d. Feline

a

Which of the following substances used to evaluate kidney filtration and function is excreted by the kidneys and up to 40% reabsorbed by the tubules? a. Urea b. Creatinine c. Glucose d. Sodium

a

With significant dehydration in an otherwise healthy patient which of the following would likely be seen on a urinalysis and CBC? a. Increased USG and PCV b. Increased USG and decreased PCV c. Decreased USG and PCV d. Decreased USG and increased PCV

a

A urine sample collected by free catch at 8 AM and left at room temp until afternoon could be expected to have a. Decreased bacteria b. Increased bacteria c. Decreased epithelial cells d. Increased epithelial cells

b

Blood in the urine is reported as a. Dysuria b. Hematuria c. Pyuria d. Proteinuria

b

Calcium carbonate crystals are often seen in ______ urine. a. Dog b. Horse c. Cat d. Cattle

b

Crystals in urine sediment often indicate a. Uroliths b. Nothing c. Inflammation d. Urethral blockage

b

Dipsticks for urine chemical analysis should always be a. Shaken before used b. Stored in the refrigerator c. Stored with desiccant d. Reconstituted with physiologic saline

b

Fat droplets in urine samples are most commonly seen in a. Dogs b. Cats c. Horses d. Cows

b

For cytologic evaluation of urine, which of the following conditions should be observed? a. Specimen should be refrigerated ASAP b. Specimen should be centrifuged ASAP c. Specimen may sit at room temp for 6 hrs d. Specimen may be frozen

b

In order for glycosuria to occur, which of the following must also be present? a. Uremia b. Hyperglycemia c. Ketonemia d. Azoturia

b

Lipuria is seen most commonly in a. Dogs b. Cats c. Horses d. Cows

b

Mucus is normally often seen in ___ urine. a. Dog b. Horse c. Cat d. Cow

b

Nonrenal causes of increased levels of urea might include a. The amount of carbohydrate ingested b. The amount of protein ingested c. Insufficient insulin d. Insufficient ADH

b

Patient in CRF, what would her USG probably be? a. 1.002 b. 1.012 c. 1.030 d. 1.060

b

Polyuria is a. Lack of urine production b. Production of excessive amounts of urine c. Lack of water intake d. Excessive protein in the urine

b

Postrenal azotemia refers to a. Increases in BUN resulting from severe renal diseases b. Increases in BUN resulting from an inability to urinate c. Decreases in BUN resulting from severe renal disease d. Increases in BUN resulting from dehydration

b

Struvite crystals are composed of a. Calcium potassium carbonates b. Magnesium ammonium phosphates c. Oxalates d. Urates

b

The average USG for a healthy adult cat is a. 1.025 b. 1.030 c. 1.035 d. 1.040

b

The color of the urine appears red and after centrifugation the supernatant is now clear. The red color was most likely due to a. Hemoglobinuria b. Hematuria c. Myoglobinuria d. Uroglobinuria

b

The most common urine crystal seen in horses and rabbits is a. Calcium oxalate b. Calcium carbonate c. Triple phosphate d. Ammonium

b

The normal numbers of erythrocytes and leukocytes in urine sediment do not exceed a. 1 / HPF b. 3-5 / HPF c. 5-10 / HPF d. >10 / HPF

b

USG readings indicate a. Dissolved minerals b. Dissolved solids c. Number of cells in the urine d. Amount of bacteria present

b

Urine crystals are estimated as the average per a. High pf b. Low pf c. Medium power field d. Oil immersion field

b